Database Management System

By
Mr. Parag R. Sali
Lecturer
Department of Computer Technology
SNJB’s Shri. Hiralal Hastimal ( Jain Brothers)
Polytechnic, Chandwad
Program Name: Computer Engineering Group
Program Code : CO/CM/CW
Semester : Third
Course Title : Database Management System
Course Code : 22319

Structured Query Language

INTRODUCTION TO SQL
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
 SQL is a standard language for storing, manipulating and
retrieving data in databases.
 SQL It is used to communicate with database
 SQL statements are used to perform different operations on
database like insertion, deletion, modification.
 SQL is categorized as declarative language not procedural
 SQL is used to perform C.R.U.D (Create, Retrieve, Update &
Delete) operations on relational databases.
 SQL can also perform administrative tasks on database such
as database security, backup, user management etc.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SQL

 SQL allow user to create, update, delete and retrieve data from
database.
 In SQL all keywords of SQL can be expressed in any combination
of upper and lower case character (case insensitive)
 SQL is easy to learn.
 SQL is used to access data from relational database management
systems.
 SQL can execute queries against the database.
 SQL is used to describe the data.
 SQL is used to define the data in the database and manipulate it
when needed.
 SQL is used to create and drop the database and table.
ADVANTAGES OF SQL

 High speed
 No coding needed

 Portability

 Interactive language

 Easy to learn and understand

 Multiple data views

 Complete language for database

 Used in internet
DATA TYPES IN SQL
 In SQL we store data in tabular from, so while creating
table we have to assign data type to the columns.
 Data type are used to decide which type of data the
column can hold/store
1. CHAR(Length):
• CHAR data type accept character or string type of data
• It is fixed length of data
• If value having lower size than the size of CHAR data type,
the remaining space is filled with blanks characters and its
get wasted.
• Example: CHAR(15)/character(15)
‘Polytechnic’
2. VARCHAR(length):
• VARCHAR data type accept character or string type of data
• It is variable length of data
• If value having lower size than the specified length, the
remaining space will be reutilized further it does not get
wasted.
• Example: VARCHAR(15)
‘Polytechnic’

3. Boolean:
• The Boolean data type can accepts value either TRUE or
FALSE
• No need to declare size for Boolean data type
• True or false are case insensitive
• Example : TRUE, True, true, FALSE, False
4. INTEGER or int : (4 byte)
• The INTEGER data type used to accepts numeric values with default
scale as zero
• If you assign a numeric value with a precision and scale to an
INTEGER data type, the scale portion truncates, without rounding.
• Example: Int
543, 0, 1234.36

5. SMALLINT : (2 byte)
• The INTEGER data type used to accepts numeric values
with default scale as zero
• If you assign a numeric value with a precision and scale to an
INTEGER data type, the scale portion truncates, without
rounding.
• Example: smallint
543, 0, 1234.36
6. DECIMAL (p, s):
• The DECIMAL data type used to accepts floating point values.
• Precision means total no of digits, both before and after the decimal
point. The range of precision is 1-38.
• Scale is the no. of digits after decimal point. Scale can only be specified
if precision is specified, scale must be less than or equal to precision.
• Example: DECIMAL (10,3)
Decimal (15,5)
1233.8765432
543, 0, 1234.3631(Final digit is truncated)

7. Float :
• The FLOAT data type used to accepts approximate numeric values,
for which you may define a precision up to a maximum of 64.
• Example: Float (8)
543, 0, 1234.36345
8. TIME :
• The TIME data type used to time values.
• No size required when declaring a TIME data type
• The format is : HH:MM:SS
• The values should be enclosed in single quotes, preceded by keyword
TIME
• Example: TIME ‘3:10:20’

9.DATE :
• The DATE data type used to accepts date type of values.
• No need to define size for DATE data type
• The values should be enclosed in single quotes, preceded by keyword
DATE
• Values can be specified in the form:
YYYY:MM:DD.
• Example: DATE ‘2020-08-24’
COMPONENTS OF SQL
DDL, DML, DCL, TCL,DQL
 Database languages are categorized as follows

DDL

Components of SQL
DML

DCL

TCL

DQL
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)
 Data definition language is used to define data and their
relationship to other type of data
 It is used to create tables, dictionaries and files in database
 Statements/ commands comes under DDL language are :
 Create: used to create database instance
 Alter : used to alter the structure of database
 Drop: used to drop database instances
 Rename : used to rename database instances
 Truncate : used to truncate the database instances
 Desc : used to display the structure of object
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)
 Data manipulation language is used for accessing and
manipulating data in a data base.
 DML language allow user to insert, update and delete
data from data base
 Statements/ commands comes under DML language are
:
 Insert : it is used to insert record into table
 Update : it is used update record in table
 Delete : it is used to delete record from table