Introduction to AI

Mind Map
1. Intelligence
 Components (Interacting with the real world, Reasoning and Planning,
Learning and Adaptation)
2. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Characteristics
 Types of AI Machines
3. Types of Intelligence
 Mathematical Logical Reasoning
 Linguistic Intelligence
 Spatial Visual Intelligence
 Kinesthetic Intelligence
 Musical Intelligence
 Intrapersonal Intelligence
 Existential Intelligence
 Naturalist Intelligence
 Interpersonal Intelligence
4. Decision Making
 Basis of decision making
 What is AI and what is not AI
5. Introduction to AI, ML, DL
 Artificial Intelligence
 Machine Learning
 Deep Learning
6. AI Domains
 Data Sciences
 Computer Vision
 Natural Language Processing
7. AI Applications
 Healthcare
 Content Creation
 Chatbots and Virtual Assistants
 Autonomous vehicles
GPS
Sales and Marketing
Logistics and Supply Chain
Gaming
Agriculture
Robotics
8. AI Ethics
Examples of AI ethical issues
AI Bias
Reducing and Mitigating AI Bias

Intelligence
Intelligence refers to the ability to think, perceive information and apply knowledge within the
behavioral environment.
Intelligence can be defined as :
 Ability to interact with the real-world – To perceive, understand and act
 Reasoning and Planning – Modeling the external world, given input
 Learning and Adaptation – Continuous learning and adapting graph

What is artificial intelligence?

Artificial intelligence refers to human made interface to mimic human like intelligence i.e
reasoning, knowledge interpretation.
Any device that can perform the above, can be termed as intelligent device.
When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits i.e make decisions, predict the
future, learn and improve on its own by collecting data, understand it, analyse it , learn from
it and improve it, it is said to have Artificial Intelligence. Machines become intelligent once
they are trained with data and algorithm.

Types of Intelligence

Mathematical Logical Reasoning: A person's ability to regulate, measure, and understand

numerical symbols, abstraction and logic.
Linguistic Intelligence: Language processing skills both in terms of understanding or
implementation in writing or verbally.
Spatial Visual Intelligence: It is defined as the ability to perceive the visual world and the
relationship of one object to another.
Kinesthetic Intelligence: Ability that is related to how a person uses his limbs in a skilled
manner.
Musical Intelligence: As the name suggests, this intelligence is about a person's ability to
recognize and create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns.
Intrapersonal Intelligence: Describes how high the level of self-awareness someone has is.
Starting from realizing weakness, strength, to his own feelings.
Existential Intelligence: An additional category of intelligence relating to religious and
spiritual awareness.
Naturalist Intelligence: An additional category of intelligence relating to the ability to
process information on the environment around us.
Interpersonal intelligence: Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to communicate with
others by understanding other people's feelings & influence of the person.
How do you make decisions?

The basis of decision making depends upon the availability of information and how we
experience and understand it. For the purposes of this article, ‘information’ includes our past
experience, intuition, knowledge, and self-awareness.
What is artificial intelligence? And what is not?

A machine is said to be artificially intelligent if it can make decision on its own, if the
machines requires human intervention in performing it is not an artificially intelligent
machine.
AI Machine Not AI Machine
AI machines are trained with data and Smart machines which are not AI, does not
alogorithm require training data, they work on
algorithms only
AI machines learn from mistakes and Smart machines work on fixed algorithms
experience. They try to improvise on their and they always work with the same level of
next iterations efficiency, which is programmed into them.
AI machines can analyse the situation and Machines which are not AI cannot take
can take decisions accordingly. decisions on their own.

Introduction to AI, ML, DL

Artificial Intelligence (AI): Refers to any technique that enables computers to mimic human
intelligence. It gives the ability to machines to recognize a human’s face; to move and
manipulate objects; to understand the voice commands by humans, and also do other tasks.
The AI-enabled machines think algorithmically and execute what they have been asked for
intelligently.
Example: Smart Home devices.

Machine Learning (ML) It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to

improve at tasks with experience (data). The intention of Machine Learning is to enable
machines to learn by themselves using the provided data and make accurate Predictions/
Decisions. Example: Speech recognition
Deep Learning (DL)
It enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast amounts of data. In Deep
Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of data which helps it in training itself
around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves.
Example: Virtual assistants

Introduction to AI Domains :
Artificial Intelligence becomes intelligent according to the training which it gets. For training,
the machine is fed with datasets. According to the applications for which the AI algorithm is
being developed, the data which is fed into it changes. With respect to the type of data fed in
the AI model, AI models can be broadly categorized into three domains.

Data Sciences
Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and processes, in which the system
collects numerous data, maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense out of them. The
information extracted through data science can be used to make a decision about it.
Example: Price comparing websites.
Computer Vision
Computer Vision, abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI that depicts the capability of a
machine to get and analyse visual information and afterwards predict some decisions about it.
The entire process involves image acquiring, screening, analysing, identifying and extracting
information.

