BENGAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

REPORT ON
Higher Order but first degree ordinary
differential equation(Method of Variation
of parameters)

SUBMITTED BY-
NAME-VATS KUMAR SOURAV
COLLEGE ROLL NO.-214062270
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.-12500221027

UNDER THE GUDANCE OF

Mr.Prabhas Kumar Sen
 (IT DEPARTMENT)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am over helmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to

acknowledge my depth to all those who have helped me
to put these ideas, well above the level of simplicity and
into something concrete.
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher as well as our principal who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic (Higher Order but first degree ordinary differential
equation),
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i
came to know about so many new things. I am really
thankful to them.
Any attempt at any level can ‘t be satisfactorily
completed without the support and guidance of MY
parents and friends.
I would like to thank my parents who helped me a lot in
gathering different information, collecting data and
guiding me from time to time in making this project,
despite of their busy schedules, they gave me different
ideas in making this project unique.
CONTENTS

1.Acknowledgement
2.Content
3.Title of the Report
4.Abstract
5.Introduction
6.Methods
7.Code
8.Example
9.Results and Discussion
10.Conclusions
11.References
Higher Order but first degree ordinary differential equation

Name-Vats Kumar Sourav

[email protected]

BENGAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

DURGAPUR, WEST BENGAL,713212
 Abstract
In mathematics, a differential equation is an equation that relates one or more
unknown functions and their derivatives.[1] In applications, the functions
generally represent physical quantities, the derivatives represent their rates of
change, and the differential equation defines a relationship between the two.
Such relations are common; therefore, differential equations play a prominent
role in many disciplines including engineering, physics, economics,
and biology.
Mainly the study of differential equations consists of the study of their solutions
(the set of functions that satisfy each equation), and of the properties of their
solutions. Only the simplest differential equations are solvable by explicit
formulas; however, many properties of solutions of a given differential equation
may be determined without computing them exactly.
Often when a closed-form expression for the solutions is not available, solutions
may be approximated numerically using computers. The theory of dynamical
systems puts emphasis on qualitative analysis of systems described by
differential equations, while many numerical methods have been developed to
determine solutions with a given degree of accuracy.
 Introduction:
Ordinary Differential Equations
An ordinary differential equation contains the derivative of an unknown
function. The ordinary differential equation is an equation having variables and
a derivative of the dependent variable with reference to the independent
variable. The two types of ordinary differential equations are the homogeneous
differential equation and non-homogeneous differential equation.
Let us learn more about the ordinary differential equations along with the
process of finding their order, degree, and solution.
An ordinary differential equation (ODE) is an equation with ordinary
derivatives (and NOT the partial derivatives). A differential equation is an
equation having variables and a derivative of the dependent variable with
reference to the independent variable. A differential equation contains at least
one derivative of an unknown function, either an ordinary derivative or a partial
derivative. In particular, an ordinary differential equation has ordinary
derivatives. Here the ordinary differential equations would be commonly
referred to as only differential equations.
The notations used for the derivatives in these ordinary differential equations
are dy/dx = y', d2y/dx2 = y'', d3y/dx3 = y''', dny/dxn = yn. A few examples of
ordinary differential equations are as follows.
• (dy/dx) = sin x
2 2 2
• (d y/dx ) + k y = 0
2 2 2 2
• (d y/dt ) + (d x/dt ) = x
3 3
• (d y/dx ) + x(dy/dx) - 4xy = 0

• (rdr/dθ) + cosθ = 5
 Methods
We now introduce the first one of two methods discussed in these notes to solve
a first order non-homogeneous linear differential equation. Again, it turns out
that what we already know helps. We know that the general solution to the
homogeneous equation y′+p(t)y=0y′+p(t)y=0 looks
like AeP(t),AeP(t), where P(t)P(t) is an antiderivative of −p(t).−p(t). We now
make an inspired guess: Consider the function v(t)eP(t),v(t)eP(t), in which we
have replaced the constant parameter AA with the function v(t).v(t). This
technique is called variation of parameters. For convenience write this
as s(t)=v(t)h(t),s(t)=v(t)h(t), where h(t)=eP(t)h(t)=eP(t) is a solution to the
homogeneous equation. Now let's compute a bit with s(t):
s′(t)+p(t)s(t)=v(t)h′(t)+v′(t)h(t)+p(t)v(t)h(t)
=v(t)(h′(t)+p(t)h(t))+v′(t)h(t)
=v′(t)h(t).

