Data Communication & Networking DKT

224

Puan Shahadah Bt. Ahmad

04-9854070 / 017-5722339
Room No. 5, KKF8B
Taman Kuala Perlis.
School of Computer & Communication Engineering
[email protected]

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McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
 Course Outcomes
1. Students will be able to understand the theory and
basic of data communication and network.
2. Able to identify network connection concept and
protocol used
3. Students will be familiarized with the data
communication network equipments and instruments
to analyze network protocol and perform some
troubleshooting
4. Students be exposed to network architecture and
new technologies in data communication and network.

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 Syllabus

Course Contents
StudyWee
k

1,2 INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1
Introduction to data communications
- component, data representation and data flow
Chapter 2

Introduction to data communication networks ,

-network criteria, physical structures, network models, categories of
networks and Internet work.
-protocols and standards

(4 hours)
3,4,5 PHYSICAL LAYER AND MEDIA (review)
Chapter 3,4,5
Data and signals, Digital transmission and analog transmission
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Chapter 6 ,7
 Syllabus

Course Content
Study Week

6,7 DATA LINK LAYER

Chapter 10
Error Detection and Correction

(4 hours)

9,10 DATA LINK LAYER( cont..)

Chapter 11,12
Data link control & Multiple access
(4 hours)

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 Syllabus

Course Content
Study Week

11,12
Chapter 13,14
Wired and wireless LANs
(4 hours)

13,14 SECURITY
Chapter 30
Cryptography
(4 hours)

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 Assessment
•Final Exam - 50 %
•Course Work – 50 %
–Lab Reports/test– 30 %
–Test 1 & 2 – 10 %
– Group Assignment/Quiz – 8 %
–Attendance / tutorials – 2 %

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McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
 Lab experiment
• LAB 1 - Fundamental of Data Communication
Technique
• LAB 2 - Network protocol analyzer
• LAB 3 - Network setup - UTP cable
• LAB 4 - Wireless access point configuration
• LAB 5 - Network Analysis –measuring
Throughput

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 References

1.Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communications and

Networking, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2007 (TEXT BOOK)

2. William Stalling, Data and Computer

Communications ,7th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2005.

3.Wayne Tomasi, Introduction to Data

Communications and Networking,
Prentice Hall,2004.
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McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
 Chapter 1
Introduction

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Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and
using the data. Data communications are the exchange of
data between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Components
Data Representation
Data Flow
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 1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
• Effective characteristics of data
communication.
Delivery(Intended Receiver)
Accuracy(Unchanged Data)
Timeliness
Jitter(Uneven delay in
audio/video streaming)

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Figure 1.1 Five components of data communication

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 Data Representation
• TEXT – unicode (32 bits to represent
character)- ASCII
• NUMBERS
• IMAGES-composed of a matrix of pixel
• AUDIO- recording or broadcasting of
sound or music.
• VIDEO- recording or broadcasting of a
• picture or movie
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Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

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 1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)

connected by communication links. A node can be a computer,
printer, or any other device capable of sending and/or
receiving data generated by other nodes on the network.

Topics discussed in this section:

Distributed Processing
Network Criteria
Physical Structures
Network Models
Categories of Networks
Interconnection of Networks: Internetwork 15
NETWORKS

Set of nodes connected via physical links

– 1) Distributing Processing
– 2) Sharing Data and centralization
– 3) Security and robustness

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 Network Criteria
1) Performance : Transmission and
• response times’ throughput and delay.
2) Reliability: How often the networks fail

3) Security: Privacy and integrity of

communication Data; recovery from
breaches and data loss.

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 Physical Structures:
• Types of connections:
• 1) Point to Point: (P to P) Dedicated link
to be utilized only by end devices.
• 2) Multipoint (Multidrop): Many end
devices share the link capacity.

