ctivity 2A

OBJTo Everify
a
CTIVEthat
right angle, angle in a
using vectorsemi-circle is MATERI AdL, REQUI RED
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTIONmethod. Carpaper
pens, dboar white
1.
Take a
2. On the thick
geomet ry box,paper,
arrow heads. eraser,adhesiwires,
ve,
3. On cardboard
cardboard,
this paper paste
of size 30
a cm x 30 cm.
draw a white paper of the
circle, with centre O andsame size using an
radius 10 cm. adhesive.

4. Fix nails at Fig. 21

the
and BP using
5. Put wires. points0,
A, B, P and Q.
Join OP, OA, OB,
arrows on OA, OB, AP, AQ, BQ, OQ
using paper arrow heads,OP,asAP, BP, O0, AQand BQ to
shown in the figure. show them as
DEMONSTRATI
1.
Using
ON a
vectors,
protractor, measure the angle
2APB=90°.
between the vectors AP and BP , ie.,

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2. Similarly, the angle between the vectors AO and BØ ,ie., Z AQB

3. Repeat the above =90°.
process by taking some more points R, S, T,
semi-circles, forming vectors AR, BR; AS, BS; AT, BT; ...,
formed between two vectors
.. on the
in a semi-circle is a right etc., i.e., angle
angle.
OBSERVATION
By actual measurement.

OP-OA-oB -0Q=r=a-p=
- AB =,
 2. Similarly, the angle between the vectors AQand BO, i.e., Z AQB = 90°.
3. Repeat the above process by taking some more points R, S, T, ... on the
semi-circles, forming vectors AR,BR; AS, BS; AT, BT;.., etc., i.e., angle
formed between two vectors in a semi-circle is a right angle.
OBSERVATION
By actual measurement.

(oP-oa-os-00-=r=a=p=
AB|
BQ =

So, ZAPB and AP.BP ZAQB = and

AQ.BP
Similarly, for points R, S, T,
ZARB ZASB = ZATB =
i.e., angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
APPLICATION
This activity can be used to explain the
concepts of
() opposite vectors
(ii) vectors of equal magnitude
Activity
OBJECTIVE MATERAL REQUIRED
To measure the shortest distance A piece of plywood of size
between two skew lines and verify it 30 cm x 20 cm, a squared paper,
analytically. three wooden blocks of size
2cm x 2 cm x 2 cm each and one
wOoden block of size 2 cm × 2 cm
x4 cm, wires of different lengths,
set squares, adhesive, pen/pencil,
etc.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Paste a squared paper on a piece of plywood.
2. On the squared paper, draw two lines OA and OB to represent X-axis,
and y-axis, respectively.
3. Name the three blocks of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 2cm as I, II and III, Name the
other wooden block of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm as IV.

4. Place blocks I, II, II such that their base centres are at the points
(2, 2), (1, 6) and (7, 6), respectively, and block IV with its base centre at
(6, 2). Other wooden block of size 2 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm as IV.
5. Place a wire joining the points P and Q, the centres of the bases of the
blocks I and III and another wire joining the centres R and S of the tops of
blocks II and IV as shown in Fig. 26.
6. These two wires represent two skew lines.
7. Take a wire and join it perpendicularly with the skew lines and measure the
actual distance.

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 7
0 ’X
IV
S (6,2,4)|

2
P(2,2)

5 IIL

(1,6, 2)]R
6
Q(7, 6)

Fig. 26

DEMONSTRATION
1. Aset-square is placed in such a way that its one perpendicular side is along
the wire PQ.
2. Move the set-square along PQ till its other perpendicular side touches the
other wire.

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Laboratory Manual

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3. Measure the distance between the two lines in this position using set-square.
This is the shortest distance between two skew lines.
4. Analytically, find the equation of line joining P (2, 2, 0) and Q (7, 6, 0) and
other line joining R (1, 6, 2) and S (6, 2, 4) and find S.D. using

(G-a)(5xi) The distance obtained in two cases will be the same

OBSERVATION
1. Coordinates of point P are
2. Coordinates of point Q are
 Fig. 26

DEMONSTRATION

1. Aset-square is placed in such a way that its one perpendicular side is along
the wire PQ.
2. Move the set-square along PQ till its other perpendicular side touches the
other wire.

172 Laboratory Manual

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3. Measure the distance between the two lines in this position using set-square.
This is the shortest distance between two skew lines.
4. Analytically, find the equation of line joining P (2, 2, 0) andQ (7, 6, 0) and
other line joining R (1, 6, 2) and (6, 2, 4) and find S.D. using

(4-a)(5xb) The distance obtained in two cases will be the same.

OBSERVATION
1. Coordinates of point P are
2. Coordinates of point Q are
3. Coordinates of point R are
4. Coordinates of point S are
5. Equation of line PQ is
6. Equation of line RS is
Shortest distance between PQand RS analytically =
Shortest distance by actual measurement =

The results so obtained are

APPLICATION
of skew lines and of shortest
This activity can be used to explain the concept
distance between two lines in space.
 Activity 2
OBJECTIVE
To explain the
computation of
MATERIAL REQUIRED
A piece of plywood, white paper
conditional probability of a given
event A, when event B has already pen/pencil, scale, apair of dice.
occurred, through an example of
throwing a pair of dice.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Paste awhite
paper on a piece of plywood of a
2. Make a square and
divide it into 36 unit
convenient size.
(see Fig. 27). squares of size lcm each
3. Write pair of
numbers as shown in the figure.
1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6

2,1 2,2 2, 3 2,4 2,5 2, 6

3, 1 3, 2
3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6
4,1 4.2 4,3 4,4 4,5 4,6
5, 1 5, 2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6
6, 1
6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 6, 6

Fig. 27
DEMONSTRATION
Hence, it
1. Fig. 27 gives all possible outcomes of the given experiment.
represents the sample space of the experiment.
event A if an event
2. Suppose we have to find the conditional probability of an
B has already occurred, where A is the event "a
number 4 appears on both
least one of the dicei.e,
the dice and B is the event "4 has appeared on at
we have to find P(AIB).
favourable toA =1
3. From Fig. 27 number of outcomes
Number of outcomes favourable to B = 11
Number of outcomes favourable to AnB=1. NoTE
11
1. You may repeat this activity by
4. (i) P (B) = 36 taking more events such as
the
probability of getting a sum 10 when
1
a doublet has already occurred.
(ii) P(ANB)= 36 2. Conditional probability
by first
P (AIB)can also be found
taking the sample space of eventtheB
P(AnB) 1 out of the sample space of the
(iii) P (A IB) = PB) 11 experiment, and then finding
probability A from it.
OBSERVATION n (A) =
favourable to A :
1. Outcome(s)
favourable to B: -s n (B) =
2. Outcomes n (An B) =
Outcomes favourable to An B:
3.
4. P (A nB)=
5. P (A IB) =
APPLICATION conditional probability,
understanding the concept of
helpful in
This activity is in Bayes' theorem.
which is further used

Mathematics
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