ADVANCED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

LABORATORY MANUAL
 INDEX
S.NO NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT
1 TWO HINGED ARCH

2 THREE HINGED ARCH

3 VERIFICATION OF CLERK MAXWELL'S RECIPROCAL
THEOREM
4 METAL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT BY USING POROSCOPE
5 NON-DESTRUCTVE TESTING-ULTRA PULSE VELOCITY TEST
6 REINFORCING BAR LOCATION USING RE-BAR LOCATOR
7 STRAIN MEASUREMENT USING STRAIN GUAGE

8 BUCKLING OF COLUMNS
9 WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

10 SHAKE TABLE

11 MIX DESIGN(SELF STUDY & TESTING)

12 REPAIR &REHABILITATION OF BEAMS(CASE STUDY )

TWO HINGED ARCH
EXPERIMENT NO: 1 Date :
TWO HINGED ARCH

AIM:

1) To study experimentally a two hinged arch for the horizontal displacement of the
roller and for a given system of loading and to compare the same with those obtained
analytically.
2) To obtain the influence line ordinates for horizontal thrust experimentally in a two
hinged arch by moving a load along the span and to compare the span with those
obtained theoretically.

APPARATUS:

1) The model has a span of 100 cm and rise of 25 cm. here both end are hinged but of
the end is free to move longitudinally.
2) A level arrangement is fitted at its end for the application of know horizontal inward
force for measuring the horizontal thrust. along the horizontal span of the arch various
points are marked at equidistant for the application of load .
3) This being a statically indeterminate structure of the 1 degree a dial gauge with
magnetic base is supplied with the apparatus.

PROCEDURE:

1) Fix the dial gauge to measure the movement of the roller end and keep the lever out of
contact.
2) Place a load of 0.5 kg on the central hanger of the arch at removes any slackness and
taking this as initial position and set the reading on dial gauge to zero.
3) Now add 1 kg weights to hanger and tabulate the horizontal movement roller end with
increase in the load in steps of 1 kg, take the reading up to 5 kg .dial gauge reading
should be noted at the time of unloading also.
4) Plot a graph between the load and displacement. Theoretical values should be
computed by equation 4.
5) Now move the lever in contact with 200 gm hanger on ratio 4/I position with a 1 kg
load on the 1 hanger. set the initial reading of the dial gauge to zero.
6) Place additional 5 kg load on the 1 hanger without shock and observe the dial gauge
reading.
7) Restore the dial gauge reading to zero by adding loads to lever hanger say the load w
kg.
8) The experimental value of the influence line ordinate at the 1 hanger position shall be
4w/5.
9) Repeat the steps 5 to 8 for all the other hanger loading positions and tabulate plot the
influence line ordinate.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

ILU=5 WL (a-2a3+a4)/8r
Horizontal displacement ( =5 WL2r/48 EI
Central load (kg) Observed horizontal Calculated horizontal
displacement(mm) displacement(eq .4)
0.0 0.0 0
1.0 0.25 0.53
2.0 0.4 0.106
3.0 0.64 0.159
4.0 1.07 0.212
5.0 1.26 0.265
6.0 1.58 0.378

‘W’ kg req on lever 4/I

Load on 5 kg applied to
ratio to balance 20 kg ILO using eq.5
hanger number
load
1 400 1.22
2 650 2.32
3 900 3.17
4 1000 3.72
5 1100 3.9
6 1000 3.72
7 900 3.17
8 650 2.32
9 400 1.22

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

Compare the two results obtained theoretically & analytically

THREE HINGED ARCH APPARATUS
EXPERIMENT NO: 2 Date :
THREE HINGED ARCH
AIM:

To determine the horizontal thrust in a three hinged arch for a given system of loads
experimentally and verify the same with calculated values.
To obtain influence line diagram for horizontal thrust in a three hinged arch
experimentally and to compare it with the calculated values.

APPARATUS:

The model has a span of 100cm and rise 25cm, with hinges at supports and crown. One of the
ends rests on rollers. Along the horizontal span of the arch various points are marked at equidistant
(10cm) for the application of load. A dial gauge with magnetic base is supplied with the apparatus.

