CET 0612 BUILDING SERVICE AND MAINTENANCE

GROUP ASSINGMENT
OD17CE-2
GROUP MEMBERS
ELSON KASEVA-170110121853
EMMANUEL YESAYA-170110124139
JOSEPH CHOGGO-170110124477
EMMANUEL MBASSA-170110122570
HATIBU MSAKY-180110120433

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BUILDING SERVICES AND MAINTENANCE
I.BUILDING SERVICES
Building services are the systems installed in buildings to make them comfortable, functional,
efficient and safe.

The Building services include;

A. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC).

B. Lighting.
C. Lightning protection.
D. Refrigeration.
E. Security and alarm systems.
F. Water, drainage and plumbing.
G. Information and communications technology (ICT) networks.
H. Escalators and lifts.
I. Fire safety, detection and protection.

A. HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING (HVAC)

This is technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. This system provides
thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. It is the important part of residential structures
such as single-family homes, apartment buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium to
large industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals, vehicles such as cars,
trains, airplanes, ships.

1. HEATING
A heating system is the mechanism for maintaining temperatures at an
acceptable level by using thermal energy within a home, office.

Types of heating systems are

a. Central heating system
b. Direct heating system

Central heating system is the system that provides warmth to the whole interior
of a building from one point to multiple rooms.

Central heating system is composed of;

a. Furnaces,
b. Boilers and
c. Heat Pumps.

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The central heating system is mostly used in cold climate continents.

Furnace is used in American continent; it works by blowing heated air through

ducts that deliver the warm air to rooms throughout the house via air registers or grills.

Boilers are special purpose water heaters, which distribute the heat in hot water
giving up heat as it passes through radiators or other devices in rooms throughout the house.

Heat Pumps are just two way air conditioners, during the summer an air
conditioner works by moving heat from the relatively cool indoors to the relatively warm outside
and in winter the heat pump reverses scavenging heat from the cold outdoors with the help of an
electric system and discharging the heat inside the house.

Direct heating system is the system in which energy is changed into heat.

Direct heating system includes;

Gas-Fired Space Heaters, they include wall mounted, freestanding and floor
furnaces in which all characterized by their lack of ductwork and relatively small heat output.
They are useful for warming a single room.

Electric Space Heaters, these are resistive heaters, which include oil filled, and
quartz infrared heaters. They convert electric current from the wall socket directly into heat like a
toaster or clothes iron.

2. VENTILATION SYTEM
Ventilation system is the process of allowing fresh air to enter in a room and dirt
to leave out of the room. Ventilation system is needed because it supplies enough oxygen for the
living, it removes air contaminants such as Carbon dioxide, fumes from cookings, also it
removes unwanted gas and it cools the room.

There are two types of ventilation systems, which are;

i. Natural ventilation
This ventilation system comes naturally outside from the environment such
as blowing wind/fresh air

a) Wall openings such as windows, doors, louvers and arches.

b) Building orientation, making sure that building is oriented according to

the direction of wind.

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 c) Plantation such as trees and garden, which provide fresh air/oxygen
during the day while utilizing oxygen during the night. Trees should not
be kept inside the rooms to avoid suffocation.

d) Wall cladding is a type of decorative covering intended to make a wall

look like it is made of a different sort of material than it actually is. Wall
claddings materials are Timber boards and Repellent glass. Timber
board is a poor conductor of heat, thus it leaves the room cool while
repellant glass reflect sun radiations away from the wall in such a way it
maintain a temperature of a room.

ii. Artificial/Mechanical ventilation

This is the ventilation where by fans are used. The fans used are extract
fan, exhaust fan and circulation.
The principle function of an extract ventilation system is the removal of
unwanted contaminants, whether it is solid, gaseous or thermal. Air is extracted
from the space and replaced by the fresh air entering from outside; the space is
under negative pressure therefore air is naturally drawn into the building.

