Chemistry Lab Module

Department of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Science and Engineering

Full Module Specification

Module Title/Course Name Inorganic Quantitative Analysis
Module Code: Chem-1202
Module Level:
Academic Year:
Module Lecturer:
Contact Address:
Counseling Hour: Before or after class or by appointment
Module Credit 1.5
Pre-Requisites:
Co Requisites:
Duration of Module:
Grading: As outlined in the University policy
Teaching Methodology Classroom lecturer, multimedia
presentation, discussion, group study,
assignment, presentation, etc.
Method of Evaluation Attendance 10
Lab performance 30
Final 60
TOTAL =100

1
Mixture: A solution is a particular type of mixture. Mixtures in chemistry are combinations of
different substances where each substance retains its chemical properties. Generally, mixtures can
be separated by non-chemical means such as filtration, heating, or centrifugation.

Solution: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances on the molecular level.
The constituent of the mixture present in a smaller amount is called solute and the one present in a
larger amount is called the solvent.

Concentration of Solution: The amount of solute present in each amount of solution.

Concentration = Quantity of solute / Volume of solution

A solution containing a relatively low concentration of solute is called a dilute solution and a high
concentration is called a concentrated solution.

Molarity (M)

Definition: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Formula: M = moles of solute / liters of solution moles of solute

Unit: Moles per liter (mol/L).

Example: A 1 M NaCl solution contains 1 mole of NaCl dissolved in enough water to make 1 liter
of solution. The molecular weight of a sodium chloride molecule (NaCl) is 58.5, so one gram-
molecular mass (=1 mole) is 58.5 g. If you dissolve 58.5 g of NaCl in a final volume of 1 liter, you
have made a 1M NaCl solution, a 1 molar solution.

Molality (m)

Definition: Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Formula: m = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent

Unit: Moles per kilogram (mol/kg).

Example: A 1 m solution of NaCl in water means 1 mole of NaCl is dissolved in 1 kilogram of

water.

Normality (N)

Definition: Normality is defined as the number of equivalents of solute per liter of the solution.

Formula: N = Equivalent of solute / Volume of solution in liters

Units: Moles per liter (mol/L)

2
Example: 40 g of NaOH (eq. wt.= 40) be dissolved in one liter of solution, the normality of the
solution is one and the solution is called 1N. A solution containing 4 g of NaOH is 1/10 N or 0.1 N

❖ Molarity, S = 1000W / MV

To make molar NaCl solutions of other concentrations dilute the mass of salt to 1000ml of
solution as follows:
0.1M NaCl solution requires 0.1 x 58.5 g of NaCl = 5.85g
0.5M NaCl solution requires 0.5 x 58.5 g of NaCl = 29.2g
2M NaCl solution requires 2.0 x 58.5 g of NaCl = 117 g

Titrimetric Analysis

What is titrimetric analysis? Write down the classes of titrimetric analysis.

Answer: Titrimetric analysis refers to the quantitive chemical analysis carried out by determining
the volume of a solution of accurately known concentration which is required to react quantitatively
with a measured volume of a solution of the substance to be determined to locate the equivalence
point.

Classification of titrimetric analysis:

The classes of titrimetric analysis have been broadly classified into four main categories:
(i)Neutralization reaction (acid base titration).
(ii)Oxidation-reduction reaction (red-ox titration).
(iii)Complex formation reactions (complexometric titration).
(iv)Precipitation reaction (precipitation titration)

What is titration, titrant & titrand/titer?

Answer:
Titration:
The overall procedure for determining the equivalence point of a reaction between the standard
solution in known amount &the solution of the substance.
Titrant:
The titrant is the standard solution (the reagent of known concentration) used for titration.
Titrand/titer:
The solution whose normality is determined by titration with a standard solution is called titrand or
titer.

What is the equivalence point& end point?

Answer:
Equivalence point:
The point of a titration where the amounts of titrant &titrand are chemically equivalent.
Endpoint:
The stage in titration is when the reaction is completed.
3
What is an indicator? Write down the types of indicators.
Indicator:
The reagent used to locate the exact completion stage i.e. end, is the point of the reaction by
showing the change in its color is called an indicator.
The types of indicators are recognized, namely:
(i) Acid-base indicator (neutralization indicator).
(ii) Adsorption indicator.
(iii) Oxidation-reduction indicator.
(iv) Metal ion indicator.

What is standard solution, normal solution& molar solution?

