Scribd
Upload
21 views21 pages

Quantum Computing

Uploaded by

deepakdbhatia1873
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views21 pages

Quantum Computing

Uploaded by

deepakdbhatia1873
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Quantum

Computing
What is quantum computing explaining
difference between conventional
computing & quantum computing
Explain Qubits.
What is Superposition of states.
What is entanglement.
Introduction to quantum mechanics

 Quantum mechanics is a fundamental branch of theoretical physics with


wide applications in experimental physics that replaces classical mechanics
and classical electromagnetism at the atomic and subatomic levels.

 Quantum mechanics is a more fundamental theory than Newtonian


mechanics and classical electromagnetism

 It provides accurate and precise descriptions for many phenomena that


these "classical" theories simply cannot explain on the atomic and subatomic
level
What is a quantum computer?

 A quantum computer is a machine that performs


calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics, which
is the behavior of particles at the sub-atomic level.
Why bother with quantum
computation?

•Moore’s Law: We hit the quantum level 2010~2020.


Computer technology is making
devices smaller and smaller…
…reaching a point where classical
physics is no longer a suitable
model for the laws of physics.
The Mathematics of Quantum Computers |
Infinite Series

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrbJYsep45E
What is a qubit?

 Today's computers use bits—a stream of electrical or optical pulses


representing 1s or 0s. Everything from your tweets and e-mails to
your iTunes songs and YouTube videos are essentially long strings of
these binary digits.

Quantum computers, on the other hand, use qubits, which are typically subatomic particles
such as electrons or photons
Physics and Computation

• Information is stored in a physical medium, and manipulated by


physical processes.

• The laws of physics dictate the capabilities of any information


processing device.

• Designs of “classical” computers are implicitly based in the classical


framework for physics

• Classical physics is known to be wrong or incomplete… and has


been replaced by a more powerful framework: quantum
mechanics.
Representation of Data

 Quantum computers, which have not been built yet, would be based on
the strange principles of quantum mechanics, in which the smallest
particles of light and matter can be in different places at the same time.

 In a quantum computer, one "qubit" - quantum bit - could be both 0 and


1 at the same time. So with three qubits of data, a quantum computer
could store all eight combinations of 0 and 1 simultaneously. That means
a three-qubit quantum computer could calculate eight times faster than
a three-bit digital computer.

 Typical personal computers today calculate 64 bits of data at a time. A


quantum computer with 64 qubits would be 2 to the 64th power faster,
or about 18 billion billion times faster. (Note: billion billion is correct.)

18,446,744,073,709,551,616
A bit of data is represented by a single atom that is in one of two states
denoted by |0> and |1>. A single bit of this form is known as a qubit
Representation of Data - Qubits

A physical implementation of a qubit could use the two energy levels of an


atom. An excited state representing |1> and a ground state representing |0>.

Light pulse of
frequency  for
Excited time interval t
State

Nucleus
Ground
State
Electron
State |0> State |1>
What is superposition?

 Qubits can represent numerous possible combinations of 1 and 0 at the same


time. This ability to simultaneously be in multiple states is called superposition.
To put qubits into superposition, researchers manipulate them using precision
lasers or microwave beams.
Representation of Data - Superposition

A single qubit can be forced into a superposition of the two states


denoted by the addition of the state vectors:

|> =  1 |0> +  2 |1>

2 2
Where  1 and 2 are complex numbers and | 1| + |  2 | = 1

A qubit in superposition is in both of the states |1> and |0 at the same time
For example, it is possible to prepare two particles in a
single quantum state such that when one is observed to be
spin-up, the other one will always be observed to be spin-
down and vice versa, this despite the fact that it is
impossible to predict, according to quantum mechanics,
which set of measurements will be observed.

As a result, measurements performed on one system


seem to be instantaneously influencing other systems
entangled with it
What is entanglement?
 Researchers can generate pairs of qubits that are “entangled,” which
means the two members of a pair exist in a single quantum state. Changing
the state of one of the qubits will instantaneously change the state of the
other one in a predictable way. This happens even if they are separated by
very long distances.
Relationships among data - Entanglement

Entanglement is the ability of quantum systems to exhibit


correlations between states within a superposition.

Imagine two qubits, each in the state |0> + |1> (a superposition of


the 0 and 1.) We can entangle the two qubits such that the
measurement of one qubit is always correlated to the measurement of
the other qubit.

You might also like