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NCA-GENL Exam
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Question: 1

You are analyzing a large dataset to identify fraudulent transactions for an online payment platform. The
dataset is highly imbalanced, with very few fraudulent cases compared to legitimate ones. Which
technique would best help in extracting meaningful insights and improving the detection of fraudulent
transactions?

A. Apply k-means clustering to separate fraudulent and legitimate transactions

B. Rely on accuracy as the primary metric for model evaluation
C. Use linear regression to predict the likelihood of fraud
D. Use SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) before applying classification models
Answer: D
Explanation:

SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique) helps address class imbalance by generating
synthetic examples of the minority class (fraudulent transactions) to balance the dataset. This improves
the performance of classification models in detecting fraudulent transactions.

Question: 2

Your team is tasked with building a neural network model using Keras to predict customer churn based
on historical data. You decide to use NumPy for data preprocessing. Which approach is most
appropriate for ensuring the model is trained effectively?

A. Utilizing NumPy to convert categorical variables into integers and feeding them directly into the
network.
B. Using NumPy to create polynomial features from the input data before feeding them into the model.
C. Using NumPy to randomly shuffle the data before splitting it into training and test sets.
D. Normalizing the input data using NumPy before feeding it into the neural network.
Answer: D
Explanation:

Normalizing the input data using NumPy ensures that all features have a consistent scale, which helps
the neural network converge more effectively during training.

Question: 3

You have used a specialized visualization tool to create a heatmap that represents the attention weights
of different tokens in a generative AI model's output. What is the primary benefit of using a heatmap for
this type of analysis?

A. Identifies patterns in the distribution of attention across tokens

B. Provides exact numerical values of attention weights
C. Optimizes hyperparameters automatically
D. Shows the model’s overall accuracy
Answer: A
Explanation:

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A heatmap visually represents the distribution of attention weights across tokens, making it easier to
identify patterns and understand which tokens the model focuses on during its predictions.

Question: 4

You are working on a project that requires a language model to perform well across multiple languages,
including low-resource languages. The model needs to be deployed on a cloud infrastructure that
charges based on the number of parameters and inference time. Which approach would be the most
effective for selecting an appropriate model, considering both multilingual support and cost efficiency?

A. Select T5-Multilingual and fine-tune on a few selected languages

B. Use a separate smaller model for each language
C. Use GPT-3 with fine-tuning on each specific language
D. Choose mBERT (Multilingual BERT) and perform task-specific fine-tuning
Answer: D
Explanation:

mBERT (Multilingual BERT) is designed to handle multiple languages efficiently and can be fine-tuned
for specific tasks, making it suitable for a range of languages while managing costs associated with
cloud infrastructure.

Question: 5

Which of the following data preparation tasks is most effectively handled using cuDF on the GPU before
feeding the data into a machine learning model?

A. Running a basic text search on a small dataset

B. Loading data into a pandas DataFrame and then transferring it to the GPU
C. Sorting a small dataset of less than a thousand rows
D. Performing complex joins and aggregations on a large dataset with millions of rows
Answer: D
Explanation:

cuDF is optimized for handling large datasets on the GPU, and it excels at performing complex joins and
aggregations, which can significantly speed up data preparation processes.

Question: 7

You are analyzing the performance metrics of a newly trained LLM model that has been optimized for
sentiment analysis. The metrics include accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score across different
sentiment categories (positive, negative, neutral). You observe that the model performs well on the
positive and negative categories but struggles with neutral sentiment, which is causing an imbalance in
the overall performance metrics. The senior team member asks you to identify the root cause and
suggest a solution. What is the most appropriate next step to address the performance imbalance?

A. Use a different evaluation metric that gives less importance to neutral sentiments.
B. Increase the size of the training dataset by adding more neutral examples.
C. Increase the weight of the neutral category in the loss function.

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D. Apply oversampling to the positive and negative sentiment categories.

Answer: C
Explanation:

Increasing the weight of the neutral category in the loss function will force the model to pay more
attention to neutral predictions, addressing the imbalance in performance metrics and improving
predictions for the neutral category.