Standard solution:
A standard solution is one which contains a known weight of the reagent in a definite volume of a
solution or the solution of accurately known concentration is called standard solution.
Normal solution:
The solution containing 1gm equivalent weight of the solute in 1litre is called normal solution & the
concentration is called normality.
Molar solution:
The solution containing 1gm mole of solute in 1litre is called molar solution.

Definition of acid and base

Acid: An acid as a substance that releases hydrogen ions in aqueous
solution is called an acid.
Base: A base as a substance that releases hydroxide ions in aqueous
solution is called bare.
Neutralization reactions:
Answer: A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and salt and
involves the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water. The neutralization of a strong
acid and strong base has a pH equal to 7
What is the PH scale?
Answer: The pH Scale is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous
Solution on a logarithm scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acidic, and higher values
are more alkaline.
PH = - log (H+)
PH scale ranges from 0 to 14
Some Figure of Lab apparatus that will be needed for titration.

4
Primary Standard

A primary standard is a highly pure, stable substance used to prepare standard solutions or to
calibrate analytical instruments. Its key characteristics include:

• High purity: Typically, >99.9% pure.

• Stability: Chemically stable and not prone to reactions with atmospheric gases (e.g., CO₂,
H₂O).
• Known composition: The formula and molecular weight are well-defined.
• Non-hygroscopic: It doesn’t absorb moisture from the air.
• High molar mass: Reduces weighing errors.

Examples: Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃), Oxalic acid (C₂H₂O₄ · 2H₂O), Potassium dichromate
(K₂Cr₂O₇)

A secondary standard is a solution whose concentration is determined by comparison to a primary

standard. These substances may not be as pure or stable as primary standards, making it necessary
to standardize them before use.

• Lower purity: May contain impurities or may be more reactive with the atmosphere.
• Stability: Less stable compared to primary standards, so they need periodic standardization.

Examples: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)

5
Experiment no : 1

Experiment Name: Preparation of .5 M 100 ml NaOH Solution.

Introduction:

Definition of molarity:

The number of moles of solute (the material dissolved) per liter of solution. Used to express
the concentration of a solution.

Molecular weight of NaOH = 23+16+1 = 40 gm

From the definition of molarity, it’s clear that, to prepare 1 M molar solution of NaOH, we
need to take 40gm of NaOH in 1L of H2O.

Purpose:

To Prepare 0.5 M 100 ml NaOH Solution.

Calculation:

As we need to prepare .5M 100 ml NaOH solution, we need to do some calculation about,
how much NaOH required to prepare the desired .5M NaOH solution.

To prepare 1 M solution of 1000 ml NaOH, the required amount of weight is 40 gm

So for 0.5M “ 1000mlNaOH, “ “ 40*0.5gm

𝟒𝟎∗𝟎.𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎
And for 0.5M “ 100mlNaOH, “ “ gm
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

= 2 gm

Materials:

1. NaOH
2. Weighing Machine
3. Watch Glass
4. Glass road
5. Distilled water
6. 100 ml Volumetric flask
7. Funnel

6
Procedure:

1. Rinse watch glass, funnel and volumetric flask with distilled water.
2. Weight the required amount of NaOH in the weighing machine.
3. Transfer weighted NaOH to the 100ml volumetric flask.
4. Fill-up the volumetric flask up to the mark with distilled water.
5. Dissolve NaOH properly by shaking the volumetric flask.

Experiment no : 2

Experiment Name: Preparation of .5 M 100 ml HCl Solution.

Introduction:

Definition of molarity:

The number of moles of solute (the material dissolved) per liter of solution. Used to express
the concentration of a solution.

Molecular weight of HCl = 1+ 35.5 = 36.5gm

From the definition of molarity it’s clear that, to prepare 1 M molar solution of HCl, we need
to take 36.5gm of HCl in 1L of H2O.

Purpose:

To Prepare 0.5 M 100 ml HCl Solution.

Calculation:

As we need to prepare .5M 100 ml HCl solution, we need to do some calculation about, how
much HCl required to prepare the desired .5M HCl solution.

The density of HCl = 1.16 gm/ ml

So the required volume for 1M HCL

𝑔𝑚
36.5
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
= 𝑔𝑚
1. 16
𝑚𝑙

= 31.44 ml/mole
The given HCl strength is 35%.