THEORY:

A three hinged arch is a statically determinate structure with the axial thrust assisting in
maintaining the stability. The horizontal thrust H in the arch for a number of loads can be
obtained as follows:

W2 C W3
W1

H A B
H
a1 L
a2
a3

Taking moment about A

RB  L  W1a1 W2 a2 W3 a3

W a W2 a2 W3 a3
RB  1 1
L
Taking moment about B

W 1 (L  a 1 )  W2 (L  a 2)  W3 (L  a 3 )
RA 
L
Taking the moment of all the forces on left hand side about C, we get
 L  L  L
H  r W a W a R 
1 1  2
2 2 A 2
1 1 2  L 
H [W (L  a )  W (L  a )  W (L  a )]  W  a  W  L  a 
2 


r 2 11 R L 1 
1  1 
 2

2 3 3

2
 B 2 2
 W a  
L
H  (1)


 

3 3
r 2 2

The value of horizontal reaction can be evaluated by Eq. (1).

The influence line of any reaction at a point is a graph showing the variation of load
functions like reactions, moments, shear forces, stress or deflections at a point for
various positions of moving load W. Therefore, to draw the influence line for H, a
unit load of 1kg is placed at varying distance x from either of the supports.

Let a load of 1kg be placed at a distance x from A.

x
RB  Then, taking moment about C for all the forces on R.H.S. of C we have
L

WL
4r

L/2 L/2
x WL
.
 H. r  0
L 2
(2)
Wx
H 
2r
Thus, the Eq. (2) is the equation of a straight line and gives the influence line diagram
for the horizontal reaction H.

PROCEDURE:

Step1: Use lubricating oil at the roller end of the arch so as to have a free movement of the
roller end. Balance the self-weight of the arch by placing load on the hanger for
horizontal thrust until the best equilibrium conditions are obtained. Under this
condition, the roller end of the arch has a tendency to move inside on tapping the
table. Note down the load in kgs.
Step2: Place a few loads on the arch in any chosen positions. Balance these by placing
additional weights on the hanger for horizontal thrust. The additional weights on the
thrust hanger give the experimental value of the horizontal thrust.

Step3: To obtain the influence line for H, place a load of 2kg in turn on each hanger one by
one and find the balancing weight required on the thrust hanger.
1
Step4: Plot the ordinate representing of the balancing weights on the load positions as
2
base. This gives the influence line diagram for horizontal thrust.

OBSERVATIONS:

Span of the arch, L =1000mm

Central rise, h =25cm
Initial load on the thrust hanger for balancing (kg) = 2 kg

Table-1

Load on hanger Total Distance Additional Calculated

S.N member from load on from left load on value of H
o. roller end thrust hand support thrust hanger (kg)
hanger (cm) i.e., H
Set No. Load (kg) (kg)
(kg)

Set W1=2kg 3.2 a1 =10 0.5 0.4

I W2 3.6 a2 =20 0.9 0.8
W3 4.0 a3 =30 1.3 1.2
W4 4.4 a4 =40 1.7 1.6
W5 4.9 a5 =50 2.2 2.0
W6 4.5 a6 =60 1.8 2.4
W7 4.1 a7 =70 1.4 2.8
W8 3.7 a8 =80 1.0 3.2
W9 3.3 a9 =90 0.6 3.6
 Table-2

Initial load on the thrust hanger to balance self weight of arch = kgs.

2kgs load at hanger 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

number
Balancing wt. on thrust 0.5 0.9 1.3 1.7 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.0 0.6
hanger (kg)
Net weights (kg) 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.9 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.3

Influence line ordinate 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.45 2.25 2.05 1.85 1.65
(net wt./2) observed
Calculated value of 0.25 0.45 0.65 0.85 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3
influence line ordinate

2 GRAPH
1) A graph is plotted between distance from left hand support on X-axis and
calculated value of influenced line ordinate on Y-axis.
2) A graph is plotted between distance from left hand support on X-axis and
observed value of influenced line ordinate on Y-axis.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

1 Find the horizontal thrust for a given set of load experimentally and theoretically..
2 Plot the observed and calculated values of influence line ordinates on the same graph
and comment on the accuracy obtained in the two cases.
VERIFICATION OF CLERK MAXWELL’S
RECIPROCAL THEOREM
EXPERIMENT NO: 3 Date :

VERIFICATION OF CLERK MAXWELL’S RECIPROCAL

THEOREM

AIM :

To verify Clerk Maxwell's theorem by means of a mild steel beam.

APPARATUS:

Mild steel over hanging beam with graduations at every 10cm along the length with
100cm long, dial gauge, weights and a magnetic base.