Question: 8

Which of the following regularization techniques is most effective in preventing overfitting in deep
learning models with many parameters, while also maintaining model accuracy?

A. Data Augmentation
B. Dropout
C. Early Stopping
D. L2 Regularization
Answer: B
Explanation:

Dropout is a regularization technique where random units are dropped during training to prevent the
model from becoming too reliant on specific neurons, effectively reducing overfitting and maintaining
accuracy.

Question: 9

You are developing a generative AI system that needs to integrate with multiple third-party APIs for data
retrieval and processing. During testing, you notice that the system’s performance degrades significantly
when one of the APIs experiences latency issues. What is the most effective software development
practice to mitigate this issue?

A. Hardcoding API responses during development

B. Implementing asynchronous API calls with timeout handling
C. Using synchronous API calls to ensure data consistency
D. Ignoring API latency in testing to focus on model performance
Answer: B
Explanation:

Implementing asynchronous API calls with timeout handling allows the system to continue functioning
smoothly even when a third-party API experiences latency issues, improving overall performance.

Question: 10

You are developing a Generative AI system designed to assist in the recruitment process by screening
resumes and recommending candidates for interviews. The senior team member emphasizes the
importance of ensuring fairness and avoiding bias in the AI system. Which approach is most effective in
achieving this goal?

A. Training the model using historical recruitment data without any modifications.

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B. Allowing the model to make decisions without human oversight to maintain objectivity.
C. Implementing a bias detection and mitigation algorithm that analyzes the model’s decisions for any
patterns of discrimination.
D. Filtering out candidates based on demographic information to reduce processing time.
Answer: C
Explanation:

Implementing a bias detection and mitigation algorithm ensures that the AI system makes fair decisions
by analyzing and correcting any patterns of discrimination in its recommendations.

Question: 11

When performing GPU-accelerated data manipulation, which of the following operations is most likely to
benefit from GPU acceleration?

A. Sorting a small dataset of a few hundred rows

B. Applying complex transformations to large-scale image datasets
C. Loading data from a slow disk drive to memory
D. Executing simple arithmetic operations on a small dataset
Answer: B
Explanation:

GPU acceleration is most beneficial for complex transformations on large-scale datasets, such as image
data, where parallel processing capabilities of the GPU can significantly speed up computation.

Question: 12

A company is developing a generative AI model for real-time customer support, leveraging a Large
Language Model (LLM) with reinforcement learning. The goal is to enhance the model's response quality
over time. Which of the following strategies would best ensure the model continues to improve in
handling diverse customer queries?

A. Fine-tuning the model regularly using a dataset that includes user feedback on correct and incorrect
responses.
B. Regularly retraining the LLM from scratch using the original training data.
C. Increasing the size of the LLM by adding more parameters every month.
D. Implementing a rule-based system to override the LLM's responses in specific scenarios.
Answer: A
Explanation:

Fine-tuning the model with user feedback ensures continuous improvement by correcting and refining
the model's responses based on real customer interactions, making it more effective over time.

Question: 13

You are part of a software development team building a knowledge management system that utilizes a
Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) model. The system needs to retrieve relevant documents from a
large corpus and generate coherent responses based on the retrieved information. The model must

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provide accurate and contextually appropriate responses in real-time. Which two actions would best
enhance the effectiveness of the RAG model in this scenario? (Select two)

A. Increase the model's parameter count

B. Use a rule-based approach to filter responses
C. Fine-tune the LLM on domain-specific data
D. Implement a vector-based search algorithm
E. Use a smaller dataset for retrieval
Answer: C, D
Explanation:

Fine-tuning the LLM on domain-specific data ensures the model is aligned with the context, while using a
vector-based search algorithm enhances the retrieval accuracy of relevant documents from the large
corpus.

