Microwave Network

Analysis

Dr. H. Rahaman, Associate Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication, BKBIET Pilani
 Objective

 Microwave Network.
 Network Parameters.
 Scattering matrix.
 Properties of scattering matrix.
 Matrix for N-Port Network
Recall the N port microwave network. The equivalent voltage and current at
the nth port is represented by

The scattering matrix or S matrix is defined in

relation to the incident voltage wave and
reflected voltage wave.

Or 𝑉− = 𝑆 𝑉+ Or 𝑉𝑖− = 𝑆𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗+

The terms, Sij, are called scattering parameters. S or [S] is called the
scattering matrix.
 S Matrix Properties
𝑉𝑖− = 𝑆𝑖𝑗 𝑉𝑗+
Properties of S matrix are
1. [S] is always a square matrix.
2. Symmetric: If the microwave device is a linear and passive components
or circuits, then the scattering parameters are defined as Sij = Sji.
3. Zero property: the sum of products of each term of any row (or column)
multiplied by the complex conjugate of corresponding terms of any
other row (or column) is zero.
∗
𝑆𝑖𝑘 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 0 for k≠j
𝑆𝑘𝑖 𝑆𝑗𝑖∗ = 0 for k≠j
4. Unity property: the sum of products of each term of any row (column)
multiplied by its conjugate is unity.
∗ 2
𝑆𝑖𝑗 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 1 for i,j= 1,2,3,….n
5. Determinant of the matrix is unity.
det [S]=1
 S Matrix of a Network
Scattering parameters are the reflection coefficient of a port and transmission
coefficient between two different ports with other ports matched terminated.
Consider a two port network.

Where an, bn (n=1,2) are normalized amplitude of incident and reflected

microwave signal for the two port network.
𝑏1 𝑏1
𝑆11 = 𝑆12 =
𝑎1 𝑎2 =0
𝑎2 𝑎1 =0
Reflection coefficient at port 1. Transmission coefficient from port 2 to port 1.
𝑏2 𝑏2
𝑆22 = 𝑆21 =
𝑎2 𝑎1 =0
𝑎1 𝑎2 =0
Reflection coefficient at port 2. Transmission coefficient from port 1 to port 2.
 Reciprocal Network
If the parameters of the S matrix are such that Sij = Sji, then impedance and
admittance matrices are symmetric i.e., Zij = Zji & Yij = Yji.

A reciprocal network is one in which transmission of a signal between any

two ports does not depend on the direction of propagation i.e., input and
output ports are interchangeable. S12 = S21, S13 = S31, etc.
A network is known as reciprocal network, if it is passive and made of
isotropic materials. A passive device is one that cannot add energy to the
microwave signal. The output is lesser than or equal to the power fed into the
ports. Examples are – Transmission lines (waveguides, cables), attenuators,
couplers etc.
Non-reciprocal network are rf amplifiers and isolators. In these cases, S21 ≠
S12.

In general, all passive, linear components of microwaves are reciprocal.

 S – Matrix Determination
Consider a two port network with all ports matched. It means the diagonal
parameters will be zero, S11 = S22 = 0. a
a1 2
S11 S12
𝑆11 𝑆12
𝑆=
𝑆21 𝑆22 S21 S22
b1 b2
0 𝑆12
𝑆=
𝑆12 0

Example 1: Take a simple straight section waveguide with two ports. It is a

passive components and matched.
1 2 0 1
𝑆=
1 0
Diagonals are zero: matched network.
Det[S] = 1: It is an unitary matrix. Reciprocal devices are
symmetric and unitary
S12 = S21: It is a reciprocal network.
 S – Matrix Determination
Similarly, take a 3 port network with all ports matched. Here also, the
diagonal parameters will be zero, S11 = S22 = S33 = 0.

𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 0 𝑆12 𝑆13

𝑆 = 𝑆21 𝑆22 𝑆23 𝑆 = 𝑆12 0 𝑆23
𝑆31 𝑆32 𝑆33 𝑆13 𝑆23 0
Example 1: Take a circulator with three port matched network.

0 0 1 0 1 0
𝑆= 1 0 0 𝑆= 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 0

Diagonals are zero: matched network.

1 1
Det[S] = 1: It is an unitary matrix.
2 2
S12 ≠ S21: not symmetric- non-reciprocal 3 3
network.
 S – Matrix Determination
Consider a 2 port isolator and matched. Here also, the diagonal parameters
will be zero, S11 = S22 = 0. And no propagation from port 2 to 1, i.e., S12 = 0.
𝑆11 𝑆12 Diagonals are zero: matched network.
𝑆=
𝑆21 𝑆22 Det[S] = 0: Not an unitary matrix.
0 0 S12 ≠ S21: not symmetric- non-reciprocal
𝑆= network.
1 0
Lossless Network
For a lossless network, Sij is purely imaginary i.e., impedance (Zij ) and
admittance (Yij) matrices are imaginary. It means:
 All of the power delivered to the ports of the device must find its way out.
 Power is neither dissipated/ absorbed by the network nor it is converted
into heat or radiation.
 All of the powers of a wave incident at any one port must be equal to the
sum of the powers of the waves exiting from other ports plus the power of
the reflected wave at the incident port.
 Reciprocal, Lossless and Matched
𝑗2 0.3 𝑗3 𝑗2 𝑗0.1 𝑗3
𝑆 = −𝑗 −1 1 𝑆 = −𝑗 −𝑗1 𝑗1
4 −2 0.5 𝑗4 −𝑗2 𝑗0.5
Neither reciprocal nor lossless Lossless but not reciprocal