7
 31.44∗100
So the required amount of HCl should be = 𝑚𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
89.83

= 89.85 ml/mole

To prepare 1 M solution of 1000 ml HCl, required amount of volume is 89.85ml

So for 0.5M “ 1000mlHCl, “ “ 89.85*0.5ml

𝟖𝟗.𝟖𝟓∗𝟎.𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎
And for 0.5M “ 100mlNaOH, “ “ ml
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

= 4.5 ml

Materials:

1. HCl
2. Measuring cylinder
3. Pipette
4. hand gloves
5. safety glasses (goggles)
6. Distilled water
7. 100 ml Volumetric flask

Procedure:

1. Rinse measuring cylinder, pipette and volumetric flask with distilled water.
2. Ware safety glass and hand gloves.
3. Measure the required amount of HCl using measuring cylinder.
4. Transfer measured HCl to the 100ml volumetric flask.
5. Fill-up the volumetric flask up to the mark with distilled water.
6. Mix properly by shaking the volumetric flask.

8
Experiment no : 3

Experiment Name: Standardization of Hydrochloric acid with standard

NaOH solution.

Introduction:

Neutralization reactions involve the reaction of an acid and a base to produce a salt (ionic
compound) and water.

Acid + Base→ Salt + Water

Example: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) →NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

(Net Equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l))

 Titration is a process of neutralization

 Titration is commonly used to determine the concentration of an acid or base in a solution.

 This process involves a solution of known concentration (the titrant or standard solution)
delivered from a burette into the unknown solution (the analyte) until the substance being
analyzed is just consumed.

 The moles of H+ = moles of OH- at this point (called the equivalence point).
 Information about the analyte (i.e. concentration) can be calculated at the equivalence
point.
 The end point in a titration is often signalled by the colour change of an indicator and
occurs just slightly past the equivalence point.
 An indicator is a substance (weak acid) that has distinctively different colours in acidic and
basic media.

Materials:

1. Standardized NaOH solution (0.5M)

2. Unknown HCl solution**
3. Phenolphthalein indicator solution
4. 2-50 ml Burettes
5. Universal Stand
6. Titration Clamp
7. 250 ml conical flask
8. Distilled water

9
Procedure:

1. Rinse and fill a burette with standardized 0.5mol/L NaOH. Open the stopcock briefly to allow
any air bubbles to pass through. Record the initial volume of NaOH in the burette.
2. Add 10.00 ml of unknown HCl solution into an 250 ml conical flask. Add 2 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator.
3. Record the initial colors of both the NaOH and HCl solutions. Also, draw diagrams of
the flask and burette, showing the molecules present in each solution prior to the
titration.
4. Predict what the pH of the unknown HCl solution will be. Explain your prediction.
Then, using the digital pH meter, record the initial pH of the HCl solution in the
Erlenmeyer flask.
5. Gradually dispense some of the NaOH solution drop-by-drop from the burette into the
solution in the conical flask. Swirl the flask constantly as the drops are added. Note
any color changes observed, and do so constantly as NaOH is added to the HCl
solution.
6. As the NaOH is being added to the HCl, what is happening at the molecular level?
Draw diagrams of the flask and burette at this point, showing the molecules present in
each solution. Also, symbolically write the equation for the chemical reaction that is
taking place.
7. As the NaOH is being added, you will notice that the pH is increasing gradually. At
the molecular level, describe why there is a change in pH. Also describe the change in
pH using a chemical equation.
8. As the equivalence point is approached, a pinkish color will appear and dissipate more
slowly as the titration proceeds. Why does this occur? Now add the NaOH drop-by
drop until the endpoint of the titration is reached (this is the point at which a very light
pink color is obtained after 20 seconds of swirling the flask

10
Calculation:

Experimentent Volume of Burette reading Difference Average

no. HCl ml (V2) Initialal ml Final ml volume (final- volume in ml
initial)ml (V1)

1.

2.

3.

Here,
We know that, S1V1 = S2V2 V1 = volume of NaOH
S1 = Strength of NaOH (.5M)
S2 =
𝑆1𝑉1
= S2= Strength of HCl ??
𝑉2 V2=Volume of HCl (10ml)

11
Experiment no:4

Experiment name: Standardization of NaOH solution with standard

Oxalic acid solution.

Introduction:

 Neutralization reactions involve the reaction of an acid and a base to produce a salt (ionic
compound) and water.

Acid + Base→ Salt + Water

Example: H2C2O4(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Na2C2O4(aq) + 2 H2O

 Titration is a process of neutralization

 Titration is commonly used to determine the concentration of an acid or base in a solution.

 This process involves a solution of known concentration (the titrant or standard solution)
delivered from a burette into the unknown solution (the analyte) until the substance being
analyzed is just consumed.