Question: 14

You are tasked with building a text classification model to categorize customer feedback into categories
like "Product Issue," "Shipping Problem," and "General Inquiry." Given the dataset, which consists of
short text snippets, what is the best approach using Python packages to preprocess the data before
applying a traditional machine learning algorithm like Logistic Regression?

A. Using Keras to build a neural network model directly from the raw text data.
B. Using scikit-learn’s OneHotEncoder to encode the text data before applying a machine learning
model.
C. Using NumPy to manually create word vectors for each word in the text.
D. Using spaCy to tokenize the text, remove stop words, lemmatize the words, and then using scikit-
learn’s TF-IDF vectorizer to convert text to numerical features.
Answer: D
Explanation:

Using spaCy for text preprocessing (tokenization, stop word removal, lemmatization) and scikit-learn’s
TF-IDF vectorizer to convert text into numerical features is an efficient approach for short text
classification tasks.

Question: 15

You are analyzing a large dataset from an online retail platform to predict customer churn. The dataset
contains hundreds of features, many of which are potentially irrelevant or redundant. Which technique
would best help in selecting the most relevant features to improve the model's accuracy and
interpretability?

A. Use Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) with cross-validation

B. Apply PCA (Principal Component Analysis) to reduce dimensionality
C. Select features based on their correlation with the target variable only
D. Use all features to avoid losing any potentially useful information
Answer: A
Explanation:

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Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) with cross-validation is an effective method for selecting the most
relevant features by recursively removing the least important ones and improving model accuracy.

Question: 16

You are tasked with deploying an LLM that generates real-time investment advice for clients. During
testing, you notice that the model tends to provide overly optimistic predictions in volatile market
conditions. The senior team member suggests incorporating a mechanism to ensure the model’s
predictions account for market uncertainty. What is the most effective method to improve the model's
handling of volatile market conditions?

A. Use reinforcement learning to reward the model for accurate predictions in stable conditions.
B. Increase the size of the training dataset with examples from stable market conditions.
C. Incorporate a probabilistic layer to quantify uncertainty in predictions.
D. Decrease the model's learning rate to avoid drastic prediction changes.
Answer: C
Explanation:

Adding a probabilistic layer will allow the model to account for uncertainty in its predictions, especially in
volatile market conditions, leading to more reliable outputs.

Question: 17

A generative AI model is deployed in a real-time application but is experiencing latency issues, causing
delays in response time. Which of the following actions would most effectively address this performance
problem?

A. Optimize the model's inference process by reducing the number of layers

B. Upgrade the model to a more complex version
C. Adjust the learning rate used during model training
D. Increase the batch size used during inference
Answer: A
Explanation:

Reducing the number of layers can optimize the model's inference process by decreasing computational
complexity, helping to reduce latency issues.

Question: 18

Your AI development team is conducting system analysis for a new software application that integrates
an LLM to assist in code review. The system must meet specific requirements for accuracy,
performance, and security. During analysis, you discover that the LLM occasionally produces false
positives during code reviews, flagging correct code as problematic. What is the best approach to ensure
the LLM meets the required accuracy specifications for code review?

A. Implement a secondary validation layer that cross-checks the LLM’s output before flagging code.
B. Rely on user feedback after deployment to refine the LLM’s accuracy over time.
C. Increase the size of the dataset used to train the LLM without changing other parameters.
D. Reduce the LLM's sensitivity to errors to decrease the number of flags raised.

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Answer: A
Explanation:

A secondary validation layer would help cross-check the LLM's output before flagging code, ensuring
that false positives are minimized, improving accuracy in code reviews.

Question: 19

You are working on deploying a generative AI model for a virtual assistant that interacts with users in
real-time. The assistant must handle a wide variety of user queries, including follow-up questions and
context retention across multiple interactions. The challenge is to optimize the model for quick response
times while maintaining high accuracy in understanding and generating responses. Which approach
would best address the challenge of optimizing response times while ensuring accurate context retention
in the virtual assistant?

