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Lecture 4-Curves and Surfaces

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28 views23 pages

Lecture 4-Curves and Surfaces

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abdilahiabdybackup
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Curves and Surfaces

Lecture 4
Introduction
• In computer graphics, curves and surfaces play a crucial role in
representing and modeling various shapes and objects.
• These mathematical constructs are fundamental for tasks like
computer-aided design (CAD), animation, and rendering.
• They allow digital artists, engineers, and designers to create and
manipulate complex shapes in a virtual environment.
• Understanding different types of curves and surfaces helps in efficient
representation and manipulation of 3D objects in computer graphics
applications.
2- dimensional Shape
• In geometry, a two-dimensional shape can be defined as a flat plane
figure or a shape that has two dimensions – length and width.
• Two-dimensional or 2-D shapes do not have any thickness and can be
measured in only two faces
3- Dimensional Shape
• In geometry, a three-dimensional shape can be defined as a solid figure or
an object or shape that has three dimensions – length, width and height.
Unlike two-dimensional shapes, three-dimensional shapes have thickness or
depth.
• The attributes of a three-dimensional figure are faces, edges and vertices.
The three dimensions compose the edges of a 3D geometric shape.
Curve in Computer Graphics

• In mathematics and computer graphics, a curve is a continuous, smooth, and


often mathematical representation of a one-dimensional object.
• It is a set of points that can be described by mathematical functions,
equations, or parametric representations.
• Curves are fundamental elements in various branches of mathematics,
including geometry and calculus, and they play a crucial role in computer
graphics for representing shapes and paths.
Examples of Curves
• Curved surfaces refer to surfaces that are not flat or planar. In
computer graphics, representing curved surfaces is essential for
creating realistic and visually appealing 3D models.
• Curved surfaces can be defined using mathematical equations or
algorithms.
• These surfaces are often employed in applications like 3D modeling,
animation, and virtual simulations.
Curved Surfaces
• The curved surface is a rounded surface which is not flat.
Types of Curves
• A curve is an infinitely large set of points. Each point has two
neighbors except endpoints. Curves can be broadly classified into
three categories − explicit, implicit, and parametric curves.
Implicit Curves:
• Implicit curves are curves defined by implicit equations, where the
relationship between variables is expressed through an equality.
• The equation may not be explicitly solved for one variable, making it
challenging to directly represent the curve in a Cartesian coordinate
system.
• However, implicit curves can still be visualized and manipulated in
computer graphics. Common implicit curves include circles, ellipses,
and more complex shapes. Techniques like marching squares or
marching cubes are often used to render implicit curves in a digital
environment.
Implicit Curve Example
Explicit Curves
• Explicit curves are defined by explicit equations where one variable is
expressed explicitly in terms of the other(s).
• These equations make it straightforward to calculate and represent
points along the curve.
• Examples of explicit curves include straight lines, polynomials, and
trigonometric functions. In computer graphics, explicit curves are
commonly used for their simplicity and ease of computation,
especially when precise control over the curve's shape is needed.
Explicit Curve Example
Explicit Curve Example
Parametric Curves
• Parametric curves are defined by parametric equations, where each
coordinate of a point on the curve is expressed as a function of one or
more parameters.
• The parameters are typically values that vary over a specified range,
influencing the shape and position of the curve. Parametric
representations offer flexibility and ease of manipulation.
• Parametric curves are extensively used in computer graphics for their
ability to smoothly interpolate between control points, enabling the
creation of complex shapes.
Parametric Curves Examples

•For a full circle, "t" can range from 0 to 2π (0 to 360 degrees in radians).
•For a specific arc, adjust the range of "t" accordingly.
Activity - curves
• y = ax^2 + bx + c
• Y= sin(x)
• Y= mx+c
• (x^2 / a^2) + (y^2 / b^2) = 1

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