CENTRAL ACADEMY SR. SEC.

SCHOOL

SESSION 2024-2025
SIMPLE AND COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
SUBMITTED BY : KHUSHI KOTHARI

CLASS : XII

SECTION :A

ROLL NO :

SUBMITTED TO : DR. RIZWAN SHAHID

KHAN
(PHYSICS TEACHER)
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 CENTRAL ACADEMY SR.SEC.
SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that KHUSHI KOTHARI or
student of class XII-A has successfully completed
the research on the below mentioned project under
the guidance of Dr Rizwan Shahid Khan (subject
teacher) during the year 2024 to 2025 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by Central Board Of Secondary
Education.

External Examiner Internal Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere
thanks to my physics teacher, Dr Rizwan Khan,
Central Acadmey School for his encouragement
and for all the facilities that he provided for the
completion of this project work. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
for his invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement, immense motivation, which has
sustained my efforts at all the stages of this project
work.

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 Index
➢ INTRODUCTION
➢ SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
• Parts of Simple Microscope
• Working of Simple Microscope
• Magnification of Simple Microscope
• Uses of Simple Microscope

➢ COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
• Parts of Compound Microscope
• Working of Compound Microscope
• Magnification of Compound Microscope
• Uses of Compound Microscope

➢ COMPARISION OF SIMPLE AND

COMPOUND MICROSCOPES
➢ PRECAUTIOS
➢ CONCLUSION

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 INTRODUCTION
Microscopes are indispensable tools in scientific
research, allowing us to observe structures and
organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye.
There are two main types of microscopes: simple
microscopes and compound microscopes.
Understanding the differences between these types
of microscopes and their working principles is
crucial for various fields such as biology, materials
science, and medicine.
This project will delve into the design, function,
and applications of both simple and compound
microscopes, with a focus on their components,
magnification abilities, and uses in different
scientific areas.

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 SIMPLE
MICROSCOPE
Simple Microscope is a scientific instrument used
to magnify microscopic objects so that they are
visible to the unaided eye. It is a double convex
lens with a short focal length that is mounted in a
lens holder.

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 Parts of a Simple
Microscope
• Eyepiece: It is the lens that is used to study
the samples and is placed at the top. It has a
magnification of 10X to 15X.
• Base: This provides support to the
microscope.
• Objective lenses: These are found with the
magnification of 10X, 40X and 100X and are
colour coded. The lower power lenses are the
shortest lens and the highest power lenses are
the longest lens.
• Revolving nose-piece: This is also known as
the turret. It is used for holding other objective
lenses and can be rotated while viewing the
samples.
• Diaphragm: It is used to control the amount
of light that passes through the stage.
• Stage: It is the platform used for placing the
slides with samples.

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Working of a Simple
Microscope
As we know that simple microscope is used to
get a magnified view of the samples, it is
widely used in microbiology. Light from the
light source is made to pass through a thin
object which is transparent. To get an enlarged
virtual image, a biconvex lens is used. For
higher magnification and resolution, the lens
must be close to the sample. By viewing the
details of the sample contrast can be obtained.
This is done by staining the sample. To obtain
contrast in the image, the size and intensity of
the light beam can be modified with the help
of a condenser or the diaphragm.

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 Magnification of
Simple Microscope
Simple microscopes have the magnification power
which is given by:
M = 1 + D/f
where,
M = Magnification power of simple microscope.
D = Least distance of distinct vision, generally
25cm for a normal human eye.
f = Focal length of the convex lens.

From the above expression, it can be deduced that

shorter the focal length of the lens, higher will be
its magnification power.

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 Uses of Simple
Microscope
1. It is used in pedology (a study of soil particles)

2. It is used by a dermatologist to find out

various skin diseases.

3. It is used in microbiology to study samples of

algae, fungi etc

4. It is used by the jewellers to get a magnified

view of the fine parts of the jewellery.

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 COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE
Compound microscopes are built using a
compound lens system where the primary
magnification is provided by the objective lens,
which is then compounded (multiplied) by the
ocular lens (eyepiece).