 The moles of H+ = moles of OH- at this point (called the equivalence point).
 Information about the analyte (i.e. concentration) can be calculated at the equivalence
point.
 The end point in a titration is often signaled by the color change of an indicator and occurs
just slightly past the equivalence point.
 An indicator is a substance (weak acid) that has distinctively different colors in acidic and
basic media.

12
Materials:

1. Standardized NaOH solution

2. Unknown oxalic acid solution**
3. Phenolphthalein indicator solution
4. 2-50 ml Burettes
5. Universal Stand
6. Titration Clamp
7. 100mL conical flask
8. Distilled water

Procedure:

(a) Preparation of N/10 oxalic acid solution:

Transfer .63g of pure oxalic acid in a100 ml volumetric flask then dissolve it with distilled
water up to the mark. Normality of the prepared acid solution will be calculated as

Weight taken in gramx0.1N

0.63

(b) Titration of the alkali solution:

(i) Rinse and fill a burette with standardized 0.1 mol/Oxalic acid solution.. Open the stopcock
briefly to allow any air bubbles to pass through. Record the initial volume of oxalic acid in the
burette.

(ii)Take 10 ml of supplied NaOH solution in a conical flask by means of a pipette & dilute it
to about 50ml.Add one drop of phenolphthalein indicator to the solution.

(iii) Then add standard oxalic acid solution drop by drop from a burette. Shake the flask
frequently while adding the acid solution.

(iv)Stop the addition of oxalic acid solution as soon as the pink color of the solution just
disappears. Note the burette reading.

(v)The burette reading should be taken carefully at the lower meniscus of the liquid.
Difference of the initial &final burette reading gives the volume of the acid added.

(vi)The process should be repeated at least thrice. These should agree within 0 .1ml. Calculate
the normality of the supplied NaOH solution using the following relation.

13
Calculation:

Experiment no. Volume of Burette reading Difference Average

NaOH ml (V2) Initial Final volumee (final volume ml
volume ml volume ml – initial)ml (V1)

1.

2.

3.

Here,
We know that, S1V1 = S2V2 V1 = volume of oxalic acid
S1 = Strength of oxalic acid
S2 =
𝑆1𝑉1
= S2= Strength of NaOH??
𝑉2 V2=Volume of NaOH(10ml)

14
Experiment no:5

Experiment name: Standardization of HCl with standard Na2CO3solution.

Introduction:

 Neutralization reactions involve the reaction of an acid and a base to produce a salt (ionic
compound) and water.

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

Example: Neutralization reaction between Na2CO3 and HCl acid takes place into two
steps-

Na2CO3 + 2HCl => NaHCO3 + 2NaCl

NaHCO3+HCl => NaCl + H2CO3

The ultimate reaction, Na2CO3 + 2HCl =>2NaCl + H2CO3

 Titration is a process of neutralization

 Titration is commonly used to determine the concentration of an acid or base in a solution.

 This process involves a solution of known concentration (the titrant or standard solution)
delivered from a burette into the unknown solution (the analyte) until the substance being
analyzed is just consumed.

 The moles of H+ = moles of OH- at this point (called the equivalence point).
 Information about the analyte (i.e. concentration) can be calculated at the equivalence
point.
 The end point in a titration is often signaled by the color change of an indicator and occurs
just slightly past the equivalence point.
 An indicator is a substance (weak acid) that has distinctively different colors in acidic and
basic media.

15
Materials:

1. Standardized Na2CO3solution
2. Unknown HCl solution**
3. Phenolphthalein indicator solution
4. 2-50 mL Burettes
5. Universal Stand
6. Titration Clamp
7. 250 mL conical flask
8. Distilled water

Procedure:

(a) Preparation of .1N Na2CO3 solution:

Transfer .5 3g of anhydrous Na2CO3 in a100 ml volumetric flask then dissolve it with distilled
water up to the mark. Normality of the prepared acid solution will be calculated as

Weight taken in gram X0.1N

0.53

(b) Titration of the HCl solution with standard solution of Na2CO3:

(i) Rinse and fill a burette with standardized 0.1 mol/HCl solution. Open the stopcock briefly
to allow any air bubbles to pass through. Record the initial volume of HCl in the burette.

(ii)Take 10 ml of supplied Na2CO3 solution in a conical flask by means of a pipette & dilute it
to about 50ml.Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator &titrate against HCl contained in a
burette.

