INDEX

S.No Title Page No.

1 Introduction 1
2 Categories of A.I 2
3 Why is Artificial Intelligence is Important 3
4 How it Works 4
5 Applications 5
6 Future Scope of A.I 6
 Introduction

ARTIFICIAL:-
The simple definition of artificial is that objects that are made or produced by human
beings rather than occurring naturally.

INTELLIGENCE:-
The simple definition of intelligence is a set of skills of problem solving, enabling to
resolve genuine problems or difficulties that encounters and to create an effective product and
must also entail the potential for finding or creating problems and thereby laying the
groundwork for the acquisition of new knowledge.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:-
Artificial intelligence is a branch of science which deals with helping machines find
solution to complex problems in a more human like fashion. This generally involves borrowing
characteristics from human intelligence, and applying them as algorithms in a computer
friendly way. A more or less or flexible or efficient approach can be taken depending on the
requirements established, which influences how artificial intelligent behaviour appears.

Artificial intelligence is generally associated with computer science, but it has many
important links with other fields such as math, psychology, cognition, biology and philosophy.
among many others. Our ability to combine knowledge from all these fields will ultimately
benefit our progress in the quest of creating an intelligent artificial being.

A.I is mainly concerned with the popular mind with the robotics development, but also
the main field of practical application has been as an embedded component in the areas of
software development which require computational understandings and modelling such as
finance and economics, data mining and physical science.

A.I in the field of robotics is trying to make a computational model of human thought
processes. It is not enough to make a program that seems to behave the way human do. You
want to make a program that does it the way humans do it.
 Categories of A.I

Al divides roughly into two schools of thought:

1. Conventional AI.
2. Computational Intelligence (CI).

1. Conventional Al :-
Conventional Al mostly involves methods now classified as machine learning.
characterized by formalism and statistical analysis. This is also known as symbolic Al, logical
Al, neat Al and Good Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI).
Methods include:
• Expert systems: apply reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert system
can process large amounts of known information and provide conclusions based on
them.
• Case based reasoning
• Bayesian networks.
• Behaviour based AI: a modular method of building Al systems by hand.

2. Computational Intelligence (CI) :-

Computational Intelligence involves iterative development or learning (e.g. parameter
tuning e.g. in connectionist systems). Learning is based on empirical data and is associated
with non-symbolic Al, scruffy Al and soft computing.
• Methods include:
• Neural networks: systems with very strong pattern recognition capabilities.
• Fuzzy systems: techniques for reasoning under uncertainty, has been widely used in
modern industrial and consumer product control systems.
• Evolutionary computation: applies biologically inspired concepts such as populations,
mutation and survival of the fittest to generate increasingly better solutions to the
problem. These methods most notably divide into evolutionary algorithms (e.g. genetic
algorithms) and swarm intelligence (e.g. ant algorithms).
 Why is Artificial Intelligence is Important

• Al automates repetitive learning and discovery through data. But Al is different from hardware-
driven, robotic automation. Instead of automating manual tasks, Al performs frequent, high-
volume, computerized tasks reliably and without fatigue. For this type of automation, human
inquiry is still essential to set up the system and ask the right questions.
• Al adds intelligence to existing products. In most cases, Al will not be sold as an individual
application. Rather, products you already use will be improved with Al capabilities, much like
Siri was added as a feature to a new generation of Apple products. Automation, conversational
platforms, bots and smart machines can be combined with large amounts of data to improve
many technologies at home and in the workplace, from security intelligence to investment
analysis.
• Al adapts through progressive learning algorithms to let the data do the programming. Al find’s
structure and regularities in data so that the algorithm acquires a skill: The algorithm becomes
a classifier or a predictor. So, just as the algorithm can teach itself how to play chess, it can
teach itself what product to recommend next online. And the models adapt when given new
data. Back propagation is an Al technique that allows the model to adjust, through training and
added data, when the first answer is not quite right.
• Al analyses more and deeper data using neural networks that have many hidden layers.
Building a fraud detection system with five hidden layers was almost impossible a few years
ago. All that has changed with incredible computer power and big data. You need lots of data
to train deep learning models because they learn directly from the data. The more data you can
feed them, the more accurate they become.
• Al achieves incredible accuracy though deep neural networks - which was previously
impossible. For example, your interactions with Alexa, Google Search and Google Photos are
all based on deep learning and they keep getting more accurate the more we use them. In the
medical field, Al techniques from deep learning, image classification and object recognition
can now be used to find cancer on MRIs with the same accuracy as highly trained radiologists.
 How it Works

Al works by combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative processing and intelligent
algorithms, allowing the software to learn automatically from patterns or features in the data.
Al is a broad field of study that includes many theories, methods and technologies, as well as
the following major subfields:
• Machine learning automates analytical model building. It uses methods from neural
networks, statistics, operations research and physics to find hidden insights in data
without explicitly being programmed for where to look or what to conclude.
A neural network is a type of machine learning that is made up of interconnected
units (like neurons) that processes information by responding to external inputs,
relaying information between each unit. The process requires multiple passes at the data
to find connections and derive meaning from undefined data.
• Deep learning uses huge neural networks with many layers of processing units, taking
advantage of advances in computing power and improved training techniques to learn
complex patterns in large amounts of data. Common applications include image and
speech recognition.
Cognitive computing is a subfield of Al that strives for a natural, human-like
interaction with machines. Using Al and cognitive computing, the ultimate goal is for
a machine to simulate human processes through the ability to interpret images and
speech-and then speak coherently in response.
• Computer vision relies on pattern recognition and deep learning to recognize what's in
a picture or video. When machines can process, analyse and understand images, they
can capture images or videos in real time and interpret their surroundings.
• Natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of computers to analyse, understand
and generate human language, including speech. The next stage of NLP is natural
language interaction, which allows humans to communicate with computers using
normal, everyday language to perform tasks
 Applications

• Gaming Al play’s crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where
machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
• Natural Language Processing It is possible to interact with the computer that understands
natural language spoken by humans.
• Expert Systems There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special
information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the
users.
• Vision Systems These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the
computer. For example,
• A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information
or map of the areas.
• Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
• Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored
portrait made by forensic artist.
• Speech Recognition Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the
language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle
different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human's noise due to cold,
etc.
• Handwriting Recognition The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper
by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into
editable text.
• Intelligent Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect
physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump,
and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit
intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to
the new environment.
 Future Scope of A.I

• In the next 10 years technologies in narrow fields such as speech recognition will continue to
improve and will reach human level.
• In 10 years, Al will be able to communicate with humans in unstructured English using text or
voice, navigate (not perfectly) in an unprepared environment and will have some rudimentary
common sense (and domain-specific intelligence).
• We will recreate some parts of the human (animal) brain in silicon. The feasibility of this is
demonstrated by tentative hippocampus experiments in rats There are two major projects
aiming for human brain simulation, CCortex and IBM Blue Brain.
• There will be an increasing number of practical applications based on digitally recreated
aspects human intelligence, such as cognition, perception, rehearsal learning, or learning by
repetitive practice.
• The development of meaningful artificial intelligence will require that machines acquire some
variant of human consciousness.
• Systems that do not possess self-awareness and sentience will at best always be very brittle.
• Without these uniquely human characteristics, truly useful and powerful assistants will remain
a goal to achieve. To be sure, advances in hardware, storage, parallel processing architectures
will enable ever greater leaps in functionality
• Systems that are able to demonstrate conclusively that they possess self-awareness, language
skills, surface, shallow and deep knowledge about the world around them and their role within
it will be needed going forward.