Mathematical Reasoning Notes

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Syllabus
 Types of reasoning
 Number series, letter series, codes and relationships
 Mathematical aptitude (fraction, time & distance, ratio, proportion
and percentage, profit and loss, interest and discounting, averages etc.)

Number Series
Questions on number series are prevalent in paper 1 of UGC NET.
These questions are based on numerical sequences that follow a
logical rule/ pattern based on elementary arithmetic concepts. A
particular series is given from which the pattern must be
analysed. You are then asked to predict the next number in the
sequence following the same rule. Generally, there are three
types of questions asked from the number series:
 A numerical series is given in which a number is wrongly placed. You are
asked to identify that particular wrong number.
 A numerical series is given in which a specific number is missing. You are
required to find out that missing number.
 A complete numerical series is followed by blank
1. Prime Number Series– A prime number is a whole number greater
than 1 whose only factors are 1 and itself. A factor is a whole number that
can be divided evenly into another number.
Q. 5, 7, 11, 13, …?…
a) 15
b) 17
c) 19
d) 31
Answer- (b), 17.
Solution- The missing term is 17, because it is a prime number.

Q. 11, 17, 23, 29, …?...

a) 31
b) 33
c) 37
d) 39
Answer-(c), 37.

Solution- The sequence is made up of prime numbers starting with 11.

However, one prime number is skipped to get the subsequent term.

2. Pattern of Differences– Firstly Calculates the difference between series

provided in the question then try to solve in mind so that you get the
Pattern of series. We will list the numbers, and find the differences for
each pair of numbers. That is, I will subtract the numbers in pairs (the
first from the second, the second from the third, and so on), like this.

 Which is the number that comes next in the following sequence?

2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, (UGC NET 2021)
a) 60
b) 64
c) 72
d) 70
Answer- Option (c).

 The next term in the series -1, 5, 15, 29, , … is

a) 36
b) 47
c) 59
d) 63

 The next term in the series

2, 5, 10, 17, 26, 37, ? is: (UGC NET 2015)

a) 50
b) 57
c) 62
d) 72

Answer: (a), 50.

 What is the number that comes next in the sequence ?

2, 5, 9, 19, 37, (UGC NET 2012)
a) 76
b) 74
c) 75
d) 50
Answer- (c), 75.
Solution-
2*2=4+1=5
5 * 2 = 10 - 1 = 9
9 * 2 = 18 + 1 = 19
19 * 2 = 38 - 1 = 37
37 * 2 = 74 + 1 = 75.

3. Squares/Cubes – When the question asked in Number series in the

Sequence of squares/cubes then you should know the squares/cubes of
number to some extent otherwise there are many formulas to find out
perfect squares and cubes.
  Find the missing term 1, 8, 27, 64, ...
a) 124
b) 81
c) 100
d) 75
Answer- (a), 125.
Simple Series of Cubes -
13,23,33,43

 4, 16, 36, 64, ...

a) 144
b) 100
c) 196
d) 400
Answer- (b), 100.
Solution- The series is square of even numbers- 22,42 ,62,82,102

4. Pattern in alternate numbers: When there is a pattern between every

alternate or third number in the series.
For example – 2, 9, 5, 1, 8 , 15, 11….

 The missing term in the series: 2, 5, 4, 10, 8, 15, 16, ?, 32 is:

a) 18
b) 20
c) 22
d) 25
Answer- (b), 20.

Number+Letter Series

 The next term in the series: B2E, D5H, F12K, H27N, ? is: (UGC NET
2015)

a) J561
b) 162Q
c) Q62J
d) J58Q

Answer: (d), J58Q.

Explanation:-
B + 2 = D, E + 3 = H & 2 +2 x 1 + 1
= 2 + 3 = 5,
D + 2 = F, H + 3 = K & 5 + 2 x 3 + 1
= 5 + 7 = 12
F + 2 = H, K + 3 = N & 12 + 2 x 7 + 1
= 12 + 15 = 27

Similarly,
H + 2 = J, N + 3 = Q & 27 + 2 x 15 + 1
= 27 + 31 = 58
Then, the next term of the series is J58Q.

Letter Series
Letter Series type of questions usually consists of a series of small letters
which follow a specific pattern. The students need to identify the missing
letter in the series. These missing letters are then given in proper order as
one of the alternatives. Thus, the contenders can know the tips to solve the
Letter Series Logical Reasoning Questions by practicing. To understand the
tips of the Letter Series, first of all, the candidates must have the
knowledge of the alphabetical order, its numerical position, and its
opposite word.
 Find the next letter for the series YVSP ………
a) N
b) M
c) O
d) L
Answer- (b), M.

