CITATION AND

REFERENCING
APA 7TH EDITION
CITATION AND REFERENCING
● What is academic honesty?
● What is plagiarism?
● What is the difference between
plagiarism and cheating?
● What is the difference between
collusion and collaboration?
● How can we ensure academic
honesty?
● What is the use of citation and
referencing
 Read the following statements and decide if it is
academically honest behaviour.
● I offer to write an essay for my friend’s assignment.
● I cheat off my friend’s work without his/ her knowledge.
● I’m using an old essay I found online and submitted it as my own work after
paraphrasing the language.
● I have made claims in my paper based on my hunches even though I have not
found any evidence to support my claims.
● Some of the data points in my research could not be obtained/ were not saved, so I
have made up some data based on my current observations.
● I have asked someone else to write my essay for me.
● I have used some data from a piece of work that I had done before to submit in my
current assignment.
● My friend and I have agreed to work on each of our individual assignments together.
FORMATS FOR
CITATION AND
REFERENCING
HOW TO CITE AND REFERENCE IN APA
 CITATION

A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your
work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information
necessary to find that source again, including:

● the title of the work

● the name and location of the company that published your copy of the
source
● the date your copy was published
● the page numbers of the material
 WHEN TO CITE

Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source. The
following situations almost always require citation:

● whenever you use quotes

● whenever you paraphrase
● whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed
● whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
● whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing your own ideas.
 HOW TO CITE IN APA FORMAT
● APA Style uses the author–date citation system, in which a brief in-text citation
directs readers to a full reference list entry.
● Each work cited must appear in the reference list, and each work in the reference list
must be cited in the text (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix).
● Both paraphrases and quotations require citations.
● In-text citations: The in-text citations will consist mainly of the authors' surnames
and the year (and page numbers if appropriate). If there is no discernable author, the
title and date are used.
● List of references: More comprehensive details for each source are put in the list of
references at the end of the assignment. This allows the reader to trace and verify
your sources.
EXAMPLES OF APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
EXAMPLES OF APA IN-TEXT CITATIONS
 REFERENCING

Referencing is a standardized method of formatting the information

sources you have used in your assignments or written work. Any
given referencing style serves two purposes:

● acknowledges the source

● allows the reader to trace the source.

● Examples: MLA, APA, Chicago

 HOW TO REFERENCE IN APA
A reference list entry generally has four elements: the author, date, title, and
source.

Each element answers a question:

● author: Who is responsible for this work?

● date: When was this work published?
● title: What is this work called?
● source: Where can I retrieve this work?
 HOW TO REFERENCE IN APA
• Double-space the reference list, both within and between references. Do not add extra lines
between references.
• Order references alphabetically, usually by the first letter of the first author’s last name.
• Include the authors’ first and middle initials (if they have them). Do not write out first or middle
names.
• Write author names in inverted format so that the last name comes first, followed by a comma
and the initials. Place a period and a space after each initial.
• Apply a hanging indent for all references using the paragraph-formatting function of your word
processing program: The first line is flush left, and all subsequent lines are indented 0.5 in.
• To determine the format to use for a reference list entry, first determine the reference group
(e.g., textual works, online media) and reference category (e.g., periodical, social media), and
then choose the appropriate reference type within the category (e.g., journal article, Facebook
post) and follow that example.
 EXAMPLES OF APA Online Newspaper Article (Section 10.1)

FORMAT REFERENCES Roberts, S. (2020, April 9). Early string ties us to

Neanderthals. The New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/science/neanderthals
-fiber-string-math.html
Journal Article (Section 10.1) Print Newspaper Article (Section 10.1)
Lachner, A., Backfisch, I., Hoogerheide, V., van Gog, T., & Reynolds, G. (2019, April 9). Different strokes for athletic
Renkl, A. (2020). Timing matters! Explaining between study hearts. The New York Times, D4.
phases enhances students’ learning. Journal of
Educational Psychology, 112, 841–853. Blog Post (Section 10.1)
https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000396
Rutledge, P. (2019, March 11). The upside of social media.
Online Magazine Article (Section 10.1) The Media Psychology Blog.
https://www.pamelarutledge.com/2019/03/11/the-upside-of-
Gander, K. (2020, April 29). COVID-19 vaccine being social-media/
developed in Australia raises antibodies to neutralize virus
in pre-clinical tests. Newsweek. Conference Session (Section 10.5)
https://www.newsweek.com/australia-covid-19-vaccine-neu
tralize-virus-1500849 Davidson, R. J. (2019, August 8–11). Well-being is a skill
Print Magazine Article (Section 10.1) [Conference session]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL,
United States.
Nicholl, K. (2020, May). A royal spark. Vanity Fair, 62(5), https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/a5ea5d51/files/uploaded/A
56–65, 100. PA2019_Program_190708.pdf
 Report by a Group Author (Section 10.4)
EXAMPLES
World Health Organization. (2014). Comprehensive
Authored Book (Section 10.2) implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child
nutrition.
Kaufman, K. A., Glass, C. R., & Pineau, T. R. (2018). Mindful https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/113048/WHO
sport performance enhancement: Mental training for athletes _NMH_NHD_14.1_eng.pdf?ua=1
and coaches. American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000048-000 Report by Individual Authors (Section 10.4)