THEORY:

Clerk Maxwell's theorem in its simplest form states that the deflections of any point A
of any elastic structure due to a load P at any other point B is the same as the
deflection of B due to the same load P applied at point A.

It is, therefore easily derived that the deflection curve for a point in a structure is the
same as the deflected curve of the structure when unit load is applied at the point for
which the influence curve was obtained.

PROCEDURE:

1. Apply a load of 1kg either at the centre of the simply supported span or at the
free end of the beam, so that the deflected form can be obtained.
2. Measure the height of the beam at a distance of 10cm interval by means of a
dial gauge before and after loading and determine the deflection before and
after at each point separately.
3. Now move a load along the beam at a distance of 10cm and for each positions
of the load, the deflection of the point was noted where the load was applied in
step 1. This deflection should be measured at each such point before and after
the loading, separately.
4. Plot the graph between deflection as ordinate and position of point on abssica
the plot for graph drawn in step 2 and 3. These are the influence line ordinates
for deflection of the beam.

\
 TABLE AND OBSERVATIONS:
Distance Load at central point Deflection of Loading along the beam Deflection
from the cantilever end Various of Central
S.N Pinned points point
end Beam Beam (2)-(3)mm Beam Unloaded Beam (5)-(6)
(1) Unloaded Loaded dial gauge loaded dial
dial dial Reading mm gauge
gauge gauge (5) Reading
Reading Reading mm
mm mm (6)
(2) (3)
1 10 0 2.8 2.8 0 1.4

2 20 0 3.5 3.5 0 2.6 2.6

3 30 0 4.1 4.1 0 3.4 3.4

4 40 0 5.2 5.2 0 3.4 3.4

5 50 0 4.02 4.02 0 2.52 2.52

6 60 0 3.81 3.81 0 1.35 1.35

7 70 0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

8 80 0 4.15 4.15 0 2.1 2.1

9 90 0 8.51 8.51 0 4.45 4.45

10 100 0 12.7 12.7 0 4.48 4.48

GRAPH:

6
4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
-2
Y-Values
-4
Z-Values
-6
-8

-10

-12

-14

RESULTS:

Compare the two curves and they are to be identical. Hence show the influence line
curve for the deflection of the beam.
METAL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT BY USING
POROSCOPE
EXPERIMENT NO: 4 Date :

METAL POTENTIAL MEASUREMENT BY USING POROSCOPE

Aim:
To identify probable Rebar corrosion areas.
Apparatus:
Cormap, high amp. Voltmeter, extension pieces, cable, meter to reel, alligator clip,
wetting agent, bottle 250ml Cormap crystals, Cormap, electrode bottle with sponge.

Procedure:
1) Place the Cu/CuSo4 agent(or) apparatus on to the concrete surface in an area
protected from dust.
2) Make sure the sponge is wet and sufficient electrical contact solution is in the
container. This should keep the concrete damp for the term of the test.
3) Connect the reference cell to the voltmeter and connect the voltmeter to the reel
of the test wire.
4) Connect the test wire to the exposed reinforcing steel, making sure there is a good
electrical connection.
5) Measure and record the potential difference values between the reference cell and
the reinforcing steel as seen on the display.
6) With the reference cell assembly location unchanged, repeat steps 3 through 5 for
another reinforcing steel site.
7) Repeat as necessary to obtain sufficient data.

Tabular form:

Frequency Readings Differences

10 0.02 0.02
36 0.07 0.025
86 0.017 0.01
100 0.021 0.004
160 0.033 0.012
200 0.044 0.010

1. Metal potential measurements with ± 0.001v { Electrical continuity probable}.

2. Metal potential measurements greater than ±0.001v but less than ±0.003v {Electrical
continuity uncertain}.
3. Metal potential measurements greater than ±0.003v {Electrical discontinuity
probable}.

Result:
NON-DESTRUCTVE TESTING-ULTRA PULSE
VELOCITY TEST
EXPERIMENT NO: 5 Date :

NON-DESTRUCTVE TESTING-ULTRA PULSE VELOCITY TEST

AIM:
To determine the velocity of given specimen by Non-Destructive Testing-Ultra pulse
Velocity Test.