 The next term in the series: ABD, DGK, HMS, MTB, SBL, , …
is (UGC NET 2018).
a) ZKU
b) ZCA
c) ZKW
d) ZKU
Answer: (c)

 Complete the series BB, FE, II, ML, PP, ………..by choosing one of the
following option given: (UGC NET 2014)
a) TS
b) ST
c) RS
d) SR
Answer- (a), TS.

------------------------------------------------------------->
BB (Skip CD) FE (Skip GH) II (SkipJK) ML (Skip NO) PP (Skip QR) TS

Note - Terms at even places are written in reverse order. Hence answer is TS
and not ST.

 In the series
 AB, EDC, FGHI, ....?...., OPQRST, the missing term is
a) JKLMN
b) JMKNL
c) NMLKJ
d) NMKLJ
Answer- (c), NMLKJ.
Explanation- First term has two letters in alphabetical order.
Second term has three letters in reverse alphabetical order.
Third term has four letters in alphabetical order.
Hence, fourth term will have five terms in reverse alphabetical order.

Coding Decoding
The coding and decoding questions will provide you with some information
that is in code form. This information can be decoded using the key that is
present either within the question or within the options. Here we will start
with the first type or the letter coding. Let us begin!

 If REASON is coded as 5 and GOVERNMENT as 9, than what is the

code for ACCIDENT? (UGC NET 2019)
a) 6
b) 7
c) 8
d) 9
Answer- (b), 7.

Code for the given word = (Number of letters in the word) - 1.

So, code for ACCIDENT = 8 - 1 = 7.

 If in a certain language, MADRAS is coded as NBESBT, how is

BOMBAY coded in that code?
 a) CPNCBX
b) CPNCBZ
c) CPOCBZ
d) CQOCBZ

Explanation- The correct answer is option (b), CPNCBZ. Each letter in the word is
moved one step forward to obtain the corresponding letter of the code.
 In a certain code, TRIPPLE is written as SQHOOKD. How is DISPOSE
written in that code?
a) CHRONRD
b) DSOESPI
c) ESJTPTF
d) ESOPSID
Explanation- The correct answer is option (a), CHRONRD. Each letter in the word is
moved one step backward to obtain the corresponding letter of the code.

 In a certain code, COMPUTER is written as RFUVQNPC. How is

MEDICINE written in the same code?
a) EOJDJEFM
b) EOJDEJFM
c) MFEJDJOE
d) MFEDJJOE
Explanation- The answer is option (a), EOJDJEFM. The letter of the word
are written in a reverse order and each letter, except the first and the last
one, is moved one step forward, to obtain the code.

 If VICTORY is coded as YLFWRUB, how can SUCCESS be coded?

a) VXEEIVV
b) VXFFHVV
c) VYEEHVV
d) VYEFIVV

Answer- (b), VXFFHVV

The letter of the word are moved three steps forward, to obtain the code.

 If in a certain language, COUNSEL is coded as BITIRAK, how is

GUIDANCE written in that code?
a) EOHYZKBB
b) FOHYZJBB
c) FPHZZKAB
d) HOHYBJBA
Explanation- The answer is option (b), FOHYZJBB. The letters at odd positions are
each moved one step backward, while the letters at even positions are
respectively moved six, five, four, three, two,... steps backward to obtain the
corresponding letters of the code.

 In a certain code, RIPPLE is written as 613382 and LIFE is written as

8192. How is PILLER written in that code?
a) 318826
b) 318286
c) 618826
d) 338816
The alphabets are coded as shown:

So, in PILLER,
P is coded as 3,
I as 1,
L as 8,
E as 2 and
R as 6.
Thus, the code for PILLER is 318826.
 In certain code MATHURA is coded as JXQEROX. The code of HOTELS will
be: (UGC NET 2020 paper 1)
a) ELIPQB
b) LEQIBP
c) ELQBIP
d) LEBIQP

Explanation- The answer is option (c), ELQBIP. The letter of the word are moved
three steps forward, to obtain the code.

 If A is coded as C, M as I, N as P, S as O, I as A, P as N, E as M, O as E,
and C as S, then the code of COMPANIES will be (UGC NET paper 1 2017)
a) SPEINMOAC
b) NCPSEIOMA
c) SMOPIEACN
d) SEINCPAMO
A N M S I P E O C
C I P O A N M E S
5 3 6 9 7 4 8 2 1
So, code for companies will be SEINCPAMO.

