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Unit 4-Image Restoration

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14 views107 pages

Unit 4-Image Restoration

Uploaded by

Harry Muller
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Digital Image Processing

Chapter 4: Image Restoration


A Model of the Image
Degradation/Restoration Process
⚪Degradation
● Degradation function H
● Additive noise
● Spatial domain

● Frequency domain
⚪Restoration
Noise Models
⚪Sources of noise
● Image acquisition, digitization,
transmission
⚪White noise
● The Fourier spectrum of noise is
constant
⚪Assuming
● Noise is independent of spatial
coordinates
● Noise is uncorrelated with respect to
the image itself
⚪Gaussian noise
● The PDF of a Gaussian random
variable, z,

● Mean:
● Standard deviation:
● Variance:
● 70% of its values will be in the range

● 95% of its values will be in the range


⚪Rayleigh noise
● The PDF of Rayleigh noise,

● Mean:

● Variance:
⚪Erlang (Gamma) noise
● The PDF of Erlang noise, ,
is a positive integer,

● Mean:

● Variance:
⚪Exponential noise
● The PDF of exponential noise, ,

● Mean:

● Variance:
⚪Uniform noise
● The PDF of uniform noise,

● Mean:

● Variance:
⚪Impulse (salt-and-pepper) noise
● The PDF of (bipolar) impulse noise,

● : gray-level will appear as a


light dot, while level will appear like
a dark dot
● Unipolar: either or is zero
● Usually, for an 8-bit image, =0
(black) and =0 (white)
⚪Modeling
● Gaussian
⚪Electronic circuit noise, sensor noise due
to poor illumination and/or high
temperature
● Rayleigh
⚪Range imaging
● Exponential and gamma
⚪Laser imaging
● Impulse
⚪Quick transients, such as faulty switching
● Uniform
⚪Least descriptive
⚪Basis for numerous random number
generators
⚪Periodic noise
● Arises typically from electrical or
electromechanical interference
● Reduced significantly via frequency
domain filtering
⚪Estimation of noise parameters
● Inspection of the Fourier spectrum
● Small patches of reasonably constant
gray level
⚪For example, 150*20 vertical strips
⚪Calculate , , , from
Restoration in the Presence of Noise
Only-Spatial Filtering

⚪Degradation
● Spatial domain

● Frequency domain
⚪Mean filters
● Arithmetic mean filter

● Geometric mean filter


● Harmonic mean filter
⚪Works well for salt noise, but fails fpr
pepper noise
● Contraharmonic mean filter
⚪ : eliminates pepper noise
⚪ : eliminates salt noise
⚪Usage
● Arithmetic and geometric mean filters:
suited for Gaussian or uniform noise
● Contraharmonic filters: suited for
impulse noise
⚪Order-statistics filters
● Median filter
⚪Effectivein the presence of both bipolar
and unipolar impulse noise
● Max and min filters
⚪max filters reduce pepper noise

⚪min filters salt noise


● Midpoint filter
⚪Works best for randomly distributed
noise, like Gaussian or uniform noise
● Alpha-trimmed mean filter
⚪Delete the d/2 lowest and the d/2 highest
gray-level values
⚪Useful in situations involving multiple
types of noise, such as a combination of
salt-and-pepper and Gaussian noise
⚪Adaptive, local noise reduction filter
● If is zero, return simply the value
of
● If , return a value close to

● If , return the arithmetic


mean value
● Algorithm:
● Level A: A1=
● A2=
● If A1>0 AND A2<0, Go to
● level B
● Else increase the window size
● If window size
● repeat level A
● Else output
● Level B: B1=
● B2=
● If B1>0 AND B2<0, output
● Else output
● Purposes of the algorithm
⚪Remove salt-and-pepper (impulse) noise
⚪Provide smoothing

⚪Reduce distortion, such as excessive


thinning or thickening of object
boundaries
Periodic Noise Reduction by Frequency
Domain Filtering

⚪Bandreject filters
● Ideal bandreject filter
● Butterworth bandreject filter of order n

● Gaussian bandreject filter


⚪Bandpass filters
⚪Notch filters
● Ideal notch reject filter
⚪Butterworth notch reject filter of
order n
⚪Gaussian notch reject filter
⚪Notch pass filter
⚪Optimum notch filtering
● Interference noise pattern

● Interference noise pattern in the spatial


domain

● Subtract from a weighted


portion of to obtain an
estimate of
● Minimize the local variance of
● The detailed steps are listed in Page
251
● Result
Linear, Position-Invariant Degradations

⚪Input-output relationship
⚪H is linear if

● Additivity
● Homogeneity

● Position (or space) invariant


● In terms of a continuous impulse
function
● Impulse response of H

● In optics, the impulse becomes a point


of light
● Point spread function (PSF)

● All physical optical systems blur


(spread) a point of light to some
degree
● Superposition (or Fredholm) integral of
the first kind
● If H is position invariant

● Convolution integral
⚪In the presence of additive noise

● If H is position invariant
● If H is position invariant

● Restoration approach
⚪Image deconvolution
⚪Deconvolution filter
Estimating the Degradation Function

⚪Estimation by image observation


● In order to reduce the effect of noise in
our observation, we would look for
areas of strong signal content
⚪Estimation by experimentation
● Obtain the impulse response of the
degradation by imaging an impulse
(small dot of light) using the same
system settings

● Observed image
● The strength of the impulse
⚪Estimation by modeling
● Hufnagel and Stanley
● Physical characteristic of atmospheric
turbulence
● Image motion
● Where
● If and
● If and
Inverse Filtering

⚪Direct inverse filtering


● Limiting the analysis to frequencies
near the origin
Minimum Mean Square Error (Wiener)
Filtering

⚪Minimize

⚪Terms
● = degradation function
●
● = complex conjugate of
●
● =
●
● = power spectrum
of the noise
● = power spectrum
of the undegraded image
⚪Wiener filter
● White noise
Constrained Least Squares Filtering

⚪Vector-matrix form

● , , :
● :
⚪Minimize

● Subject to
⚪The solution

● Where is the Fourier transform


of the function
⚪Computing by iteration

● Adjust so that
● Computation
● Algorithm
● 1: Specify an initial value of
● 2: Compute
● 3: Stop if is satisfied;
otherwise return to Step 2 after
increasing if or

● decreasing if .
Geometric Mean FIlter
Geometric Transformations

⚪Spatial transformations

● Tiepoints
● Bilinear equations
⚪Gray-level interpolation

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