APPARATUS:

1) Ultra pulse velocity machine

2) calibrimeter
3) specimen

Description:
For assessing the quality of concrete from (UPV) measurement,it is necessary for this
measurement to be higher order of accuracy. This is done by using an apparatus, which generates
suitable pulses and accurately measures the time of their transmissions (i.e the transit time)
through the concrete. The distance which the pluse travel in the material (i.e the path length)
must also be measured to enable the user to determine the velocity as follows:
PLUSE VELOCITY = PATH LENTH/TRANSIT TIME
Path length and Transit times each Should be measured to an accuracy of about=+or-1%

Procedure:

1) Switch on the ultra pulse velocity machine and connect the transmitter and receiver
2) Apply the grease to the transmitter and receiver
3) Now take the calibrated specimen of cylindrical shape having transit time of 65u.sec
4) Now keep the transmitter and receiver on the two sides of cylinder and check for the
calibrate value.
5) After getting the same calibrated value,we take the required testing specimen and
apply the grease to any opposite face of that specimen.(concrete specimen)
6) We will keep the transmitter and receiver on the greasy faces for measuring the transit
time.
7) By using the formula we will calculate the pulse velocity.

Result:
Pluse velocity of given specimen=5.2038mm/u.sec
REINFORCING BAR LOCATION USING
RE-BAR LOCATOR
EXPERIMENT NO: 6 Date :

REINFORCING BAR LOCATION USING RE-BAR LOCATOR

Aim:
To determine the reinforcing bar location and concrete cover using Rebar Locator.
Apparatus: Mini R-Meter, Rebar Locator
Instrument Operation:
Control Panel
1. Power switch- Turns the instrument on and off.
2. Up arrow- used to scroll through the menu and increase a displayed value.
3. Down Arrow- used to scroll through the menu and decrease a value
4. Enter Key- used to select a menu item and save displayed value
5. H key- This is a multifunctional key performs different functions depending on the mode
that the instrument is in
6. Set Clock- This mode is used to set the internal real time clock
7. Configuration- from this mean language can be chosen
8. Units- The user can select the unit that he requires
9. Review- This option allows user to review saved data.

Procedure

A) Reinforcing Bar Location

1. The location of primary and secondary reinforcing bars is accomplished by moving
the sensor along the surface of the concrete
2. The user can select the ---------------- until for the cover by pressing the arrows and
pressing the enter key on the option UNITS(metric or imperial)
3. On the centre of the instrument screen, the numerical output will show the rebar cover
in inches or millimeters as well as the letter D or S(Deep or Short mode)
4. The actual location of the rebar is achieved when the axis of the sensor is parallel to
and directly over the axis of a reinforcing bar, or a group of bars.
5. The software will automatically switch from short to deep according to the Rebar’s
depth.
6. Short mode is used when rebar is located between 0.75-4 inches to the surface of the
sensor
7. The message “number” will appear when rebar is out of range. (too close or deep)
8. When the rebar is very close a plastic spacer block is provided, then the result will be
the instrument output minus the thickness of the shim.
 B) Measurement of concrete cover
1. Place the sensor on the concrete at the chosen location.
2. Align the instrument so that the axis of it is parallel to and directly over the
reinforcing bars.
3. The cover value corresponds to the distance between the bottom surface of the sensor
and the top of the reinforcing bar which is closest to the surface.
4. If the exact diameter of the bar is unknown, a value may be assumed and the error
will be small.
5. When the rebar is very close a non-metallic separator block is provided, then the
result will be the instrument output minus the thickness of the block.

Result
STRAIN MEASUREMENT USING STRAIN GUAGE
EXPERIMENT NO: 7 Date :

STRAIN MEASUREMENT USING STRAIN GUAGE

AIM:
Measurement of strain using strain gauge.

APPARATUS:
Digital panel meter, cantilever beam, weights.

THEORY:

Strain gauges are devices used to measure the dimensional change of components under
test. These are used in many applications like force measuring devices, measurement of
vibration, measurement of pressure etc., In this experiment bonded strain gauges are used
. These gauges are directly bonded (that is pasted) on the surface of the structure under
study. In this fine wire strain gauges are used. A fine resistance wire of diameter of
0.025mm, which is bent again and again as shown in figure. This is due to increase the
length of the wire so that it permits a uniform distribution of stress. This resistance wire
is placed between the two carrier bases (paper, bakelite or Teflon), which are cemented to
each other. The carrier base protects the gauge from damages. Loads are provided for
electrically connecting the strain gauge to a measuring instrument (wheat stone bridge).