The last equality is true

because h′(t)+p(t)h(t)=0,h′(t)+p(t)h(t)=0, since h(t)h(t) is a solution to the
homogeneous equation. We are hoping to find a function s(t)s(t) so
that s′(t)+p(t)s(t)=f(t);s′(t)+p(t)s(t)=f(t); we will have such a function if we can
arrange to have v′(t)h(t)=f(t),v′(t)h(t)=f(t), that
is, v′(t)=f(t)/h(t).v′(t)=f(t)/h(t). But this is as easy (or hard) as finding an
antiderivative of f(t)/h(t).f(t)/h(t). Putting this all together, the general solution
to y′+p(t)y=f(t)y′+p(t)y=f(t) is
v(t)h(t)+AeP(t)=v(t)eP(t)+AeP(t).
Method of Variation of Parameters.
Given a first order non-homogeneous linear differential equation
y′+p(t)y=f(t),y′+p(t)y=f(t),

using variation of parameters the general solution is given by

y(t)=v(t)eP(t)+AeP(t),y(t)=v(t)eP(t)+AeP(t),
where v′(t)=e−P(t)f(t)v′(t)=e−P(t)f(t) and P(t)P(t) is an antiderivative of −p(t).
Note: The method of variation of parameters makes more sense after taking
linear algebra since the method uses determinants. We therefore restrict
ourselves to just one example to illustrate this method.
 Calculations
Find the solution of the initial value
problem y′+3y/t=t2,y′+3y/t=t2, y(1)=1/2.y(1)=1/2.
Solution
First we find the general solution; since we are interested in a solution with a
given condition at t=1,t=1, we may assume t>0.t>0. We start by solving the
homogeneous equation as usual; call the solution g:g:
g=Ae−∫(3/t)dt=Ae−3lnt=At−3.g=Ae−∫(3/t)dt=Ae−3ln⁡t=At−3.
Then as in the
discussion, h(t)=t−3h(t)=t−3 and v′(t)=t2/t−3=t5,v′(t)=t2/t−3=t5, so v(t)=t6/6.v(t
)=t6/6. We know that every solution to the equation looks like
y(t)=v(t)t−3+At−3=t66t−3+At−3=t36+At−3.y(t)=v(t)t−3+At−3=t66t−3+At−3=t
36+At−3.
Finally we substitute y(1)=12y(1)=12 to find A:A:
12=(1)36+A(1)−3=16+AA=12−16=13.12=(1)36+A(1)−3=16+AA=12−16=13.
The solution is then
y=t36+13t−3.
 Results and Discussion:
Differential Equation applications have significance in both academic and real
life. An equation denotes the relation between two quantity or two functions or
two variables or set of variables or between two functions. Differential equation
denotes the relationship between a function and its derivatives, with some set of
formulas. There are many examples, which signifies the use of these equations.
The functions are the one which denotes some sort of operation performed and
the rate of change during the performance is the derivative of that operation, and
the relation between them is the differential equation. These equations are
represented in the form of order of the degree, such as first order, second order,
etc. Its applications are common to find in the field of engineering, physics etc.

An ordinary differential equation involves function and its derivatives. It

contains only one independent variable and one or more of its derivatives with
respect to the variable.
The order of ordinary differential equations is defined as the order of the highest
derivative that occurs in the equation. The general form of n-th order ODE is
given as
F(x, y, y’,…., yn ) = 0
 Conclusion:
Differential equations have several applications in different fields such as
applied mathematics, science, and engineering. Apart from the technical
applications, they are also used in solving many real life problems. Let us see
some differential equation applications in real-time.
1) Differential equations describe various exponential growths and decays.
2) They are also used to describe the change in return on investment over time.
3) They are used in the field of medical science for modelling cancer growth or
the spread of disease in the body.
4) Movement of electricity can also be described with the help of it.
5) They help economists in finding optimum investment strategies.
6) The motion of waves or a pendulum can also be described using these
equations.
The various other applications in engineering are: heat conduction analysis, in
physics it can be used to understand the motion of waves. The ordinary
differential equation can be utilized as an application in the engineering field for
finding the relationship between various parts of the bridge.
References:
1. https://byjus.com/maths/differential-
equation/#:~:text=dy%2Fdx%20%3D%20f(x)&text=A%20differential%2
0equation%20contains%20derivatives,the%20change%20in%20another
%20quantity.
2. https://www.sfu.ca/math-
coursenotes/Math%20158%20Course%20Notes/sec_first_order_homoge
neous_linear.html
3. https://www.cuemath.com/calculus/ordinary-differential-equations/
4.