CHRIST NAGAR PUBLIC

SCHOOL
SENIOR SECONDARY,
MARANALLOOR TRIVANDRUM

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

(SESSION 2024-25)

DYEING OF FABRICS

Submitted by
Name of the Student: ....................
Class: …………….
Reg. No: .............................

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness
to acknowledge my depth to all those who helped me
to put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity
and into something concrete.
I would like to express my special thanks to my
chemistry teachers, Mr. Vijith Kumar and Mr. Edison T
as well as our Principal Rev. Fr. CHACKO PUTHUKULAM
CMI who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic “DYEING OF FABRICS”,
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I
came to know about so many things. I am really
thankful to them.
Any attempt at any level can't be satisfactorily
completed without the support and guidance of my
Parents and Friends who helped me a lot in gathering
different information, collecting data and guiding me
from time to time in making this project, despite of
their busy schedule, they gave me different ideas in
making this project unique. I am thankful to them too.
I am making this project not only for grades but also to
increase my knowledge.
Thanking you

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 DYEING OF
FABRICS

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 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION……………………………….

2. TYPES OF DYES………………………………….

3. OBJECTIVE OF THE

PROJECT…………….14

4. APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS

REQUIRED……………………………………….15

5. PROCEDURE…………………………………..16
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 6. OBSERVATION………………………………..20

7. BIBILIOGRAPHY………………………………21

INTRODUCTION

Dyes are coloured substances which can

adhere to the surface of materials and are
used to give colour to paper, food-stuffs and
various textiles such as cotton, wool, synthetic
fibres, silk etc. For example, alizarin, indigo,
congo red, etc. Chemically, a dye contains:

i. Some group (such as azo,

indigo, triphenylmethyl,
anthraquinone, etc.) which is
responsible for the colour of
the dye.

ii. Some group (such as -NH2, -SO3H,

-COOH, etc.)which makes the

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 dye stick to the fabric by
formation of some salt.

Dyeing is the process of Adding colour to textile

products like fibres, yarn and fabrics. The
temperature and time controlling are to key factors
in dying.
The primary source of dye, historically has been
nature, with the dyes being extracted from plants
and animals. Since 18th century, humans
produced artificial dyes to achieve a broader range
of colours and to render the dyes more stable to
resist washing and general use.
The dyed fabrics appear to be coloured because a
particular dye absorbs radiations of some specific
wavelengths from the visible region of electro
magnetic radiations which fall on its surface. The
remaining radiations of light are reflected. The
colour which we observe is due to this reflected
light. For example, if a dye absorbs the light in the
wavelength region corresponding to red, then it
would appear green, which is the complementary
colour of red. Similarly, if a dye absorbs blue
colour, it would appear orange.

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Methods to apply Dye

Dyes are applied to textile goods by dyeing from

dye solutions and by printing from dye pastes.

Methods include:

1. Direct application

2. Yarn dyeing

Characteristics of a Dye

1. It must have a suitable colour

2. It must be capable of being fixed to the material

3. When fixed it must be fast to detergents, soaps,

water, dry- cleaning solvents, light and dilute acids.

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 TYPES OF DYES

The dyes are classified by dye manufacturers

for marketing into the following types:

1. Acid dyes: These are azo dyes and are

characterised by the presence of acidic
groups. The presence of acidic group
makes the dyes more soluble and serves as
the reactive points for fixing the dye to the
fibre. They are chiefly used for dyeing wool,
silk and nylon. For example, Orange I and
orange II.

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2. Basic dyes: These dyes contain organic
basic groups such as NH2 or NR2. In acidic
solutions these form water soluble cations and
use the anionic site on the fabric to get
themselves attached. These are used for
dying wool, silk and nylon. For example,
aniline yellow, butter yellow.

3. Direct dyes: These are also azo dyes and

are used to dye the fabrics directly by placing
in aqueous solution of the dye. These dyes
attach to the fabrics by means of hydrogen
bonding.

4. Disperse dyes: These dyes are applied in

the form of a dispersion of minute particles of
the dye in a soap solution in the presence of
phenol or benzoic acid. These dyes are used
to dye rayons, dacron, nylon, polyesters etc.

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For example, celliton fast pink B and celliton
fast blue B.

5. Fibre reactive dyes: These dyes are linked

to the fibre by -OH or by -NH2 group present
on the fibre. These dyes induce fat colour on
fibres which is retained for a longer time.
These dyes are used for dyeing cotton, wool
and silk.

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6.Insoluble dyes: These dyes are directly
synthesized on the fibre. The fabric to be
coloured is socked in an alkaline solution of
phenol and then treated with a solution of
diazotised amine to produce azo dye. The
colour induced by such dyes is not fast. These
dyes are used for dyeing of cotton, silk,
polyester nylon, etc. For example, nitroaniline
red.

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7. Vat dyes: These dyes water -insoluble and
before dyeing these are reduced to colourless
compounds in wooden vats by alkaline
reducing agent. The fibre is then soaked in
the solution of the dye. Fibre is then exposed
to air or an oxidizing agent. By doing so the
colourless compound gets reoxidised to
coloured dye on the fabric. For example,
indigo.

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8. Mordant dyes: These dyes are applied after
treating the fabric with precipitate of certain
substances which then combines with the dye
to form a coloured complex called lake. Some
of the mordant are salts of aluminium, iron
and tannic acids. Depending on the mordant
used, the same mordant dye can give
different colour and shades. For example
alizarin gives red colour with aluminium and
black violets with iron mordants. Mordant dyes
are used for dyeing of wool, silk and cotton.

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 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

TO DYE COTTON CLOTHES

WITH VAT GREEN DYE.

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APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS
REQUIRED

500 ml beaker

Tripod stand

Wire gauze

Glass rod

Spatula

Wool cloth

Cotton cloth

Caustic soda

Sodium hydrosulphite

Vat green dye

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 PROCEDURE

1.Preparation of dye solution: Take 5 g of

vat green dye and paste it with warm
water and dilute it into 500 ml solution and
stir well. Add 10 g of caustic soda and 10
g of sodium hydrosulphite to the prepared
solution. Stir well and keep it for 15
minutes for reduction process. The colour
of the vatted dye solution is blue in colour.

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2. Dyeing of cotton: Prepare dye bath
with 1:20 liquor ratio. For dyeing ½ kg of
cotton material requires 50 L of dye
bath. Enter the cotton material into the
dye bath and work it for 30 minutes.
Remove the clothe, squeeze and air
oxidise to develop the real shade (Green
colour). Wash the material and keep it
for drying.

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 OBSERVATIONS

1. The colour of wool cloth dyed

directly by dipping in hot
solution of Vat green dye is of
low intensity.

2. The colour of cotton cloth dyed

directly by dipping in hot
solution of vat green dye is fast
to washing and is of high
intensity.

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 BIBILIOGRAPHY

 Class 12 Chemistry Lab Manual

 https://www.scribd.com/doc/
244371482/Chemistry-Investigatory-
Project-on-Dyeing-of-Fabrics-for-
Class-12

 https://www.slideshare.net/

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