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Parts of a Compound
Microscope
1. Eyepiece Lens: A lens that magnifies the
image formed by the objective lens.

2. Objective Lens: A lens that collects light from

the object being observed and forms an image.

3. Stage: A platform that holds the object being

observed.

4. Coarse Adjustment Knob: A knob that adjusts

the distance between the objective lens and
the stage.

5. Fine Adjustment Knob: A knob that makes

fine adjustments to the focus of the
microscope

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 Working of a
Compound Microscope
A compound microscope is considered to be one
of the standard microscopes that can be used for
general purposes. The arrangement of the lens is
such that it magnifies the objects from the complex
system.
There are two types of lenses that are used in the
compound microscope:
• The objective lens is placed close to the object
that needs to be examined.
• The eyepiece allows the image to be viewed.

The light is made to pass through the thin

transparent object. A magnified image of the
object is obtained by the objective lens. This
image is known as the real image. The eyepiece
then magnifies the real image more and is viewed
as the virtual image. The compound microscope is
also known as the bright-field microscope because
the light passes directly through the light source to
the eye through the two lenses. This mechanism
makes the field of vision brightly illuminated.
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 Magnification of
Compound Microscope
The magnifying power of the compound
microscope is calculated as:
M= mo*me
where,
M= magnification power of the compound
microscope
mo= magnification power of the objective lens
me= magnification power of the eyepiece

For instance, when the objective lens can magnify

by 40 folds and the ocular by 10 times, the
specimen will be overall magnified by 400X.

When the final image is formed at infinity, it is

given as:
M = D/ fo * L/fe

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where,
D= Least distance of distinct vision = 25cm
L= length of the microscope tube
fo =focal length of objective lens
fe = focal length of eyepiece

Thus, it is clearly evident that the increase in focal

length of both eyepiece and objective result in a
decrease of magnification power of the
microscope.

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 Uses of Compound
Microscope
1. The identification of diseases becomes easy in
pathology labs with the help of a compound
microscope.

2. Forensic laboratories use compound

microscopes for the detection of human
fingerprints.

3. The presence of metals can be detected with

the help of a compound microscope.

4. The study of bacteria and viruses becomes

easy with the help of a compound microscope.

5. Schools use compound microscopes for

academic purposes.

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 COMPARISON OF
SIMPLE AND
COMPOUND
MICROSCOPES
SIMPLE COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE MICROSCOPE

• It can only magnify • It can magnify 3-5 objects

one object at a time. at a time.

• It does not have a • It does have a condenser.

condenser.

• It uses natural • It uses the illuminator

sources as light. present in it as its light.

• It has a reflecting • It has a concave mirror on

concave lens. one of its sides and on the
other side a plane mirror
for reflecting purposes.
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• It has only one level • It has a very high level of
of magnification. magnification.
• It can magnify only • It can magnify up to
up to 300X. 2,000X.

• It does not have an • It does have an adjusting

adjusting magnification.
magnification.

• It is used at a basic • It is used at a professional

level by students. level for research purposes

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 PRECAUTIONS
• The objective lenses and eyepiece should be
cleaned with the help of silk cloth and
cleaning liquid before use.

• The microscope should not be tilted when

working, using it.

• When an object needs to be studied, focus on

the low power objective first and then move to
high power.

• The lower power needs to be left in place after

all observations are completed.

• When focusing, care needs to be taken to

ensure that the objective lens never strikes the
stage or the slide.

• Only the fine adjustment knob should be used

when the high power objective is employed.

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• Coverslip should always be used to cover
well-mount preparations before observation
under the microscope is made.

• Do not dismantle the microscope.

• When carrying the microscope, always use

both hands.

• Try to place it in a box after using the

microscope.

• The concave part of the mirror should be used

under dim light.

• An oil immersion lens should never be used

without the use of oil.

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 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, both simple and compound
microscopes are important tools in science and
research. While simple microscopes are suitable
for observing larger objects, compound
microscopes are used for observing smaller objects
and structures.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.By NCERT

2.By Wikipedia

3.By Olympus Corporation

4.By Science Direct

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