Computer vision related projects translate digital visual data into descriptions. This data is
then turned into computer-readable language to aid the decision-making process. The main
objective of this domain of AI is to teach machines to collect information from pixels.
Examples of Computer Vision
1) Self-Driving cars/ Automatic Cars
2) Face Lock in Smartphones
Natural Language Processing
Natural Language Processing, abbreviated as NLP, is a branch of artificial intelligence that
deals with the interaction between computers and humans using the natural language. The
ultimate objective of NLP is to read, decipher, understand, and make sense of the human
languages in a manner that is valuable.

Example: E-mail filters, Smart assistants, Siri, Alexa.

AI applications
1. AI in healthcare: AI’s ability with data has revolutionised healthcare by suggesting
timely treatment, predicting ailments, future medical needs and so on.
2. AI in Content Creation : It can generate text content in the form of articles, blogs
etc, video content, images and graphics, music content etc.
3. AI in chatbots and Virtual Assistants: A virtual assistant is an application program
that understands natural language voice commands and completes tasks for the user.
A chatbot is an artificial intelligence product or software which can simulate a real-
life conversation on the chat which happens between the user and the company.
4. AI in Autonomous vehicles: Autonomous vehicles or drivereless vehicles , which
uses computer vision and data to accomplish It.
5. AI in GPS (Global Positioning System): AI is helping navigation very efficient
considering other data such as weather, environment, electromagnetic interferences,
so on.
6. AI in sales and marketing: These days online shopping is so common that we keep
on purchasing from online sites. Based on our purchase history of past purchase and
 searches, these sites/apps keep recommending us items which are due for purchase or
are of our liking.
7. AI in logistics and Supply chain: When we buy physical items online they are
delivered to us through a supply chain. AI helps in warehouse management through
computer vision, can provide optimized routes for transportation of goods, can predict
demand as per seasons and thereby requirement of warehouses for such things and so
on.
8. AI in Gaming: AI is taking gaming experience to next level by making the game
having better visual experience with high end graphics and giving immersive and
interactive game experience.
9. AI in agriculture: The harvesting robots are available that can harvest crops at a
considerably higher volume and faster pace than humans.
10. AI in robotics: AI and robotics are a powerful combination for automating tasks
inside and outside of the factory setting, introducing flexibility and learning
capabilities in previous applications.

AI Ethics

AI ethics is a set of values, principles and techniques that are accepted standards of right
or wrong to guide moral conduct in development of AI technologies.

Following are the examples of AI ethical issues

1. Bias and Fairness: Ethically an AI system should be free from all types of biases and
be fair eg:, an AI system designed for picking candidates for a job must not be biased
against any gender, race, color etc.
2. Accountability: AI learns and evolves over time and data. What if an evolved
algorithm makes one big mistake? Who would be accountable for it? Eg: Self driving
car hits some one who will be accountable?
3. Transparency: Transparency means nothing is hidden and everything AI performs is
explainable.
Transparency ensures that there is full information and knowledge about these:
i) Data used, its range, interval and sources etc.
ii) Models used are appropriate for the context make sense.
iii) Models are thoroughly tested.
iv) Why particular decisions are made.
 4. Safety: Al technology, tools and practices should be so implemented such that they
cause no direct or indirect harm to data, people and the outcomes. Al practices must
be safe to ensure the well being of individual persons and the public welfare. Al
practices must uphold public trust through the responsible use of technologies.
5. Human Al Interaction: Al must not deceive humans or other living beings and it
must not threaten or human dignity in any way.
6. Trust, Privacy and Control: Improved Al "faking" technologies make what once
was reliable evidence into unreliable evidence - this has already happened to digital
photos, sound recordings, and video. Thus, it is the ethical responsibility of the creator
and user of Al to ensure that these are not misused.
7. Cyber Security and Malicious use: It is the ethical responsibility of an organisation
to have human control over Al usage in terms of its span and control so that it is not
available to hackers for malicious use.
8. Automation and Impact over Jobs: Al does not mean that jobs are reduced, it just
means that the nature of jobs and work is predominantly changing. It is the ethical
responsibility of an organization to upgrade the skill set of its workers so that they
upgrade their skillset and be ready for futuristic Al oriented jobs. It is ethical
responsibility of governments too (equally and even more) to bring appropriate
changes.
9. Human Rights in the Age of Al: Al has generated new form of threats
• huge risk to data privacy and protection - violates human right to privacy.
 biased decision and violates human right to faps chance and justice.

AI Bias
AI bias is an anomaly (irregularity of abnormality/descrmination) in the result
produced through AI based programs and algorithms because of prejudices
(discriminatory) assumption made during the algorithm development process or
prejudices in the training data.