PROCEDURE:

1. Ensure that the instrument is switched off.

2. Connect the flexible wires provided with the strain gauge cantilever beam between the

terminals 1-1,2-2,3-3 &4-4.

3. Keep switch S1 to right position marked.

4. Turn ‘ON’ the main supply by gently moving the balance. Put p1 and p2 obtain initial
 balance on the meter and wait for 5 minutes to allow the strain gauge temperature to

stabilize.

5. Now apply a gentle pressure with hand on the end of the cantilever beam, the Digital Panel

Meter (DPM) should indicate some change in reading. This indicates the strain gauge setup is

ready for experiment dial.

6. Now keep p3 pot in minimum clock-wise position corresponding to position of gain =100.

Check for null balance again.

7. Now apply weight of 1kg, 2kg etc., and note down the DPM reading, neglecting the decimal

point.

ED = EI (∆R/R) (EI=5V)

CALCULATIONS:
E0= Ei*R/R (Ei =5V)
Guage Factor = (R/R)/( l/l) (G=2)
E=Stress/Strain= 6Wl/bt2 (E= 2 X 106)
W= Applied Load, l= Length of Cantilever Beam, b= Breadth of Cantilever Beam
t= Thickness of Cantilever Beam.

S.NO Load DPM Theoretical Practica % Theoretic Practical % error

(kg) Indic stress (  ) l stress error al strain Strain
ator (ε)
1
1/2 0.48 11.72 9.2 21.5 5.86*10-5 4.6*10-5 21.6
1.172*10-
1 0.95 23.44 17.26 26.3 4 0.86*10-4 26.7
2
3
1.5 1.42 35.15 25.8 26.6 1.75*10-4 1.29*10-4 26.2
1.171*10-
2 1.89 46.89 34.2 27.06 2.34*10-4 4 26.9
4
5
2.5 2.35 58.6 42.6 27.3 2.93*10-4 2.13*10-4 27.3
Stress= wl/ ((1/6) bt2)
%Error in stress= ((theoretical stress-practical stress)/theoretical stress)*100%
Theoretical value of strain=stress /E
STRAIN = (change in length)/ (original length)
%Error in strain= ((theoretical strain-practical strain)/theoretical strain) x 100%

Precautions:
1) Make the connection to the binding posts and terminals very carefully.
2) Provide a warm up time of about 10 to 15 minutes before taking readings.
3) Ensure that the cantilever beam arrangement is fixed to the table

Graphs
1) Load v/s DPM reading
2) Load v/s Practical Strain
3) Theoretical strain v/s practical strain.

Result:
Theoretical strain=2.13x10-4, practical strain=2.19 x10-4
BUCKLING OF COLUMNS
EXPERIMENT NO: 8 Date :

BUCKLING OF COLUMNS
Aim: -
To study behavior of different types of columns and find Euler’s buckling load for each
case.
Apparatus: -
Column Buckling Apparatus, Weights, Hanger, Dial Gauge, Scale, Verniar caliper.
Theory :-
If compressive load is applied on a column, the member may fail either by crushing or by
buckling depending on its material, cross section and length. If member is considerably long in
comparison to its lateral dimensions it will fail by buckling. If a member shows signs of buckling
the member leads to failure with small increase in load. The load at which the member just
buckles is called as crushing load. The buckling load, as given by Euler, can be found by using
following expression.
P = π² EI/ le²
Where,
E = Modulus of Elasticity = 2 x 105 N/mm2 for steel
I = Least moment of inertia of column section
Le = Effective length of column
Depending on support conditions, four cases may arise. The effective length for each of which
are given as:
1. Both ends are fixed le = L/ 2
2. One end is fixed and other is pinned le = L/√ 2
3. Both ends are pinned le = L
4. One end is fixed and other is free le = 2L
Procedure: -
1. Pin a graph paper on the wooden board behind the column.
2. Apply the load at the top of columns increasing gradually. At certain stage of loading
the columns shows abnormal deflections and gives the buckling load.
3. Not the buckling load for each of the four columns.
 4. Trace the deflected shapes of the columns over the paper. Mark the points of change
of curvature of the curves and measure the effective or equivalent length for each case
separately.
5. Calculate the theoretical effective lengths and thus buckling loads by the expressions
given above and compare them with the observed values.