(iii) Now note the burette reading when just one drop of HCl discharges the pink color of the
solution. This the first end point.

16
(iv)Then add 3-4drops of methyl orange inside the same conical flask &continue titration
against the same HCl acid. The end point reached when the color of the solution just changes
to faint pink. Note the burette reading.

(v)This the second end point. The difference of the burette reading from initial to Second end
point will be the volume of the acid required in the titration.

(vi )Repeat the whole experiment twice & these should agree within 0.1ml initial to second
end point .Calculate the strength of dil.HCl acid & then find out the normality of commercial
conc. HCl acid.

Calculation:

Experiment no.1 Volumee of Burette reading Difference Average

Na2CO3 ml Initial Final volumee volume ml
(V2) volume ml volume (final– initial) (V1)
ml ml

1.

2.

3.

Here,
We know that, S1V1 = S2V2 V1 = volume of HCl
S1 = Strength of HCl
S2 =
𝑆1𝑉1
= S2= Strength of Na2CO3??
𝑉2 V2=Volume of Na2CO3 (10ml)

17
Experiment 2 Volumee of Burette reading Difference Average
Na2CO3 ml Initial volume Final volume volumee (final volume ml (V3)
(V2) ml ml –
initial
) ml

4.

5.

6.

Here,
We know that, S3V3 = S2V2 V3 = volume of HCl
S3 = Strength of HCl??
S3= S2V2 = S2= Strength of Na2CO3
V2=Volume of Na2CO3
V3

18
 Practice multiple choice answers

1) Which of the following is NOT a laboratory safety rule?

A) You should never mix acids with bases
B) You should tie back your long hair
C) You should never add water to acid
D) All of the above are valid safety rules
2) What piece of laboratory equipment is best-suited for accurately measuring the volume of a
liquid?
A) Volumetric cylinder
B) Beaker
C) Erlenmeyer flask
D) More than one of the above
3) Which piece of laboratory equipment can be used to store chemicals for long periods of time?
A) Buret
B) Evaporating dish
C) Beaker
D) More than one of the above
4) The independent variable in an experiment is:
A) The variable you hope to observe in an experiment.
B) The variable you change in an experiment.
C) The variable that isn’t changed in an experiment.
D) None of these is correct
5) When drawing a graph that measures family average income over a period of 50 years, the
independent variable is:
A) Income
B) Average
C) Years
D) It is impossible to say
6) Accuracy is defined as:
A) A measure of how often an experimental value can be repeated.
B) The closeness of a measured value to the real value.
C) The number of significant figures used in a measurement.
D) None of these
7) How many significant figures are present in the number 10,450?
A) Three
B) Four
C) Five
D) None of these
8) What is the appropriate SI unit for distance?
A) Centimeters
B) Inches
C) Meters
D) Kilometers

19
9) How many decimeters are there in 15 centimeters?
A) 150 dm
B) 1.5 dm
C) 0.15 dm
D) None of these
10) How many kilograms are there in 4.21 pounds? There are 2.2 pounds in 1 kilogram.
A) 9.26 kg
B) 1.91 kg
C) 0.523 kg
D) None of these
11) A homogenous material is defined as being:
A) An element
B) Any material with uniform composition
C) Synonymous with “solution”
D) More than one of these
12) An example of a chemical property is:
A) Density
B) Mass
C) Acidity
D) Solubility
13) “Exothermic” processes:
A) Absorb energy
B) Give off energy
C) Have no energy change
D) It is impossible to predict the energy change of an exothermic process.
14) Intrinsic properties are properties that:
A) Don’t depend on the amount of material present.
B) Depend on the amount of material present.
C) Cannot be measured without performing a chemical reaction.
D) None of the above is correct.
15) What is the density of an object with a volume of 15 mL and a mass of 42 grams?
A) 0.352 g/ml
B) 2.80 g/ml
C) 630 g/ml
D) None of the above is correct.
16) How many electrons does Iron have?
A) 26
B) 17
C) 11
D) It depends on the isotope of iron
17) How many electrons does Sodium have?
A) 26
B) 17
C) 11
D) It depends on the isotope of sodium