A. Use a monolithic model architecture with embedded memory that retains all interactions indefinitely
B. Implement a sliding window mechanism that tracks the last few interactions to provide context for
the model
C. Deploy a large-scale transformer model without any context-tracking mechanism
D. Use a rule-based system to handle context, supported by a small transformer model for generating
responses
Answer: B
Explanation:

A sliding window mechanism tracks the last few interactions, providing sufficient context while
maintaining manageable memory requirements, thus improving response times while retaining context
for accuracy.

Question: 20

You are working on a project where you have a large dataset of text without any labels. Your goal is to
group similar texts together to identify potential patterns or topics. You decide to use cuML’s KMeans
algorithm, which is an unsupervised learning method. Why is KMeans an appropriate choice for this
task?

A. Because KMeans is designed to find clusters in unlabeled data.

B. Because KMeans is used to classify text into predefined categories.
C. Because KMeans performs dimensionality reduction before clustering.
D. Because KMeans requires labeled data to function.
Answer: A
Explanation:

KMeans is an unsupervised learning algorithm used to find patterns and clusters in unlabeled data,
making it appropriate for this task.

Question: 21

You are working on a project that involves developing a named entity recognition (NER) system using
spaCy. The system must accurately identify and categorize entities in a large corpus of unstructured text

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data. Additionally, the data processing pipeline must be optimized for performance and scalability. Which
two actions would best enhance the performance and accuracy of the NER system in this scenario?
(Select two)

A. Manually annotate a small subset of the data for training

B. Use NumPy to perform vectorized operations on large datasets
C. Fine-tune the spaCy model on a domain-specific dataset
D. Deploy the spaCy model on a single-threaded CPU environment
E. Disable spaCy's built-in tokenizer
Answer: B, C
Explanation:

Using NumPy for vectorized operations optimizes performance, while fine-tuning the model on a domain-
specific dataset improves accuracy in recognizing relevant entities.

Question: 22

Your team is integrating a generative LLM into a financial analytics platform. The system must meet strict
regulatory compliance standards, including data privacy and accuracy in financial forecasting. During
system analysis, you find that the LLM occasionally uses customer data in ways that may not fully
comply with data privacy regulations. Which action should you prioritize to ensure the system meets the
required data privacy specifications?

A. Implement data anonymization techniques before feeding data into the LLM.
B. Consult with the legal team after deployment to address any compliance issues that arise.
C. Rely on the LLM's internal mechanisms to handle data privacy.
D. Reduce the amount of customer data used by the LLM to minimize risks.
Answer: A
Explanation:

Anonymizing customer data ensures compliance with privacy regulations while still allowing the model to
function effectively.

Question: 23

A healthcare organization wants to use a generative AI model to create personalized treatment plans for
patients. Which factor is most critical to ensure the treatment plans are both accurate and ethically
sound?

A. Focusing on the model's ability to generate treatment plans quickly

B. Deploying the model on a high-performance computing system to reduce latency
C. Allowing the model to continuously learn from patient feedback in real-time
D. Training the model on a diverse dataset that includes various patient demographics and medical
histories
Answer: D
Explanation:

Training the model on diverse patient demographics and medical histories ensures accuracy and
fairness in generating treatment plans, addressing both accuracy and ethical concerns.

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Question: 24

You are working on a customer support chatbot that needs to handle highly dynamic and context-
sensitive conversations. The chatbot needs to recall user preferences, handle multiple queries in a single
conversation, and adapt to different tones of conversation seamlessly. Which architecture is most
suitable for achieving this level of complexity in handling dynamic interactions?

A. Transformer-based architecture
B. LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory)
C. RNN (Recurrent Neural Network)
D. CNN (Convolutional Neural Network)
Answer: A
Explanation:

Transformer-based architectures, such as GPT and BERT, are known for their ability to handle complex,
multi-turn conversations and retain context over long sequences, making them ideal for dynamic
interactions in chatbots.

Question: 25

In the context of generative AI, diffusion-based models are used to iteratively improve the quality of
generated images. Which of the following best describes the process by which these models generate
high-quality images?

