11.

LOOPS C Programming

You may encounter situations when a block of code needs to be executed

several number of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The
first statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.
Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more
complicated execution paths.
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements
multiple times. Given below is the general form of a loop statement in most of
the programming languages:

C programming language provides the following types of loops to handle looping

requirements.

Loop Type Description

while loop Repeats a statement or group of statements while a

given condition is true. It tests the condition before
executing the loop body.

for loop Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and

abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable.

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do...while loop It is more like a while statement, except that it tests

the condition at the end of the loop body.

nested loops You can use one or more loops inside any other while,
for, or do..while loop.

while Loop
A while loop in C programming repeatedly executes a target statement as long
as a given condition is true.

Syntax
The syntax of a while loop in C programming language is:

while(condition)
{
statement(s);
}

Here, statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of statements.

The condition may be any expression, and true is any nonzero value. The loop
iterates while the condition is true.
When the condition becomes false, the program control passes to the line
immediately following the loop.

Flow Diagram

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Here, the key point to note is that a while loop might not execute at all. When
the condition is tested and the result is false, the loop body will be skipped and
the first statement after the while loop will be executed.

Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;

/* while loop execution */

while( a < 20 )
{
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a++;
}

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return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

for Loop
A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a
loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.

Syntax
The syntax of a for loop in C programming language is:

for ( init; condition; increment )

{
statement(s);
}

Here is the flow of control in a for loop:

1. The init step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to
declare and initialize any loop control variables. You are not required to
put a statement here, as long as a semicolon appears.
2. Next, the condition is evaluated. If it is true, the body of the loop is
executed. If it is false, the body of the loop does not execute and the flow
of control jumps to the next statement just after the for loop.
3. After the body of the for loop executes, the flow of control jumps back up
to the increment statement. This statement allows you to update any
loop control variables. This statement can be left blank, as long as a
semicolon appears after the condition.

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4. The condition is now evaluated again. If it is true, the loop executes and
the process repeats itself (body of loop, then increment step, and then
again condition). After the condition becomes false, the for loop
terminates.

Flow Diagram

Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* for loop execution */
for( int a = 10; a < 20; a = a + 1 )
{
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);

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return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

Unlike for and while loops, which test the loop condition at the top of the loop,
the do...while loop in C programming checks its condition at the bottom of the
loop.
A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except the fact that it is guaranteed
to execute at least one time.

Syntax
The syntax of a do...while loop in C programming language is:

do
{
statement(s);

}while( condition );

Notice that the conditional expression appears at the end of the loop, so the
statement(s) in the loop executes once before the condition is tested.

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If the condition is true, the flow of control jumps back up to do, and the
statement(s) in the loop executes again. This process repeats until the given
condition becomes false.

Flow Diagram

Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;

/* do loop execution */
do
{
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a = a + 1;
}while( a < 20 );

return 0;

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When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

Nested Loops
C programming allows to use one loop inside another loop. The following section
shows a few examples to illustrate the concept.

Syntax
The syntax for a nested for loop statement in C is as follows:

for ( init; condition; increment )

{
for ( init; condition; increment )
{
statement(s);
}
statement(s);
}

The syntax for a nested while loop statement in C programming language is as

follows:

while(condition)
{
while(condition)
{

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statement(s);
}
statement(s);
}

The syntax for a nested do...while loop statement in C programming language

is as follows:

do
{
statement(s);
do
{
statement(s);
}while( condition );

}while( condition );

A final note on loop nesting is that you can put any type of loop inside any other
type of loop. For example, a for loop can be inside a while loop or vice versa.

Example
The following program uses a nested for loop to find the prime numbers from 2
to 100:

#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int i, j;

for(i=2; i<100; i++) {

for(j=2; j <= (i/j); j++)
if(!(i%j)) break; // if factor found, not prime
if(j > (i/j)) printf("%d is prime\n", i);
}

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return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

2 is prime
3 is prime
5 is prime
7 is prime
11 is prime
13 is prime
17 is prime
19 is prime
23 is prime
29 is prime
31 is prime
37 is prime
41 is prime
43 is prime
47 is prime
53 is prime
59 is prime
61 is prime
67 is prime
71 is prime
73 is prime
79 is prime
83 is prime
89 is prime
97 is prime

Loop Control Statements

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When
execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope
are destroyed.
C supports the following control statements.
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Control Statement Description

break statement Terminates the loop or switch statement and

transfers execution to the statement immediately
following the loop or switch.

continue statement Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and
immediately retest its condition prior to reiterating.

goto statement Transfers control to the labeled statement.

break Statement
The break statement in C programming has the following two usages:
When a break statement is encountered inside a loop, the loop is
immediately terminated and the program control resumes at the next
statement following the loop.
It can be used to terminate a case in the switch statement (covered in
the next chapter).
If you are using nested loops, the break statement will stop the execution of the
innermost loop and start executing the next line of code after the block.

Syntax
The syntax for a break statement in C is as follows:

break;

Flow Diagram

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Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;

/* while loop execution */

while( a < 20 )
{
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a++;
if( a > 15)
{
/* terminate the loop using break statement */
break;
}
}

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return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15

continue Statement
The continue statement in C programming works somewhat like the break
statement. Instead of forcing termination, it forces the next iteration of the loop
to take place, skipping any code in between.
For the for loop, continue statement causes the conditional test and increment
portions of the loop to execute. For the while and do...while loops, continue
statement causes the program control to pass to the conditional tests.

Syntax
The syntax for a continue statement in C is as follows:

continue;

Flow Diagram

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Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;

/* do loop execution */
do
{
if( a == 15)
{
/* skip the iteration */
a = a + 1;
continue;
}
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a++;

}while( a < 20 );

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return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

goto Statement
A goto statement in C programming provides an unconditional jump from the
goto to a labeled statement in the same function.
NOTE: Use of goto statement is highly discouraged in any programming
language because it makes difficult to trace the control flow of a program,
making the program hard to understand and hard to modify. Any program that
uses a goto can be rewritten to avoid them.

Syntax
The syntax for a goto statement in C is as follows:

goto label;
..
.
label: statement;

Here label can be any plain text except C keyword and it can be set anywhere in
the C program above or below to goto statement.

Flow Diagram
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Example
#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{
/* local variable definition */
int a = 10;

/* do loop execution */
LOOP:do
{
if( a == 15)
{
/* skip the iteration */
a = a + 1;
goto LOOP;
}
printf("value of a: %d\n", a);
a++;

}while( a < 20 );

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return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:

value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

The Infinite Loop

A loop becomes an infinite loop if a condition never becomes false. The for loop
is traditionally used for this purpose. Since none of the three expressions that
form the for loop are required, you can make an endless loop by leaving the
conditional expression empty.

#include <stdio.h>

int main ()
{

for( ; ; )
{
printf("This loop will run forever.\n");
}

return 0;
}

When the conditional expression is absent, it is assumed to be true. You may

have an initialization and increment expression, but C programmers more
commonly use the for(;;) construct to signify an infinite loop.
NOTE: You can terminate an infinite loop by pressing Ctrl + C keys.

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