Cauchy Integral theorem
Y
Statement: If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic in a region 𝑅 and on its
C
boundary 𝐶 with derivative 𝑓 ′ (𝑧) is continuous at all
point inside 𝑅 and on 𝐶, then R
X
∮ 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝐶
Cauchy Integral Formula
Theorem:
Let 𝑓 be analytic everywhere within and on a simple closed contour C, taking in
the positive sense. If 𝑧0 is any point interior to C, then
1 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓(𝑧0 ) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶 𝑧 − 𝑧0
Proof: Since 𝑓 is analytic, it is continuous at 𝑧0 .Hence corresponding to any
number ∈> 0 (however small) ∃ 𝛿 > 0 s.t. |𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0 )| <∈ whenever
|𝑧 − 𝑧0 | < 𝛿.
C0 C
z0
𝜌
Let us now choose a positive number 𝜌 < 𝛿 and is so small that the positively
oriented circle |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝜌 and denoted by 𝐶0 lying entirely within 𝐶.
𝑓(𝑧)
Then, |𝑓(𝑧) − 𝑓(𝑧0 )| <∈ whenever |𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝜌. Since the function is
𝑧−𝑧0
analytic in the closed region consisting of the contour 𝐶 and 𝐶0 and all points
between them.
Therefore Cauchy theorem for multiconnected region,
𝑓(𝑧) 𝑓(𝑧)
∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−𝑧0 0 𝑧−𝑧0
𝑓(𝑧) 1 𝑓(𝑧) 1
⇒ ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 ) ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 ) ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−𝑧0 0 𝑧−𝑧0 0 𝑧−𝑧0 0 𝑧−𝑧0
𝑓(𝑧) 1 𝑓(𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧0 )
⇒ ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 − 𝑓(𝑧0 ) ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−𝑧0 0 𝑧−𝑧0 0 𝑧−𝑧0
𝑓(𝑧) 𝑓(𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧0 )
∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 − 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(𝑧0 ) = ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧
𝑧−𝑧0 0 𝑧−𝑧0
𝑓(𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑓(𝑧) 𝑓(𝑧)−𝑓(𝑧0 ) | | |𝑑𝑧|
⇒ |∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 − 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(𝑧0 )|| = |∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧| ≤ ∮𝐶 𝑧−𝑧0
𝑧−𝑧0 0 𝑧−𝑧0 0
|𝑧 − 𝑧0 | = 𝜌
∈
≤ ∫𝐶 |𝑑𝑧|
⇒ 𝑧 − 𝑧0 = 𝜌𝑒 𝑖𝜃 0 𝜌
⇒ 𝑧 = 𝑧0 + 𝜌𝑒 𝑖𝜃
∈
⇒ 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜌𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = ∫𝐶 |𝑑𝑧|
𝜌 0
⇒ |𝑑𝑧| = |𝜌𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 | ∈
= 2𝜋𝜌
𝜌
⇒ |𝑑𝑧| = 𝜌𝑑𝜃 [∴ |𝑖| = 1, |𝑒 𝑖𝜃 | = 1]
= 2𝜋 ∈→ 0 𝑎𝑠 ∈→ 0
Since the left hand side of this inequality is non-negative that is less than an
arbitrary small positive number must equal to zero.
1
Hence, ∮ 𝑑𝑧
𝐶 𝑧 − 𝑧0
𝑓(𝑧)
∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 − 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(𝑧0 ) = 0 1
𝑧−𝑧0
=∫ 𝑖𝜃
∙ 𝜌𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜌𝑒
1 𝑓(𝑧) 𝐶
⇒ 𝑓(𝑧0 ) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧 2𝜋
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶 𝑧−𝑧0
= 𝑖 ∫ 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑓(𝑧)
∴ 𝑓(𝑧0 ) = ∮ 𝑑𝑧 completes the proof. 0
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶 𝑧−𝑧0
=2𝜋𝑖
Cauchy Integral Formula for derivatives of an analytic function
Statement
If 𝑓(𝑧) is analytic inside and on the boundary 𝐶 of a simple connected region 𝑅
and ′𝑎′ is any point inside 𝐶 then,
1 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓 ′ (𝑎) = ∫ (𝑧−𝑎)2
𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶
𝑛! 𝑓(𝑧)
i.e. 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑎) = ∫ (𝑧−𝑎)𝑛+1
𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶
𝒅𝒛
Problem 01: Evaluate ∫𝑪 over the circular path 𝑪: |𝒛| = 𝟒.