3. AIR CONDITIONING

Air conditioning is the process of removing heat and moisture from the
interior of an occupied space to improve the comfort of occupants. It may be
required in buildings, which have a high heat gain, and as a result a high
internal temperature. The heat gain may be from solar radiation or internal
gains such as people, lights and business machines. If the inside temperature of
a space rises to about 25(degree centigrade) then air conditioning will probably
be necessary to maintain comfort levels. The internal temperature around(25
degree centigrade) may change depending on some variables such as type of
building, location of building, duration of high internal temperature, expected
comfort condition, degree of air movement and percentage saturation. In some
building it may be possible to maintain a comfortable environment with
mechanical ventilation but the air change rate will tend to be high (above about
8 air changes per hour) which can cause air distribution problems.

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A VENTILATION SYSTEM

B.LIGHTING

Lighting is the process of providing light around a specific area. Lighting

can be natural or artificial. Natural lighting is the part of solar radiation that is
visible to human eye. Natural lighting can be exploited by enlarging windows,
adding a window on a flanking wall, changing a non-loadbearing wall into a
glass brick wall, installing a roof light tubes. Example of natural lighting is sun
during the day and during the night; we get light from moon and star. Artificial
lighting is any form of lighting that is not natural.it is produced by electrical
means. Artificial lights are available in a wide range of sizes,
power,colours.Examples of artificial lighting are bulbs, tube lights, lamps
which should be connected to the source of electric power that is well
organized.

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LIGHTING

C.LIGHTNING PROTECTION

Lightning protection system is the system, which is designed to protect a

structure from damage due to lightning strikes by intercepting such strikes and
safely passing their extremely high currents to ground. A lighting protection
system includes a network of air terminals, bonding conductors and ground
electrodes designed to provide a low impedance path to ground for potential
strikes. Lightning protection systems are used,
 To prevent or lessen lightning strike damage to structures.
 To mitigate the fire hazard which lightning strikes pose to structures.
 Provide a low impedance path for the lightning current to lessen the
heating effect of current flowing through flammable structural
materials.

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 PROTECTION SYSTEM

D.REFRIGERATION

Refrigeration is the process of cooling a space, substance or system to

lower its temperature below the ambient one. Heat is removed from a low temperature reservoir
and transferred to a high temperature reservoir. The purpose of refrigeration is to keep food cold,
cold temperatures help food stay fresh longer. Refrigeration is applied in hospitals for
preservation of dead bodies.

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 REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

E.SECURITY AND ALARM SYSTEM

A security alarm is system designed to detect intrusion, unauthorized entry into a

building. Security alarms systems are used in residential, commercial, industrial and military
properties for protection against theft or property damage as well as personal protection against
intruders.

Advantages of security alarm systems are,

 Constant protection
 Strong deterrent
 Uninterrupted functionality
 Can relocate
 Special alarm systems

Disadvantages of security alarm systems are,

 False alarm
 Expensive
 Can be stolen

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 SECURITY AND ALARM SYSTEM

F.WATER, DRAINAGE AND PLUMBING

Water supply system is the system used for the collection, transmission, treatment,
storage and distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry and
irrigation as well as for such public needs as firefighting and street flushing. People
depend on water for drinking, cooking, washing, carrying away wastes and other
domestic needs water supply systems must meet requirements for public, commercial and
industrial activities. Water must fulfill both quality and quantity requirements.

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 Drainage system is an arrangement to move liquids away from where they are not
required for disposal in appropriate locations. A drainage system can include anything
from gutters and drains in houses to remove rainwater, storm water systems to drain
rainwater from roads into roadside drains and drainage systems to remove sewages from
houses into municipal sewers for disposal.

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications.
Plumbing uses pipes, valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks and other apparatuses to convey
fluids. Plumbing is used for water supply in building. It supplies water to kitchen toilet
outlets via distribution system of pipes. Plumbing system in buildings consists of
underground tank, which is supplies water via municipal or water department supply
lines from there with the help of pumps and piping distribution system.

PLUMBING SYSTEM

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SEWAGE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

G. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) NETWORK

Information and communications technology is the technology that provide access to

information through telecommunications.Comminication systems in building help to detect fire
outbreaks, electric shocks, intrusion. Communication systems help in security such as use of
CCTV cameras, which record all events occurring in a building. ICT enable easy access of
information from one area to another.