Analogy
In questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and
another similar relationship has to be identified from the alternatives
provided. Analogy tests are therefore meant to test a candidate’s overall
knowledge, the power of reasoning and ability to think concisely and
accurately. Below are given some common Analogy Practice mcqs.
 Doctor is related to Patient in the same way as Lawyer is related to?
a) Customer
b) Accused
c) Magistrate
d) Client
Answer: Option (d), Client.
Justification: First works for the second.

 Chef is related to Restaurant in the same way as Druggist is related

to ....
a) Medicine
b) Pharmacy
c) Store
d) Chemist
Answer: Option(b), Pharmacy.
Justification: Second is the working place of the first.

 Needle is related to Thread in the same way as Pen is related to...

a) Ink
b) Cap
c) Paper
d) Word
Answer: Option (a), Ink.
Justification: Second is required for the working of the first.

 Bread is related to bakery in the same way as Brick is related to ...

a) Mint
b) Kiln
c) Furnace
d) Mine
Answer: Option (b), Kiln.
Justification: Second is the place where the first is manufactured.

 Bag is related to Luggage in the same way as Ship is related to ......

a) Coal
b) Stock
c) Cargo
d) Weight
Answer: Option (c), Cargo.
Justification: Second is the load carried by the first.

 Mathematics is related to Numbers in the same way as History is

related to ......
a) People
b) Events
c) Dates
d) Wars
Answer: Option (b), Events.
Justification: Mathematics is the theory of numbers and
History is the theory of past events.
 Happiness is related to Sorrow in the same way as Comfort is related
to ......
a) Hardship
b) Rest
c) Poverty
d) Difficulty
Answer: Option (a), Hardship.
Justification: The words in each pair are opposites of each other.

 Bread is related to Wheat in the same way as Brick is related to ......

a) Clay
b) Fire
c) Cement
d) Building
Answer: Option (a), Clay.
Justification: Second is used to make the first.

 Book is related to Magazine in the same way as Newspaper is related

to ......
a) Journal
b) News
c) Article
d) Headline
Answer: Option (a), Journal.
Justification: Second contains smaller articles of the same nature as the
first.
 Mouse is related to Cat in the same way as Fly is related to ......
a) Animal
b) Horse
c) Spider
d) Rat
Answer: Option (c), Spider.
Justification: Second feeds on the first.

Blood Relation
Before we move on to some solved problems on blood relations, let us go
through some typical relations and the direct meanings of the same. In
most of the questions on blood relations, the statement always gives an
indirect reference to the person. Hence, it becomes really important to
learn these blood relation tricks.
Blood Relation Chart
Indirect Reference Actual Relation
Father’s or Mother’s Daughter Sister
Father’s or Mother’s Son Brother
Father’s or Mother’s Sister Aunt
Father’s or Mother’s Brother Uncle
Father’s or Mother’s Mother Grandmother
Father’s or Mother’s Father Grandfather
Daughter’s Husband Son-in-law
Son’s Wife Daughter – in – law
Husband’s or Wife’s Brother Brother – in – law
Husband’s or Wife’s Sister Sister – In – law
Brother’s Daughter Niece
Brother’s Son Nephew
Brother’s Wife Sister-in-law
Sister’s Husband Brother- in- law
Aunt’s or Uncle’s son or daughter Cousin
Granddaughter’s or Grandson’s da Great grand daughter
You must go through this blood relation chart in a detailed manner. Do
remember that paternal grandfather, paternal grandmother, father,
mother, brother, and sister are considered to be blood relatives. Unless
mentioned otherwise, all the relations are considered from the father’s
side i.e. grandfather will refer to your father’s father and grandmother will
refer to your father’s mother unless mentioned otherwise. In statement-
based relation questions, a technique called backtracking is applied.

Backtracking means starting from the last word & moving backwards. Eg- if
Nikhil said, “A is the daughter of the sister of my father’s only son”.
Then we start from the last information: “My father’s only son → Me
Daughter of my sister → “Niece”
Hence, A is the niece of Nikhil.