20
18) How many electrons does Chlorine have?
A) 26
B) 17
C) 11
D) It depends on the isotope of Chlorine
19) Orbitals hold:
A) A maximum of one electron each
B) A maximum of two electrons each
C) A number of electrons that depends on the energy level.
D) A number of electrons that depends on the type of orbital.
20) Which of the following typically has a low melting point?
A) Metals
B) Nonmetals
C) Metalloids
D) Transition metals
21) Cations have:
A) Positive charge
B) Negative charge
C) No charge
D) It is impossible to predict the charge on a cation.
22) Anions have:
A) Positive charge
B) Negative charge
C) No charge
D) It is impossible to predict the charge on a anion.
23) Which one is Cation
A) Na+
B) Cl-
C) NaOH
D) HCl
24) Which one is Anion
A) Na+
B) Cl-
C) NaOH
D) HCl
25) Which one is Acid
A) Na+
B) Cl-
C) NaOH
D) HCl
26) Which one is Base
A) Na+
B) Cl-
C) NaOH
D) HCl

21
27) How many grams are there in 2.1 moles of Sodium? 1mole of Na ≡ 23 gm.
A) 48.3 grams
B) 0.0913 grams
C) 11.0 grams
D) None of these is correct
28) The symbol (s) after a chemical compound lets you know that it is:
A) Soluble in water
B) Insoluble in water
C) A solid
D) More than one of the above
29) When water and carbon dioxide are formed during an exothermic reaction, it’s probably a:
A) Synthesis reaction
B) Combustion reaction
C) Single displacement reaction
D) Double displacement reaction
30) How many grams of carbon dioxide will be formed when 100 grams of CH4 is burned in oxygen?
A) 122 grams
B) 275 grams
C) 488 grams
D) None of these
31) If 100 grams of carbon dioxide are reacted with 50 grams of oxygen, what will the limiting
reagent be?
A) Carbon disulfide
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Oxygen
D) Sulfur
32) If I dilute 5 mL of 0.15 M NaCl to a final volume of 5 L, what’s the final concentration of NaCl?
A) 0.00015 M
B) 0.0015 M
C) 15000 M
D) None of these
33) Which of the following is not an acid?
A) HNO3
B) CH3COOH
C) H2SO4
D) All of these are acids
34) If a solution conducts electricity, it is probably:
A) An acid
B) A base
C) Neutral
D) It is impossible to guess.
35) If a compound has a pH of 6.5, it has a pOH of:
A) 6.5
B) 7.5
C) 3.16 x 10-7
D) 3.16 x 10-8

22
36) What is the difference between the endpoint and equivalence point in a titration?
A) The endpoint is when the pH is exactly 7
B) The equivalence point is when the pH is exactly 7
C) The endpoint and the equivalence point are the same thing.
D) None of these answers is correct.
37) What is the purpose of an indicator in the solution with the unknown concentration?
A) It tells when there is enough acid in the solution
B) It tells when the equivalence point is obtained
C) It tells when there is enough base in the solution
D) None of these
38) If it takes 5 mL of 1.4 M NaOH to neutralize 150 mL of HCl with an unknown concentration,
what was the original concentration of the acid?
A) 0.47 M
B) 0.047 M
C) 0.014 M
D) None of these
39) True or false : Bases are sometimes called alkalies
A) True
B) False
40) Neutral solution have pH of
A)0
B)7
C) 14
D) none of these
41) Which is true?
A) pH of less than 7 is basic; pH of more than 7 is acidic
B) pH of less than 7 is acidic; pH of more than 7 is basic
42) Blood have a pH of
A) 6.4
B) 7
C) 7.4
D) 9.8
43) Molecular weight of NaOH
A) 40
B) 38
C) 48
D) 44
44) Which one is strong Acid
A) NaOH
B) H2SO4
C) Oxalic acid
D) HCl

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45) Which one is strong base
A) NaOH
B) H2SO4
C) NH3
D) HCl
46) What is the pH range?
A) 1 – 14
B) 0 – 14
C) 2 – 14
D) none of these
47) Which is primary standard substance
A) HCl
B) NaOH
C) NaCl
D) H2O
48) Which is Secondary standard substance
A) HCl
B) NaOH
C) NaCl
D) H2O
49) Which reaction is correct
A) HCl + 2NaOH = NaCl + H2O
B) 2HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
C) HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
D) HCl + 2NaOH = 2NaCl + H2O
50) Molecular weight of HCl is
A) 36.5
B) 35.5
C) 47
D) 35

Solution:
1.A 2.A 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.B

11.B 12.C 13.B 14.A 15.B 16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.B

21.A 22.B 23.A 24.B 25.D 26.C 27.A 28.C 29.B 30.B

31.C 32.A 33.D 34.D 35.B 36.B 37.B 38.B 39.A 40.B

41.B 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.A 46.B 47.A 48.B 49.C 50.A

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