𝒛−𝟑
Solution: The pole of the integrant are given by putting the denominator equal to
zero.
i.e. 𝑧 − 3 = 0
⇒𝑧=3
The integrand has one simple pole at 𝑧 = 3, inside the given circle with centre 0
and radius 4.
Y
Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = 1 and it is analytic inside and on
the circle 𝐶: |𝑧| = 4 and the point 𝑧 = 𝑎 = 3. |z|=4
By Cauchy Integral formula,
𝑓(𝑧) 𝑑𝑧 X
∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫ = 2𝜋𝑖𝑓(3) 0
𝑧−3 𝑧−3
𝐶 𝐶
= 2𝜋𝑖 ∙ 1
= 2𝜋𝑖
𝟏 𝒆𝒛𝒕
Problem 02: Evaluate, ∫ 𝒅𝒛, 𝒕 > 0 and 𝑪: |𝒛| = 𝟑.
𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝑪 𝒛𝟐 +𝟏
1 1
Solution: Given, = (𝑧+𝑖)(𝑧−𝑖)
𝑧 2 +1
1 1 1
= [ − ]
2𝑖 𝑧−𝑖 𝑧+𝑖
1 𝑒 𝑧𝑡 1 1 𝑒 𝑧𝑡 𝑒 𝑧𝑡
∮ 𝑑𝑧 = × [∫𝐶 − ∫𝐶 −] 𝑑𝑧
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶 𝑧 2 +1 2𝜋𝑖 2𝑖 1 𝑧−𝑖 2 𝑧+𝑖
Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧𝑡 and it is analytic inside and on the circle 𝐶: |𝑧| = 3 and the point
𝑧 = 𝑎 = ±𝑖 lie inside 𝐶.
By Cauchy integral formula,
𝑒 𝑧𝑡 1 1
∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = × [2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(𝑖) − 2𝜋𝑖 𝑓(−𝑖)]𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2 +1 2𝜋𝑖 2𝑖
1
=
2𝑖
(𝑒 𝑖𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑡 )
= sin 𝑡, 𝑡 > 0
cos 𝜋𝑧
Problem 03: Evaluate ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 around a rectangle with vertices at
𝑧 2 −1
𝑖).2 ± 𝑖, − 2 ± 𝑖
𝑖𝑖) ± 𝑖, 2 ± 𝑖
Solution: (i) Let 𝐶 be the rectangle with vertices 2 ± 𝑖, −2 ± 𝑖
C2 C1
X
O
-1 1
1 1 1 1
Here, = ( − )
𝑧 2 −1 2 𝑧−1 𝑧+1
cos 𝜋𝑧 1 cos 𝜋𝑧 cos 𝜋𝑧
∴ ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = [∮𝐶 − ∮𝐶 ] 𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2 −1 2 1 𝑧−1 2 𝑧+1
𝐿𝑒𝑡, 𝑓(𝑧) = cos 𝜋𝑧 and it is analytic inside and on the rectangle 𝐶, the points
𝑧 = ±1, lie inside the rectangle 𝐶.
By Cauchy Integral formula,
cos 𝜋𝑧 1
∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = [2𝜋𝑖 ∙ 𝑓(1) − 2𝜋𝑖 ∙ 𝑓(−1)]𝑑𝑧
𝑧 2 −1 2
1
= × 2𝜋𝑖[cos 𝜋 − cos 𝜋]
2
=0
1 1 1
(𝑖𝑖) Here, 𝑓(𝑧) = [ − ] (2, 1)
2 𝑧−1 𝑧+1 (0,1)
cos 𝜋𝑧 1 cos 𝜋𝑧 cos 𝜋𝑧
∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = [∮𝐶 − ∮𝐶 ] 𝑑𝑧 C1 C2
𝑧 2 −1 2 1 𝑧−1 2 𝑧+1
Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = cos 𝜋𝑧, and it is analytic
inside and on C. The point 𝑧 = 1 lie on the
(0,-1) (2, -1)
rectangle but 𝑧 = −1 is not lie on the
rectangle.