Tips to draw Tree Diagram

 Always write the people of same generation in a horizontal line.
 Use (+) for male and (-) for female.
 Use = symbol for couple and – (hyphen) for siblings.
 Choose dashed lines to represent cousins.
 Pointing to a photograph, Vipul said, "She is the daughter of my
grandfather's only son." How is Vipul related to the girl in the
photograph?
a) Father
b) Brother
c) Cousin
d) Uncle
e) Grandson
Answer: Option (b), Brother.
Justification: My grandfather's only son -- My father.
So, the girl is the daughter of Vipul's father i.e., Vipul is the girl’s brother.
 If Neena says, "Anita`s father Raman is the only son of my father-in-
law Mahipal", then how is Bindu, who is the sister of Anita, related to
Mahipal?
a) Niece
b) Daughter
c) Wife
d) None of these
Answer: Option(d), None of these.
Justification: Only son of Neena's father--in-law Mahipal -- Neena's
husband.
So, Raman is Neena's husband and Anita and Bindu are his daughters.
Thus, Bindu is the grand daughter of Mahipal.
 Pointing to a girl in the photograph, Amar said, "Her mother`s brother
is the only son of my mother's father." How is the girl`s mother related
to Amar?
a) Mother
b) Sister
c) Aunt
d) Grandmother
e) None of these
Answer: Option (c), Aunt.
Justification: Only son of Amar's mother's father -- Amar's maternal uncle.
So, the girl's maternal uncle is Amar's maternal uncle.
Thus, the girl's mother is Amar's aunt.

 If X is the brother of the son of Y`s son, how is X related to Y?

a) Son
b) Brother
c) Cousin
d) Grandson
e) Uncle
Answer: Option (d), Grandson.
Justification: Son of Y's son -- Grandson;
Brother of Y's grandson -- Y's granson.

 Pointing to a photograph, a lady tells Pramod, "I am the only daughter

of this lady and her son is your maternal uncle." How is the speaker
related to Pramod`s father?
a) Sister-in-law
b) Wife
c) Either a or b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: Option (b), Wife.
Justification: Clearly, the speaker's brother is Pramod's maternal uncle. So,
the speaker is Pramod's mother or his father's wife.
 Showing the man receiving the prize, Saroj said, "He is the brother of
my uncle's daughter." Who is the man to Saroj?
a) Son
b) Brother-in-law
c) Nephew
d) Uncle
e) Cousin
Answer: (e), Cousin
Justification: Brother of uncle's daughter -- Uncle's son -- Cousin.
So, the man is Saroj’s Cousin.

Profit and Loss – Basic Definitions & Formulas

• Cost price (C.P.): This is the price at which an article is purchased.
• Selling price (S.P.): This is the price at which an article is sold.
• Profit or Gain: If the selling price is more than the cost price, the
difference between them is the profit incurred
• Loss: If the selling price is less than the cost price, the difference
between them is the loss incurred.
Formulas
• Gain = (S.P.) – (C.P.)
• Loss = (C.P.) – (S.P.)
• Gain % = (Gain / CP) * 100
• Loss % = (Loss / CP) * 100
• SP = [(100 + Gain%) / 100] * CP
• SP = [(100 – Loss %) / 100]*CP
• If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of C.P.
• If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P.

 Alfred buys an old scooter for Rs. 4700 and spends Rs. 800 on its
repairs. If he sells the scooter for Rs. 5800, his gain percent is:
𝟔
a) %
𝟏𝟗
𝟔
b) %
𝟏𝟕
𝟓
c) 5 %
𝟏𝟏
𝟓
d) 3 %
𝟏𝟏

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Cost Price (C.P.) = Rs. (4700 + 800) = Rs. 5500.
Selling Price (S.P.) = Rs. 5800.
Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.) = Rs.(5800 - 5500) = Rs. 300.
300 5
Gain % = x 100 %= 5 %
5500 11
 A vendor bought toffees at 6 for a rupee. How many for a rupee must
he sell to gain 20%?
a) 3
b) 4
c) 5
d) 6
Answer: (c), 5.
Explanation:
C.P. of 6 toffees = Re. 1
6
S.P. of 6 toffees = 120% of Re. 1 = Rs.
5
6
For Rs. 5 , toffees sold = 6.
5
For Re. 1, toffees sold = 6 x = 5.
6

 The percentage profit earned by selling an article for Rs. 1920 is equal
to the percentage loss incurred by selling the same article for Rs. 1280.
At what price should the article be sold to make 25% profit?
a) Rs. 2000
b) Rs. 2200
c) Rs. 2400
d) Data inadequate
Answer: (a), 2000.
Explanation:
Let C.P. be Rs. x.
Then, (1920𝑥 – 𝑥) x 100 = 𝑥 − 1280
𝑥
x 100
1920 - x = x - 1280
2x = 3200
x = 1600
Required S.P. = 125% of Rs. 1600 = Rs. 125
100
x 1600 = Rs 2000.