𝑗2 −𝑗 4 𝑗2 −𝑗 𝑗4
𝑆 = −𝑗 −1 −𝑗2 𝑆 = −𝑗 −𝑗 −𝑗2
4 −𝑗2 𝑗0.5 𝑗4 −𝑗2 𝑗0.5
Reciprocal but not lossless Both reciprocal and lossless

0 0.1 𝑗0.2 0 0 𝑗
𝑆 = 0.1 0 0.3 𝑆= 𝑗 0 0
𝑗0.2 0.3 0 0 𝑗 0
Reciprocal and matched Lossless and matched (not sure)
 Lossless Network
Consider a 2 port network, not necessarily matched. 𝑆11 𝑆12
𝑆=
For lossless, conditions are: 𝑆21 𝑆22
2 2
𝑆11 + 𝑆21 =1
2 2
𝑆12 + 𝑆22 =1
𝑆11 = 𝑆22 = 1
∗ ∗
𝑆11 𝑆21 + 𝑆12 𝑆22 = 0
1 0
𝑆=
This is lossless unitary matrix. 0 1
Consider a 3 port network, not necessarily matched.
For lossless, conditions are:
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13
𝑆11 2 + 𝑆21 2 + 𝑆31 2 =1 𝑆 = 𝑆21 𝑆22 𝑆23
𝑆12 2 + 𝑆22 2 + 𝑆32 2 =1
𝑆31 𝑆32 𝑆33

2 2 2
𝑆13 + 𝑆23 + 𝑆33 =1
 Lossless Network
∗ ∗ ∗ 𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13
𝑆11 𝑆21 + 𝑆12 𝑆22 + 𝑆13 𝑆23 = 0
∗ ∗ ∗ 𝑆 = 𝑆21 𝑆22 𝑆23
𝑆11 𝑆31 + 𝑆12 𝑆32 + 𝑆13 𝑆33 = 0
𝑆31 𝑆32 𝑆33
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆21 𝑆31 + 𝑆22 𝑆32 + 𝑆23 𝑆33 = 0
1 0 0
The solution is 𝑆= 0 1 0
0 0 1
This is lossless unitary matrix.
Consider a 3 port network with reciprocal and matched.
2 2
0 𝑆12 𝑆13 For lossless, conditions are: 𝑆12 + 𝑆13 =1
𝑆 = 𝑆12 0 𝑆23 𝑆12 2
+ 𝑆23 2
=1
𝑆13 𝑆23 0
2 2
𝑆13 + 𝑆23 =1
∗ ∗ ∗
𝑆12 𝑆13 = 𝑆12 𝑆23 = 𝑆13 𝑆23 = 0
For lossless, two of the terms from S12, S13 and S23 must be zero. If this
happens, then lossless condition is not satisfied.
A 3 port network cannot be matched, reciprocal and lossless simultaneously.
 4-Port Network
𝑆11 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆14 For match and reciprocal network
𝑆21 𝑆22 𝑆23 𝑆24
𝑆= 0 𝑆12 𝑆13 𝑆14
𝑆31 𝑆32 𝑆33 𝑆34
𝑆41 𝑆42 𝑆43 𝑆44 𝑆12 0 𝑆23 𝑆24
𝑆=
𝑆13 𝑆23 0 𝑆34
For lossless condition 𝑆14 𝑆24 𝑆34 0
𝑆12 2+ 𝑆13 2 + 𝑆14 2 = 1 ∗ ∗
2+ 𝑆 2 2
𝑆13 𝑆23 + 𝑆14 𝑆24 = 0
𝑆12 23 + 𝑆24 = 1 ∗ ∗
2+ 𝑆 2+ 𝑆 2 =1 𝑆12 𝑆13 + 𝑆24 𝑆34 = 0
𝑆13 23 34 ∗ ∗
2 2
𝑆13 𝑆14 + 𝑆23 𝑆24 = 0
𝑆14 + 𝑆24 + 𝑆34 2 = 1
∗ ∗
𝑆12 𝑆24 + 𝑆13 𝑆34 = 0
𝑆14 = 𝑆23 = 0
2 2
𝑆12 + 𝑆13 =1 𝑆13 2
= 𝑆24 2
∗ ∗
𝑆12 2+ 𝑆 2 =1 𝑆12 𝑆13 + 𝑆24 𝑆34 = 0
24
2 2 ∗ ∗
𝑆24 + 𝑆34 =1 𝑆12 𝑆24 + 𝑆13 𝑆34 = 0
2 2 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = 1
𝑆13 + 𝑆34 =1
 4-Port Network
Using lossless condition 0 𝐴 𝑗𝐵 0
𝐴 0 0 𝑗𝐵
𝑆=
𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = 1 𝑗𝐵 0 0 𝐴
0 𝑗𝐵 𝐴 0
1 3
𝐴= 𝐵=
2 2
1 3
0 𝑗 0
2 2
1 3
0 0 𝑗
𝑆= 2 2
3 0 0 1
𝑗 3 1
2 𝑗 2
0 2 2 0
 Summary

 S-Matrix representation: 2, 3 and 4 port network.

 Properties of S- Matrix.
 Reciprocal, Lossless and matching network.
Thank you !