Edited Book Chapter (Section 10.3) Winthrop, R., Ziegler, L., Handa, R., & Fakoya, F. (2019). How
playful learning can help leapfrog progress in education.
Zeleke, W. A., Hughes, T. L., & Drozda, N. (2020). Home–school Center for Universal Education at Brookings.
collaboration to promote mind–body health. In C. Maykel & M. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/how_
A. Bray (Eds.), Promoting mind–body health in schools: playful_learning_can_help_leapfrog_progress_in_education.p
Interventions for mental health professionals (pp. 11–26). df
American Psychological Association.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000157-002 Press Release (Section 10.4)

Online Dictionary Entry (Section 10.3) American Psychological Association. (2020, March 2). APA
reaffirms psychologists’ role in combating climate change
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Internet addiction. In [Press release].
APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2020/03/combating-
https://dictionary.apa.org/internet-addiction climate-change
 Film or Video (Section 10.12)

EXAMPLES Docter, P., & Del Carmen, R. (Directors). (2015). Inside out
[Film]. Walt Disney Pictures; Pixar Animation Studios.
Dissertation From a Database (Section 10.6)
TV Series Episode (Section 10.12)
Horvath-Plyman, M. (2018). Social media and the college
Dippold, K. (Writer), & Trim, M. (Director). (2011, April 14). Fancy
student journey: An examination of how social media use
party (Season 3, Episode 9) [TV series episode]. In G.
impacts social capital and affects college choice, access, and
Daniels, H. Klein, D. Miner, & M. Schur (Executive
transition (Publication No. 10937367). [Doctoral dissertation,
Producers), Parks and recreation. Deedle-Dee Productions;
New York University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses
Fremulon; 3 Arts Entertainment; Universal Media Studios.
Global.
Webinar (Section 10.12)
Preprint Article (Section 10.8)
Kamin, H. S., Lee, C. L., & McAdoo, T. L. (2020). Creating
Latimier, A., Peyre, H., & Ramus, F. (2020). A meta-analytic
references using seventh edition APA Style [Webinar].
review of the benefit of spacing out retrieval practice episodes
American Psychological Association.
on retention. PsyArXiv. https://psyarxiv.com/kzy7u/
https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/tutorials-webinars
Data Set (Section 10.9)
YouTube Video (Section 10.12)
O’Donohue, W. (2017). Content analysis of undergraduate
Above The Noise. (2017, October 18). Can procrastination be a
psychology textbooks (ICPSR 21600; Version V1) [Data set].
good thing? [Video]. YouTube.
Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FQMwmBNNOnQ
https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR36966.v1
 PowerPoint From a Classroom Website (Section 10.14)
EXAMPLES
Song or Track (Section 10.13) Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and
formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides].
Nirvana. (1991). Smells like teen spirit [Song]. On Nevermind. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login
DGC.
Tweet (Section 10.15)
Radio Broadcast (Section 10.13)
Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2020, April 7). It’s World Health Day,
Hersher, R. (2020, March 19). Spring starts today all over and we owe a profound debt of gratitude to all our medical
America, which is weird [Radio broadcast]. NPR. professionals. They’re still giving [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://www.npr.org/2020/03/19/817237429/spring-starts-to https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/1247555328365023238
day-all-over america-which-is-weird
Open Educational Resource (Section 10.16)
Podcast Episode (Section 10.13)
Fagan, J. (2019, March 25). Nursing clinical brain. OER Commons.
Santos, L. (Host). (n.d.) Psychopaths and superheroes (No. 1) Retrieved January 7, 2020, from
[Audio podcast episode]. In The happiness lab with Dr. https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/53029-nursing-clinical-br
Laurie Santos. Pushkin Industries. ain/view
https://www.happinesslab.fm/season-2-episodes/episode-1
Webpage (Section 10.16)
Infographic (Section 10.14)
Chandler, N. (2020, April 9). What’s the difference between
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Data sharing Sasquatch and Bigfoot? Howstuffworks.
[Infographic]. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/ https://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/strange-crea
data-sharing-infographic.pdf tures/sasquatch-bigfoot-difference.htm
 Resources
Guide and Websites:

● American Psychological
Association
● Purdue Online Writing lab