Ratio & Proportion

Q. Two numbers are in the ratio 2: 5. If 16 is added to both the numbers,
their ratio becomes 1: 2. The numbers are (UGC NET 2021)
a) 16, 40
b) 20, 50
c) 28, 70
d) 32, 80
Answer- (d), 32, 80.
Ratio = 2 : 5
Define x:
Let x the constant ratio
Ratio = 2x : 5x
if 16 is added to both the numbers, the ratio become 1 : 2
(2x + 16) / (5x + 16) = 1/2
Cross multiply:
2(2x + 16) = 5x + 16
Distribute 2:
4x + 32 = 5x + 16
Find x:
x = 16
Find the numbers:
2x = 2(16) = 32
5x = 5(16) = 80
Q. The ratio of money with Ram and Gopal is 7: 17 and that with Gopal
and Krishan is 7: 17. If Ram has Rs. 490, Krishan has?
a) Rs. 2890
b) Rs. 2330
c) Rs. 1190
d) Rs. 2680
Answer- (a), Rs 2890
Ram : Gopal = 7 : 17 = 49 : 119
Gopal : Krishan = 7 : 17 = 119 : 289
∴ Ram : Gopal : Krishan = 49 : 119 : 289
⇒ Ram : Krishan = 49 : 289
Thus, 49 : 289 = 490 : N
& there N = 289 x 490 / 49
= Rs. 2890

Tips for Calendar Problems

Understand the basics of the Calendar:

The day of the week repeats after every seven days.

• For any time period, the no. of days in excess over complete weeks
are called odd days.
A normal year has 365 days (i.e.) 52 weeks plus 1 odd day. When we
proceed forward by one year, then 1 day is gained and vice-versa.
The number of days per month in a normal year are:

A year is considered to be a leap year if:

a) The year can be evenly divided by 4;
b) If the year can be evenly divided by 100, it is NOT a leap year, unless;
c) The year is also evenly divisible by 400. Then it is a leap year
Leap years have 366 days. The extra day is added to February which has 29
days in a leap year.
When we proceed forward by one leap year, then 2 odd days are gained
because leap years have 366 days

o Ordinary Year has One Odd day

o Leap Year has Two Odd days

 On January 12, 1980, it was a Saturday. The day of the week on January
12, 1979 was
a) Thursday
b) Friday
c) Saturday
d) Sunday
Answer- (b), Friday.
The year 1979 being an ordinary year, it has 1 odd day.
But January 12, 1980 being Saturday
∴ January 12, 1979 was Friday.

 January 1, 1992 was a Wednesday, what day of the week will it be on

January 1, 1993 ?
a) Monday
b) Tuesday
c) Sunday
d) Friday
Answer – (d), Friday.
1992 being a leap year, it has 2 odd days. So, the first day of the year 1993
will be two days beyond Wednesday i.e., it will be Friday.

 Today is 1st August. The day of the week is Monday. This is a leap year.
The day of the week on this day after 3 years will be?
a) Wednesday
b) Thursday
c) Friday
d) Saturday
Answer- (b), Thursday.
This being a leap year none of the next 3 year is a leap year. So, the day of
the week will be 3 days beyond Monday i.e., it will be Thursday.

Problems on Clocks
The clock’s circumference is divided into 60 equal divisions or parts. These
equal divisions are said to be minute spaces or minute divisions. A clock
has two hands, the hour hand and the minute hand. The hour hand is
smaller and slower than the minute hand. When the minute hand moves
forward twelve clock numbers and covers 60-minute spaces. Then, the
hour hand moves forward one clock number and covers 5-minute spaces
known as one hour.
 The hour hand and the minute hand of a clock from an angle of?
a) 90°
b) 91.5°
c) 97.5°
d) 94.5°
Answer- (c), 97.5°.
Angle traced by hour hand in 12 h = 360°
Angle traced by hour hand in 25/4 h = (360/12) x (25/4)° = 187.5°
Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min = 360°
Angle traced by it in 15 min = (360/60) x 15° = 90
∴ Required angle = (187.5° - 90°) = 97.5°