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CCTV CAMERAS

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H. Escalators and lifts

Escalators are moving stairways that allow people to move between two successive
floors. Lifts are the type of vertical transportation device that moves people or freight between
floors, levels or decks of a building, vessel or other structure. Lifts and escalators are the spine of
any building and along with providing structural support; they ensure the building offers access
and transportation. Lifts and escalators are useful for the disabled people and to carry heavy
goods to upper flow.

ESCALATOR AND LIFT

I. FIRE SAFETY, DETECTION AND PROTECTION

Fire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire. Fire
safety measures include those that are intended to prevent ignition of an uncontrolled fire, and
those that are used to limit the development and effects of a fire after it starts. The importance of
fire safety are, prevention of hazards, identifying risks and, response in stronger emergency.

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 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

II.MAINTENANCE

Maintenance to the process used to hold, keep, sustain or preserve the building or structure
to an acceptable standard. Acceptable standard is defined as one, which sustains the Utility and
value of the facility.

TYPES OF MAINTENANCE
1. Planned Maintenance
This is the maintenance organized and carried out with forethought, control and the use of
records to a predetermined plan.

2. Unplanned Maintenance
This is the type of maintenance carried out to no predetermined plan.

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 3. Preventive Maintenance
The maintenance carried at predetermined intervals or corresponding to prescribed
criteria and intended to reduce the probability of failure or the performance degradation of an
item.

4. Corrective Maintenance
The maintenance carried out after a failure has occurred and intended to restore an
item to a state in which it can perform its required function.

5. Emergency Maintenance
The maintenance activity, which is required to put in hand immediately to avoid
serious consequences. This is sometimes referred to as day-to-day maintenance, resulting from
such incidents as gas leakages and gale damage.

6. Condition-based Maintenance
The preventive maintenance initiated because of knowledge of the condition of an
item from routine or continuous monitoring.

7. Scheduled Maintenance
The preventive maintenance carried out to a predetermined interval of time,
number of operations.

In general, maintenance is classified as:

1. Major repair or restoration.
2. Periodic maintenance.
3. Routine or day-to-day maintenance.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DECISION TO CARRY

OUT MAINTENANCE
The prime aim of maintenance is to preserve a building in its initial stage, as far as
practicable, so that it effectively serves its purpose.

Some of the main purposes of maintaining buildings are:

1. Retaining value of investment.
2. Maintaining the building in a condition in which it continues to fulfill its function, and
3. Presenting a good appearance.
The amount of necessary building maintenance work could be reduced by improved methods of
design, specification, construction, and feedback of maintenance data to designers.

MAINTENANCE NEEDS
 Proper maintenance is cheaper, quicker and easier than major repairs.
 Every building, through neglect and deterioration, faces certain death from progressive
decay.

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 Effective maintenance management involves many skills including:
 The technical knowledge and experience necessary to identify maintenance needs and to
specify the right remedies.
 An understanding of modern management techniques.
 Knowledge of property and contract law.
 An appreciation of the relevant sociological and economic aspect.

CRITERIA INFLUENCING THE DECISION TO CARRY OUT MAINTENANCE

ACTIVITIES
i. Costs.
ii. Age of property.
iii. Availability of Physical resources.
iv. Future use.
v. Social considerations.

Functions of maintenance
i. To ensure the safety of occupants, visitors and the general public.
ii. To maintain services, such as heating, lighting, escalators and fire alarm systems.
iii. To maintain decorative surfaces and carry out adequate cleaning.
iv. To prevent or diminish significantly deterioration of the fabric.

NATURE OF MAINTENANCE
Main Components:
 Servicing.
 Rectification.
 Replacement.
 Renovations.

 Servicing
This is a cleaning operation undertaken at regular intervals and is sometimes termed
day-to-day maintenance.
Example;
 Floor swept daily and polished weekly.
 Windows washed monthly.
 Painting for decoration and protection every 5 years.

 Rectification
Occurs early in the life of the building and arises from default in design, inherent
faults or unsuitability of components, damage of goods in transit or installation and incorrect
assembly.
Objective of rectification is to ensure that components and materials are suitable for their
purpose and are correctly installed.