By Cauchy Integral Theorem,
cos 𝜋𝑧 1
∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 = [2𝜋𝑖 ∙ 𝑓(1) − 0]
𝑧 2 −1 2
1
= × 2𝜋𝑖 × cos 𝜋
2
= −𝜋𝑖
𝟏 𝒆𝒛𝒕
Problem 04: Evaluate ∮ (𝒛𝟐 +𝟏)𝟐
𝒅𝒛, if 𝒕 > 0
𝟐𝝅𝒊 𝑪 Y
and 𝑪: |𝒛| = 𝟑
i
|z|=3
Solution: Let, 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧𝑡 it is analytic with in the
interior and on 𝐶: |𝑧| = 3. i
The pole of the integrant are given by putting the X
denominator equal to zero 0
0 -i
i.e (𝑧 2 + 1)2 = 0
⇒ 𝑧 = ±𝑖
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
Now, (𝒛𝟐 = { ( − )}
+𝟏)𝟐 𝟐𝒊 𝒛−𝒊 𝒛+𝒊
1 1 1 1
= − [(𝑧−𝑖)2 − 2 (𝑧−𝑖)(𝑧+𝑖) + (𝑧+𝑖)2]
4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= − [(𝑧−𝑖)2 + (𝑧+𝑖)2] − ∙ 2 ∙ { − }
4 4 2𝑖 𝑧−𝑖 𝑧+𝑖
1 1 1 1 1 1
= − [(𝑧−𝑖)2 + (𝑧+𝑖)2] − { − (𝑧+𝑖)}
4 4𝑖 (𝑧−𝑖)
Thus by Cauchy Integral Formula,
1 𝑓(𝑧) 1
∮ )𝑛+1
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑧0 ) , here 𝑓(𝑧) = 𝑒 𝑧𝑡
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶 (𝑧−𝑧0 𝑛!
1 𝑒 𝑧𝑡 1 1 1 1
∮ (𝑧 2 +1)2
𝑑𝑧 = − { 𝑓 ′ (𝑖) + 𝑓 ′ (−𝑖)} − {𝑓(𝑖) − 𝑓(−𝑖)}
2𝜋𝑖 𝐶 4 1! 1! 4𝑖
1 1
= − {𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑡 + 𝑡𝑒 −𝑖𝑡 } − {𝑒 𝑖𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑖𝑡 }
4 4𝑖
𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑡 +𝑒 −𝑖𝑡 1 𝑒 𝑖𝑡−𝑒 −𝑖𝑡
=− ( )−2{ }
2 2 2𝑖
1
= − (𝑡 cos 𝑡 + sin 𝑡) , 𝑡 > 0.
2
Home Work:
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒛
1. Evaluate, ∮𝑪 𝒅𝒛 on
𝒛(𝒛𝟐 +𝟏)
(i) 𝐶: |𝑧| = 2
1
(ii)𝐶: |𝑧| =
2
(iii) 𝐶: |𝑧 − 2| = 1
𝑒𝑧
2. Evaluate, ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 over the circular path |𝑧| = 2. Ans: 2𝜋𝑖 sin 𝑖
𝑧 2 +1
𝑑𝑧
3. Evaluate, ∮𝐶 , where 𝐶 is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, (|𝑧| = 2). Ans: 0
𝑧 2 −1
𝑧−1 −2𝜋𝑖
4. Evaluate, ∮𝐶 (𝑧+1)2 (𝑧−2)
𝑑𝑧, where C is |𝑧 − 𝑖| = 2. Ans:
9
4−3𝑍 3
5. Evaluate, ∮𝐶 𝑑𝑧 on 𝐶: |𝑧| = . Ans: 2𝜋𝑖
𝑍(𝑧−1)(𝑧−2) 2
𝑒 𝑧𝑡 𝜋𝑖𝑒 −𝑡
6. Evaluate, ∮𝐶 (𝑧+1)4
𝑑𝑧, on 𝐶: |𝑧| = 2. Ans:
3
𝑒 2𝑧 8𝜋𝑖𝑒 −2
7. Evaluate, ∮𝐶 (𝑧+1)4
, where C is the circle |𝑧 − 1| = 2. Ans:
3