 An accurate clock shows the time as 3:00 after hour hand has moved
135°, the time would be?
a) 7:30
b) 6:30
c) 8:00
d) 9:30
Answer- (a), 7:30.
Angle of 360° is covered by hour hand in 12h.
So, angle of 135° is covered by hour hand in 12/360° x 135° = 4.5 h
Thus, required time = (3 + 4.5)h = 7.5 h = 7 : 30

 In a clock, the angle between the hour hand and minute hand at 5 h 10
min, is?
a) 60
b) 95
c) 120
d) 90
Answer- b
The angle between hour hand and minute hand at 5 O'clock = 5 x 30° =
150°
Minute hand move in 10 min = 2 x 30° = 60°
Hour hand move in 10 min = 30°/6 = 5°
∴ Angle between hour hand and minute hand at 5 h 10 min = 150° - 60° +
5deg; = 95°

Time & Work

 More men can do more work. Similarly, less men will do less work
 More work takes more time. Similarly, less work takes less time
 More man can do work in less time, Similarly, less men can do work in
more time
 If a man can do a piece of work in 5 days, then he will finish 1/5th of
the work in one day.
 If a man can finish 1/5th of the work in one day then he will take 5
days to complete the work.
 If a man can do 5/6th of work in one hour then he will take 6/5 hours
to complete the full work.
 If A works three times faster than B then A takes 1/3rd the time taken
by B.

 Somya can do a piece of work in 50 days. How much part of the work
she can do in 20 days?
 a) 𝟏𝟓
b) 𝟑𝟖
c) 𝟐𝟓
d) 𝟏𝟒

Answer- (c), 25.

Solution: 1 day work of Somya = 50
1

Therefore, in 20 days she can do 20 × 1

= =
20 2th
50 50 5

P can do a job in 15 days. In how many days can P and Q


 together complete the job if Q is twice as fast as P?
a) 3 days
b) 5 days
c) 2 days
d) 6 days
Answer –(b), 5 days.

Direction Sense
 Four Main Directions – North(N), East(E), West(W), South(S)
 Angle between North and East is 90’(Clockwise)
 Angel between North and Southeast is 45’ (Clockwise) Four Cardinal
Directions – North-East(NE), North-West(NW), South-East(SE), South-
West(SW)

 A man starts walking towards west. After walking 105 meter, he turns
to the left and walks 55 meter straight. Again, he turns to the left,
walks a distance of 75 meters straight, again he turns to the left and
walks a distance of 55 meters. How far is he from starting point?
a) 45 meters
b) 75 meters
c) 30 meters
d) 180 meters
Answer: (c), 30 meters
Explanation:
105 – 75 = 30 meter from starting point

 A man walks 5 km toward south and then turns to the right. After
walking 3 km he turns to the left and walks 4 km. And then he goes
back 10 km straight. Now in which direction is he from the starting
place?
a) South-East
b) North-West
c) South
d) West
From the given directions, now he is 1km in the North-West direction.

 Afreen walks 8 km towards East and then walks 13 km back, then she
turns left and walks 4 km; then walks 5 km after turning left; she turns
left again and walks 3 km. How far is she from the starting point?
a) 3 km
b) 2 km
c) 1 km
d) 6 km
Answer- (c), 1 km

 One day Prakash left home and walked 10 km towards south, turned
right and walked 5 km, turned right and walked 10 km and turned left
 and walked 10 km. How many km will he have to walk to reach his
home straight?
a) 30
b) 10
c) 20
d) 15
Answer: (d)

Seating Arrangement
In reasoning ability, when a piece of information is given about a group of
people and the manner in which they are seated, such an arrangement is
called a seating arrangement. This may be a straight line, circular,
rectangle, or any other arrangement in which people or things are placed.
 A, P, R, X, S and Z are sitting in a row. S and Z are in the centre. A and P
are at the ends. R is sitting to the left of A. Who is to the right of P?
a) A
b) X
c) S
d) Z
Answer-(b), X.
Explanation:
The seating arrangement is as follows:

Therefore, right of P is X.

 A, B, C, D and E are sitting on a bench. A is sitting next to B, C

is sitting next to D, D is not sitting with E who is on the left
end of the bench. C is on the second position from the right.
A is to the right of B and E. A and C are sitting together. In
which position A is sitting?
a) Between B and D
b) Between B and C
c) Between E and D
d) Between C and E
Answer- b, Between B and C.
Solution

Therefore, A is sitting in between B and C.