A. The model starts with a noisy image and progressively denoises it to improve quality
B. The model uses a predefined template and fills in missing details
C. The model generates images directly from noise in a single pass
D. The model uses a GAN (Generative Adversarial Network) to create images from scratch
Answer: A
Explanation:

Diffusion-based models start with a noisy image and iteratively refine it by removing noise, gradually
improving the image quality through multiple denoising steps.

Question: 26

Your team is developing a chatbot application that leverages a Large Language Model (LLM) for
customer support. The LLM needs to handle diverse inquiries from customers in multiple languages and
should provide accurate responses within a few seconds. Which of the following configurations will best
meet these requirements?

A. Utilize a pre-trained LLM model without fine-tuning it for your specific use case.
B. Use a cloud-based LLM with GPU acceleration and enable multilingual support.
C. Deploy the LLM on mobile devices for on-device processing.
D. Deploy the LLM on a local server with limited CPU resources.
Answer: B
Explanation:

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Using a cloud-based LLM with GPU acceleration ensures that the model can handle diverse, multilingual
inquiries while providing fast response times.

Question: 27

You are tasked with embedding a large content dataset for a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)
system that assists in legal document analysis. During the embedding process, you notice that the
embeddings of similar legal clauses vary significantly. What could be the most likely cause of this
inconsistency, and how would you address it?

A. The model was not fine-tuned on legal text; fine-tune the embedding model on legal documents
B. The dataset lacks diversity; add more diverse examples
C. The embedding model uses a non-contextual embedding method; switch to a contextual embedding
model
D. The model's embedding dimension is too high; reduce the dimension
Answer: A
Explanation:

Fine-tuning the embedding model on legal documents ensures the model learns domain-specific
nuances, leading to more consistent embeddings for similar clauses.

Question: 28

You are analyzing a research paper that explores the use of large language models (LLMs) for real-time
translation in multilingual meetings. The paper suggests combining an LLM with a specific emerging
technology to improve translation accuracy and speed. Which technology is most likely recommended in
this context?

A. Blockchain for secure data storage

B. Reinforcement learning for better model training
C. Federated learning for distributed data processing
D. Edge computing for reduced latency
Answer: D
Explanation:

Edge computing allows for faster, real-time processing by reducing latency, which is essential for real-
time translation tasks, particularly in multilingual meetings.

Question: 29

You are working on a generative AI project that involves creating personalized health and fitness
recommendations based on users' lifestyle data. The data is complex and includes various features like
diet, exercise routines, sleep patterns, and stress levels. Under the supervision of a senior team
member, you need to determine the best approach to preprocess the data before training the model.
Which of the following steps should you take to ensure the data is prepared effectively? (Select two)

A. Normalize all numeric features to have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

B. Impute missing values with random numbers to maintain dataset size.

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C. Aggregate the data to reduce its size by taking the mean of all features.
D. Encode categorical features using one-hot encoding or similar techniques.
E. Drop all categorical features from the dataset as they are not needed.
Answer: A, D
Explanation:

Normalizing numeric features ensures the model processes features on a similar scale, and encoding
categorical data allows the model to understand non-numeric information. Both steps are crucial for
preparing the data for training.

Question: 30

Which of the following statements accurately defines Generative AI and explains its working
mechanism?

A. Generative AI models create new content, such as text, images, or audio, by learning underlying
data distributions and generating new samples from those distributions.
B. Generative AI is a system that filters and selects data from a large database to produce new
content.
C. Generative AI requires manual data input for each new output it creates.
D. Generative AI uses pre-existing rules to generate content in a deterministic way.
Answer: A
Explanation:

Generative AI models learn from large datasets to understand patterns and distributions within the data.
Once trained, these models can generate new and original content (text, images, audio, etc.) by
sampling from these learned data distributions. Unlike deterministic systems that follow predefined rules
(as in option D) or systems that select pre-existing content (as in option B), generative AI can create
entirely new outputs. Option C is incorrect because Generative AI operates independently after training
and does not require manual input for each output.

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