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Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

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Physical Topology

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Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

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 Physical Topology
• A) Mesh:

• Each device has dedicated point-to-point

link to other devices. Fully connected
mesh will have n( n-1)/ 2 F.D. links
– Where n = number of nodes
• Advantages: Fast communication, Robust
and Privacy (Security)
• Disadvantages: Cabling Space and cost
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Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

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 Physical Topology (cont..)
• B) Star:

• Devices are connected Point to Point to a

central “Hub” (Controller Exchanger)
• Advantages: Less cabling and H/W
ports, two hops only.
• Disadvantage: Not robust

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Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

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Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

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 – C) Bus:
• Multipoint link as “backbone” for a
network where devices have drop line to
tap into the bus

Advantage: Less Cabling

• Disadvantages: Topology dependent, limit
number of nodes on the bus due to signal
power loss with distance, not so
robust
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Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

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• C) Ring: Each device connects Point to
Point with only two other devices in a
left and right neighbors arrangement via
a repeater.
• Advantages : easy installation, better
fault isolation and robustness.
• Disadvantages: N/2 hops communication

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Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

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• D) Hybrid: • Pizza “star” inside a “ ring”
• Pros: Better robustness, still low cost,
Delay is 1 hop (until the star is not with
a ring cut, max 2. • Star of busses

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 Categories of Networks:
• Local Area Networks (LAN): Few
Kilometers Connects devices (Pcs,
printers, servers.) within the same room,
building, company, and campus.
• Topologies most used are bus, ring and
star.

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Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

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 Categories of
Networks(cont..)
• Wide Area Networks (WAN):
• span a large geographical area about
100’s – 1000’s of Km
• 1) Switched: End users connected via a
cloud of switches (subnet).
• 2) Point-to Point: Line leased from
telephone company/ TV connecting users
to the ISP for Internet access.
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• alternative technologies used include:
– circuit switching
– packet switching
– frame relay
– Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM

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 Circuit Switching

• uses a dedicated communications path

established for duration of conversation
• comprising a sequence of physical links
• with a dedicated logical channel
• eg. telephone network

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 Packet Switching

• data sent out of sequence

• small chunks (packets) of data at a time
• packets passed from node to node
between source and destination
• used for terminal to computer and
computer to computer communications

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 Frame Relay

• packet switching systems have large

overheads to compensate for errors
• modern systems are more reliable
• errors can be caught in end system
• Frame Relay provides higher speeds
• with most error control overhead
removed
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Asynchronous Transfer Mode
(ATM)

• evolution of frame relay

• fixed packet (called cell) length
• with little overhead for error control
• anything from 10Mbps to Gbps
• constant data rate using packet
switching technique with multiple virtual
circuits
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Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

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Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

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 Categories of
Networks(cont..)
• Metropolitan Area Networks:
• MAN town/city
• High-speed backbone linking multiple
LAN’s, DSL, TV cables.

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 1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily

lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the way
we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a communication
system that has brought a wealth of information to our
fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:

A Brief History
The Internet Today (ISPs)

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 The Internet

• Internet evolved from ARPANET

– first operational packet network
– applied to tactical radio & satellite nets also
– had a need for interoperability
– led to standardized TCP/IP protocols

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 The Internet:

• Huge number of interconnected Networks

(100000’s) private organized, e.g.’ government,
schools, research facilities, in many countries
• Collection of LAN’S, MAN’S and WAN’s.
– 􀂄 The internet protocol stack is the TCP/IP
– 􀂄 End users use the internet via Internet Service
providers (ISPs) which are of the following
hierarchies:

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Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

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Internet Elements

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Internet Architecture

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Example Configuration

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 1-4 PROTOCOLS AND STANDARDS

In this section, we define two widely used terms: protocols and

standards. First, we define protocol, which is synonymous with
rule. Then we discuss standards, which are agreed-upon rules.

Topics discussed in this section:

Protocols
Standards
Standards Organizations
Internet Standards
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 What is a protocol?
▪ Communications between computers
requires very specific unambiguous rules
▪ A protocol is a set of rules that governs
how two or more communicating parties
are to interact
Examples
▪Internet Protocol (IP)
▪Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
▪HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 51
• Elements:
• 1) Syntax: PDU format
– 2) Semantics: The meaning of each PDU’s field
– 3) Timing: Synchronization of communication when PDU is
to be transferred and its data rate.
• Syntax
– Structure or format of the data
– Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
• Semantics
– Interprets the meaning of the bits
– Knows which fields define what action
• Timing
– When data should be sent and what
– Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being received.
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 What is a standard?
– • A “ standard is set of guidelines” to users
and manufactures to ensure
interconnectivity.

– 1) “Defacto” not approved but widely used

(TCP/IP)
– 2) “Dejure”: approved by recognized body
(IEEE 802.X).

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 Summary
• introduced data communications needs
• communications model
• defined data communications
• overview of networks
• introduce Internet

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