Observation: -
1) Width of strip (mm) b =
2) Thickness of strip (mm) t =
3) Length of strip (mm) L =
4) Least moment of inertia I = bt³ /12

Sample Calculation: -
End condition:
Both ends fixed Euler’s buckling load. = P = π² EI/ le²
Effective Length (mm) =.
Result:-The theoretical and experimental Euler’s buckling load for each case is found nearly
same.
QUALIFICATION TESTS ON SELF COMPACTING
CONCRETE
EXPERIMENT NO: 9 Date :

QUALIFICATION TESTS ON SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE

1. L Box
Aim: To determine the passing ability.
Equipment:

 L box of a stiff non absorbing material

 Trowel
 Scoop
 Stopwatch

Procedure of L Box Test:

About 14 liter of concrete needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set the
apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely and then close it.
Moisten the inside surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water, fill the vertical section of
the apparatus with the concrete sample. Leave it stand for 1 minute. Lift the sliding gate and
allow the concrete to flow out into the horizontal section. Simultaneously, start the stopwatch
and record the time for the concrete to reach the concrete 200 and 400 marks. When the concrete
stops flowing, the distances ‘H1’ and ‘H2’ are measured. Calculate H2/H1, the blocking ratio.
The whole has test is to be performed within 5 minutes.
Result
If the ratio of h2/h1 is equal to one or nearer to this value it has passing ability.
 2. U Box
Aim: To determine the filling ability of the given concrete
Equipment:

 U box of a stiff non absorbing material

 Scoop
 Trowel
 Stopwatch

Procedure for U Box Test on Self Compacting Concrete:

About 20 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set the
apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely and then close
it. Moisten the inside surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water, fill the vertical
section of the apparatus with the concrete sample. Leave it stand for 1 minute. Lift the
sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the other compartment. After the
concrete has come to rest, measure the height of the concrete in the compartment that has
been filled, in two places and calculate the mean (H1). Measure also the height in the other
equipment (H2). Calculate H1-H2, the filling height. The whole test has to be performed
within 5 minutes.

Result
If the filling height is zero or any nearer value it has good filling ability. The acceptable filling
height is 30mm.
 3. V-FUNNEL TEST

Aim: To determine the flow ability of concrete

Equipment:

 V-funnel
 Bucket (±12 liter)
 Trowel
 Scoop
 Stopwatch

Procedure flow time:

About 12 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally. Set the V-funnel on
firm ground. Moisten the inside surface of the funnel. Keep the trap door to allow any surplus
water to drain. Close the trap door and place a bucket underneath. Fill the apparatus completely
with the concrete without compacting or tamping; simply strike off the concrete level with the
top with the trowel.
Open within 10 sec after filling the trap door and allow the concrete to flow out under gravity.
Start the stop watch when the trap door is opened, and record the time for the complete discharge
(the flow time). This is taken to be when light is seen from above through the funnel. The whole
test has to be performed within 5 minutes.

Procedure flow time at T5 minutes:

Do not clean or moisten the inside surface of the funnel gain. Close the trap door and refill the V-
funnel immediately after measuring the flow time. Place a bucket underneath. Fill the apparatus
completely with concrete without compacting or tapping, simply strike off the concrete level
with the top with the trowel. Open the trap door 5 minutes after the second fill of the funnel and
allow the concrete to flow out under gravity. Simultaneously start the stop watch when the trap
door is opened and record the time discharge to complete flow (the flow time at T5 minutes).
This is to be taken when light is seen from above through the funnel.

Result
The flow rate should be between 8-12 seconds.
SHAKE TABLE
EXPERIMENT NO: 10 Date :

SHAKE TABLE
(i) Aim: Dynamics of a three storied building frame subjected to harmonic base motion.
Apparatus: Shake table , model.

Experimental procedure:

Preliminary measurements

a) Collect the data pertaining to geometric and material properties of the vibrating system
b) Using the three-degrees of freedom model, form the mass and stiffness matrices of the
structure. Perform the eigenvalue analysis and determine the natural frequencies and modal
matrix for the system.

