Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2 views

    dbms

    Uploaded by

    vivekbhadane22

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    dbms

    Uploaded by

    vivekbhadane22
    2 views6 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    2 views6 pages

    dbms

    Uploaded by

    vivekbhadane22

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    1.

    Define the following terms:


    Instance: An instance refers to a specific occurrence of an object or entity within a database.
    Schema: A schema is the blueprint or structure that defines the organization of data within a
    database.

    2. What are the advantages of using a Database Management System (DBMS) over a
    traditional file processing system?
    1. Data Redundancy and Inconsistency Reduction: DBMS minimizes data redundancy and
    ensures data consistency by centralizing data storage and management.
    2. Data Integrity and Security: DBMS enforces data integrity constraints and provides
    robust security measures to protect data from unauthorized access.
    3. Data Independence: DBMS allows data to be modified without affecting the application
    programs, providing logical and physical data independence.
    4. Efficient Data Access: DBMS uses sophisticated algorithms to efficiently retrieve and
    manipulate data, improving performance and speed.

    Q. Enlist and explain aggregate functions in SQL.


    1) COUNT() 2) SUM() 3) AVG()
    Aggregate Functions in SQL
    Aggregate functions perform calculations on a set of values and return a single value. Here are
    some common aggregate functions in SQL:

    Normalization
    Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and
    improve data integrity. It involves dividing a database into two or more tables and defining
    relationships between them. The main types of normalization are:
    1. First Normal Form (1NF)
    2. Second Normal Form (2NF ) 3 Third Normal Form (3NF)
    3. Differentiate between the Primary Key and Foreign Key.
    Primary Key
     Uniqueness: A primary key uniquely identifies each record in a table.
     Null Values: A primary key cannot contain null values.
     Single Table: It is defined within a single table.
     Purpose: Ensures that each record in the table is unique and can be referenced.
    Foreign Key
     Relationship: A foreign key is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that uniquely
    identifies a row of another table.
     Null Values: A foreign key can contain null values.
     Multiple Tables: It is used to establish a link between two tables.
     Purpose: Enforces referential integrity by ensuring that the value in the foreign key
    column matches a value in the primary key column of the referenced table.
    Q1
    a) Create a table EMPLOYEE with attributes EmpID, Name, Salary, and Dept.
    CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (
    EmpID INT PRIMARY KEY,
    Name VARCHAR(100),
    Salary DECIMAL(10, 2),
    Dept VARCHAR(50)
    );
    b) Display employees whose salary is greater than 50,000.
    SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
    WHERE Salary > 50000;

    2. Write an SQL query to:


    a) Increase the salary of employees by 10% in the department where the Department ID is 102.
    UPDATE EMPLOYEE
    SET Salary = Salary * 1.10
    WHERE DeptID = 102;
    b) Display employees whose names start with the letter 'A'.
    SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE
    WHERE Name LIKE 'A%';
    3. Explain the GRANT and REVOKE commands with syntax and examples.
    I, The GRANT command is used to give specific privileges to users or roles.
    Syntax GRANT privilege_name ON object_name TO {user | role} [WITH GRANT OPTION];

    2 The REVOKE command is used to remove specific privileges from users or roles.
    REVOKE privilege_name ON object_name FROM {user | role};

    4. Write a query to:


    a) Find the average salary of all employees.
    SELECT AVG(Salary) AS AverageSalary
    FROM EMPLOYEE;
    c) Display the total salary for each department.
    SELECT Dept, SUM(Salary) AS TotalSalary
    FROM EMPLOYEE
    GROUP BY Dept;

    1. Write a PL/SQL program to check whether a specific employee exists in the EMPLOYEE
    table based on the employee number. If not, display a message "Employee Not Found."
    DECLARE
    emp_id EMPLOYEE.EmpID%TYPE;
    emp_count NUMBER;
    BEGIN
    -- Set the employee number to check
    emp_id := 101;
    SELECT COUNT(*)
    INTO emp_count
    FROM EMPLOYEE
    WHERE EmpID = emp_id;
    IF emp_count = 0 THEN
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Not Found');
    ELSE
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Employee Exists');
    END IF;
    END;
    Q. Write a PL/SQL program to calculate the total salary of employees in a specific
    department.
    DECLARE
    dept_id EMPLOYEE.DeptID%TYPE;
    total_salary NUMBER;
    BEGIN
    dept_id := 102; SELECT SUM(Salary)
    INTO total_salary
    FROM EMPLOYEE
    WHERE DeptID = dept_id;
    DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Total Salary for Department ' || dept_id || ' is: ' || total_salary);
    END;
    Q. Consider the table EMP (EmpID, Name, Salary, Department, JoiningDate). Write SQL
    queries to:
    a)Display employees who joined after January 1, 2020.
    SELECT * FROM EMP
    WHERE JoiningDate > '2020-01-01';
    b) Display the names of employees who have more than 5 years of experience.
    SELECT Name
    FROM EMP
    WHERE DATEDIFF(YEAR, JoiningDate, GETDATE()) > 5;
    d) Find the department with the highest average salary.
    SELECT Department, AVG(Salary) AS AverageSalary
    FROM EMP
    GROUP BY Department
    ORDER BY AverageSalary DESC
    LIMIT 1;
    3. Create a table BOOK with the following attributes: BookID, Title, Author, Publisher,
    Price. Write SQL queries to:
    CREATE TABLE BOOK (
    BookID INT PRIMARY KEY,
    Title VARCHAR(255),
    Author VARCHAR(255),
    Publisher VARCHAR(255),
    Price DECIMAL(10, 2)
    );
    a) Add a new book to the table.
    INSERT INTO BOOK (BookID, Title, Author, Publisher, Price)
    VALUES (1, 'The Great Gatsby', 'F. Scott Fitzgerald', 'Scribner', 10.99);
    b) Update the price of a book based on its ID.
    UPDATE BOOK
    SET Price = 12.99
    WHERE BookID = 1;
    c) Delete books older than 5 years.
    DELETE FROM BOOK
    WHERE PublicationDate < DATEADD(YEAR, -5, GETDATE());

    3. Write SQL queries for the following:


    a) Display employees' names and department names who have more than 3 years of
    experience.
    SELECT Name, Department
    FROM EMP
    WHERE DATEDIFF(YEAR, JoiningDate, GETDATE()) > 3;
    b) Display the employee with the highest salary in each department.
    SELECT Department, Name, Salary
    FROM EMP e1
    WHERE Salary = (
    SELECT MAX(Salary)
    FROM EMP e2
    WHERE e1.Department = e2.Department
    );
    c) Count the number of employees in each department.
    SELECT Department, COUNT(*) AS EmployeeCount
    FROM EMP
    GROUP BY Department;

    DARLING ALL THE BEST👍✌️🔝

    You might also like