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  Replacement
It is inevitable because service conditions cause materials to decay at different rates.
Most replacement work is carried out not so much from Physical breakdown of the materials or
element as from deterioration of appearance.
Thus, the length of acceptable life often involves a subjective judgment of aesthetics of
change.
Determining the durability or length of life of a material is a very difficult technological
problem but it can be obtained through.
i. Observing materials in the building.
ii. Simulated exposure or use.

Replacement can be reduced by the use of better quality of materials and components.

4. Renovations
It consists of work done to restore a structure, service and equipment by a major overhaul to the
original design and specification, or to improve on the original design.

BUILDING MAINTENANCE
This is the work undertaken to keep, restore, or improve every facility that is every part of a
building, its services to an agreed standard determined by the balance between used and
available resources.
Objectives of building maintenance
a) Its global objective is for making repairs, replacement where necessary and maintaining
the available resources or facilities.
b) It is objectively for maximizing building life for social organization advantages.
c) Objective for a commercial organization is to ensure building function.

Classification of maintenance
i. Cyclic or routine maintenance.
ii. Planned maintenance (preventive maintenance).
iii. Emergence maintenance.

BUILDING ACOUSTIC
This term can be defined as science of sound, which assures the optimum condition for
producing and listening to speech, actual music, or reproduced as recorded music on cinema.
The design considerations of acoustic in building are;
a) Types of room (building site).
b) Purpose of room (for which purpose is intended for).
c) Materials.

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 The common materials for acoustic in building are;
a) Gypsum board.
b) Concrete.
c) Plywood.
d) Dense blocks.

LIFT IN BUILDINGS
A lift is an appliance designed to transfer people or materials between two or more levels in a
vertical direction by means of a guide car.
Types of rifts
i. Bed lift.
ii. Damp waiter lift.
iii. Flight lift.
iv. Passengers lift.

Design consideration of lift.

i. Type of building.
ii. Capacity of lift.
iii. Quality in service.
iv. Model type in building or external lift.

ELECTRICAL SUPPLY AND INSTALLATION IN BUILDING

Electricity is the flow of current in a circuit .Determination of number of phases in the house;
In order to determine the number of phases in the house it is necessary to add all power used by
equipment’s in that house.
Types of installation.
i. Domestic installation.
ii. Industrial installation.
iii. Commercial installation.
iv. Temporary installation.

Types of wiring
i. Conduit wiring systems.
ii. Ducting wiring system.

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 iii. Tranking wiring systems.
iv. T.R sheathed (tough rubber) wiring systems.
v. PVC sheathed wiring system.

Factors to consider when selecting types of wiring systems.

i. Appearance of wiring.
ii. Cost of wiring.
iii. Durability.
iv. Installation condition.

DRAINAGE IN BUILDING MAINTENANCE

Drainage is the process of removing soil water, wastewater and rainwater in a building and
disposes them safely to avoid pollution of environment and health risk to the occupants.
Objectives of drainage in a building.
a) To remove wastewater.
b) To dispose away human waste products.

Major drainage systems used in building are,

a) Separate drainage systems.
b) Combined drainage systems.
c) Partially separated drainage systems.
d) SEPARATED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

This is the common method employed by local authorities whereby two sewers are used.

House

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One sewer receives water discharge and conveys direct to the suitable outfall such as river
where it discharges without treatment.
The second sewer receives all the soil or foul discharge from bath basins, sinks, showers, and
toilets. This is then conveyed to the sewage treatment installation.

COMBINED SYSTEM OF DRAINAGE

This is the system where by all the drain discharged are into a common combined sewers. It
is a simple and economical method since there is no duplication of drain. This method has an
advantage of easy maintaining all the drain that is flushed when it drains and its disadvantage is
that the discharge must pass through the sewerage treatment installation.

PARTIALLY SEPARATED SYSTEM

This is the drainage system whereby it comprises of the other two systems and is favored by
some local authorities because of its flexibility. These two sewers are used one to carry surface
water on and the other to act as a combined.

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