Reasons for AI Bias in Data

1. Human bias in decisions
2. Flawed and unbalanced data collection
3. Under or over representation of specific features
4. Wrong assumptions
 5. No proper bias testing
6. No bias mitigation (i.e reducing the severity of bias)

Reducing and Mitigating Al Bias

Let us now learn how the Al people can reduce the Al biases in data collections and
decisions
1. Thorough Research : The data collector must research their users or subjects in advance
about which the data are being collected.
2. Diversity of Team : The team working for data collection or algorithm development
must be diverse so that one person or team does not have major influence on data and
algorithm of decision-making.
3. Data Diversity : Combine inputs from multiple sources to ensure data diversity.
4. Standardised Data Labelling : The team must have standardised way of labelling so
that accurate, consistent and standardised data labels are used in data collection.
5. Identify Bias-proneness (susceptibility) : The team should identify the possible
occurrences of biases among data sets and use multi-pass annotations (note) to minimise
the possible bias.
6. Data Review : Enlist someone from outside to see biases that the team has overlooked.
7. Regular Data Analysis : The team should keep track of errors and problem areas so as
to resolve them quickly.
8. Regular Bias Testing : The team must test the collected data, training data and the
overall performance of the algorithm against biases and use approaches and tools to
mitigate the biases.
1 Mark Questions

1. are made with the intent of accomplishing tasks which either too
tedious for humans or which are time-consuming.
a) Machines
b) Gadgets
c) Equipment
d) Tools
2. refers to the ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as
knowledge to be applied toward adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.
a) Behavior
b) Nature
c) Habits
d) Intelligence
3. Ms. Rani is intelligent in performing calculations and logical reasoning. This ability
refers to
a) Lingustic Intelligence
b) Spatial Visual Intelligence
c) Mathematical Intelligence
d) Existential Intelligence
4. Speech recognition, Image recognition, and the ability to take action are examples of
a) to perceive, understand, and act
b) reasoning and planning
c) learning and adaption
d) none of these
5. includes our past experience, intuition, knowledge, and self-awareness
a) habits
c) information
b) behaviour
d) nature
6. When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits like making decisions,
predicting the future, learning, and improving on its own said to have
a) Informative Intelligence
b) Knowledge Intelligence
c) Artificial Intelligence
d) Emotional Intelligence
 7. In AI-based machines which of the following term is important?
a) doing
b) training
c) sorting
d) analyzing
8. AI systems are made up of
a) machines, hardware and software
b) only software
c) only hardware
d) only machine
9. The core idea of developing AI is building machines and algorithms to
a) functions like anything
b) perform computation tasks and functions like a human brain
c) perform only arithmetic tasks
d) perform logical comparisons only
10. Which of the following AI domain collects data, maintain the datasets, and derives the
meaning out of it?
a) Data Science
b) Computer Vision
c) Natural Language Processing
d) Neural Network

2 Marks Questions
1. Define Artificial Intelligence.
Ans. A machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect
data, understand it, analyze it, learn from it, and improve it.
2. Mention four examples of artificially intelligent applications in our smartphones.
Ans. Phone Smart Lock / Snapchat filter / Shopping websites / Netflix / YouTube / Face
Detection / Google Maps / Emotions recognition / Google assistant / Natural language
recognition / image detection / beauty filters etc.
3. How does a machine become Artificially Intelligent?
Ans. A machine becomes intelligent by training with data and algorithm. AI machines
keep updating their knowledge to optimize their output. OR Machines also become
intelligent
 once they are trained with some information which helps them achieve their tasks. AI
machines also keep updating their knowledge to optimize their output.
4. Mention four examples of machines that are smart but not AI.
Ans. Automatic gates in shopping malls / remote control drones/ a fully automatic
washing machine/ Air Conditioner/ Refrigerator/ Robotic toy cars/ Television etc.
5. Explain how has AI changed the gaming world?
Ans. AI has changed the world of gaming by making the game more intelligent by
providing them the ability to learn using machine learning algorithms. Games these days
try to understand human patterns and give responses on the basis of it and also give new
difficulty levels.

4 Marks Questions

1.How intelligent robots are helping us in accomplishing dangerous jobs?

Ans. Robots let humans avoid some hurtful work:
(i) Lifting up heavy material at the construction site.
(ii) Stirring and mixing metals or liquids at a high temperature.
(iii) Collecting and packaging of radioactive waste.
(iv) Working in contaminated and dusty environments.

2.How AI helps in giving you personalized experience online?

Ans. AI based recommendations: AI uses advanced machine learning algorithms to analyze
browser history, page clicks, social interactions (likes, shares), past purchases, the duration
for which a page was viewed, location, etc. to gauge customer interests and preferences. AI
can help deliver product recommendations based on frequently bought items, or related
products. It can even help customize web pages and elements to suit a customer’s needs. For
instance, Netflix does intense behavior analysis based on behavior and demographic data to
determine the content that will resonate with their customers.
Chatbots and Automated Messaging: AI-powered chatbots and messaging agents can enhance
the customer experience across channels. They can answer simple queries, engage customers,
efficiently handle multiple interactions.
Automated Service Interactions: AI-driven programs can send automated messages to
customers regarding a pending service, a part replacement, or a regular order.
Curating Select Products: Amazon has come up with the concept of the Amazon 4-star
retail store. Products that have received a multitude of 4-star ratings will be offered in this
physical store. Amazon will use its product recommendation engine to identify trending
products and customers’ favorites and bring them to a brick and mortar setting.