c) Study the sensors and the charge amplifiers and note down the sensor sensitivities, sensor
mass and factors to convert the measured electrical signal into mechanical units; this depends
upon the amplifier settings used.
d) Run the electric motor at a few frequencies and measure the amplitude of the base motion.
These amplitudes are expected to be identical and also would remain unchanged as the speed of
the motor is varied. Therefore, in the subsequent experimentation, the base motion itself need not
be measured.
Studies on 3-storyed shear beam model
e) Arrange the experimental setup. Note that the accelerometer needs to be placed on slab in such
a way that displacement along x direction is picked up.
f) Set the frame into free vibration by applying an initial displacement. This can be achieved by
gently pulling the frame at about the top slab and releasing it. Evaluate the logarithmic
decrement and hence the damping ratio. One model for the damping can be obtained by
assuming that the damping ration so determined would remain constant for all the modes.
g) Run the base motion test on the frame at different values of motor RPM making sure that
readings at resonant frequencies are not missed. For a given motor RPM, allow the frame to
oscillate for a few seconds so that the frame reaches its steady state. At this stage measure the
amplitude of the frame response by using time history of displacement response acquired on the
oscilloscope and records the amplitude data.
Note that the frequency of driving and the frequency of structural response can be assumed to be
equal and this can be measured from the trace of displacement response on the oscilloscope. It
may be noted that the test could be conducted even if only two channel measurements are
possible, in which case, the above steps need to be repeated suitably.
h) The frequencies at which the structure undergoes resonance can be identified by observing the
variation of response amplitudes as motor RPM is varied. At resonant conditions, in addition to
noting the amplitude of slab oscillations, also note if the slabs are vibrating in phase or not.
Based on this information the modal vectors for the first three modes could be established.
Compare these mode shapes with the analytical mode shapes obtained in step (b).
i) Plot X1, X2 and X3 versus f.
j) From the plots in the previous step estimate the modal damping either by half power
bandwidth method or by relating the peak amplitude to the modal damping.
k) Using the modal damping ratios obtained in steps (f) or (j) determine the C matrix

using the relation where Ξ is a diagonal matrix with entry onthe nth row being

It can be shown that and, therefore, one gets

C = MΦΞΦtM
Using this C matrix

and equation,

solve the mathematical model to determine analytically the amplitude of floor responses as a
function of the driving frequency. Compare these analytical predictions with the measured
frequency response functions.
(ii) Aim: Earthquake induced waves in rectangular water tanks
Apparatus: Shake table
Procedure: Experimental procedure

1. Mount the water tank on the shake table as shown in figure.

2. Measure the dimensions of the tank and the water level inside the tank. Add a colour dye to
the water so as to facilitate visual observations of the water surface oscillations.
3. Excite the tank harmonically starting with low values of frequency. At each frequency visually
observe the behavior of the water surface.
4. At every value of the frequency allow sufficient time to pass so that oscillations of water reach
steady state.
5. As the frequency of driving approaches one of the natural frequencies, the water surface begin
to oscillate with perceptible amplitudes (see figure).
Note down the frequency at which such oscillations occur.
6. The profile of the standing waves at resonance can be measured by a simple device This
consists of inserting a white sheet at the inner wall of the tank and allow the oscillating liquid
surface to leave behind a tinted trace on the sheet. The shape of the standing waves could be
inferred by measuring the heights from mean level of the tinted trace left on the paper by the
oscillating liquid surface. Following this procedure, obtain the shape of the standing waves at the
liquid surface for first few modes.
7. Predict the frequencies and shapes of the standing waves using the theoretical formulation
provided.
Above figure shows a two-dimensional water tank of length 2l containing water up to a height h.
We assume that the liquid flow is inviscous, irrorational, and incompressible. We now consider
the question as to what type of steady state waves may exist on the liquid surface. We use the
notation φ (x, y,t),u(x, y,t),&v(x, y,t) to represent, respectively, the velocity potential, velocity
components in x and y directions. The following equation is known to govern the velocity
potential.

The first of the above boundary conditions is obtained by applying the Bernoulli’s
equation on the free surface and the remaining set of boundary conditions reflects the fact
that the normal fluid velocity components at the wall boundaries are zero. The symbol g
in the above equation represents the acceleration due to gravity and the other notations
are explained in above figure. We seek a steady state wave solution of the form

Dividing both sides by XY one gets

Since the left hand side is a function of x alone and right hand side is a function of y alone
it turns out that each of the two terms appearing in the above equation needs to be equal
to the same constant. That is,
8. Compare the theoretical and experimental results and draw conclusions on their mutual
agreement/disagreement.
9. Repeat the experiment for different values of heights of water level inside the tank.
10. Remount the tank by swiveling it through 90 degrees about the vertical axis. Repeat the
experiment as described above for this configuration.