10.1Sine, cosine and tangent for any angle 1\0.1 Sine, cosine and tangent for any angle go far, You have used sine, cosine and tangent only in sght-angled twiangles, For angles greater than 90°, there is @ close connection between trigonometric ratios, gpd circles. tably the atury; circle in the diagram is called a ‘unit circle’. Its ted by entre is at (0, 0) and it has a radius of 1 unit. Imagine ilegant at a point P, with coordinates (x, y), moves around the. ing five of sircumference of the circle. The angle that OP makes matics ith the positive x-axis as it turns in an anticlockwise s formula dixection is 0. r jn triangle OAP, cos @ = io and sin @ = i oublesome ne x-coordinate of P is cos the ne y-coorddinate of P is sin 0 ne nis idea is used to define the cosine and the sine of any angle, 6-08, 0860 74 {including angles greater than 90°. ‘The diagram on the right shows an angle that is greater than ‘00°, along with its cosine and sine values, cos 120° and sin 120°. was the elds y= sin x for x from 0° to 360°, The sine curve above the \the seaxis has reflective symmetry about x = 90° and rotational ved symmetry about the origin. yeno y= cos x for x from 0° to 360°. The cosine curve has tof i rotational symmetry about «= 90° and reflective symmetry scam 4 a about the y-axis. lem cinds of 80 Go 80 120150 18210 240270 ab0b0: ‘30.60 98) 120180 180210 240 Fro 300 330 80 *SE aes Note the following: | because of the general rule | sin x= sin (180°—x)_ cos 150° = cos 210° because of the general rule | cos x = cos (360° — x) sin (30°) = —sin 30° | because of the general rule | sin (-2) = ~sin x cos (-30%) = cos 30° | because of the general rule ‘The graph of y = tan xis different from those for sine and cosine. Looking back at the original diagram of the unit circle, you can see that tan @ = ~ and when @ = 90° or y 8 = 270° the y-coordinate is zero. This means that when you try to calculate tan 6 for 6 = 90° or @ = 270°, you would be dividing by zero. Hence, tan 0 is undefined when 8 = 90° or @ = 270°. This, is shown on the graph as vertical dotted lines through 90° and 270°, ‘These lines are called asymptotes, Although the graph of tan 0 initially looks more complicated than the graphs of sin 0 cos 6, in some ways it is the simplest one to work with. Once you have found a solution tg the equation tan @ = x for some value of x, you can find as many other solutions as you vt i iples of 180° from 0. You can write that fact as a formula by saying that tan (e+ 180) = tan = ‘An example of this would he tan 240° = tan (60° + 180°) = tan 60° = v3. Example 1 If sin 35° = 0.574, find another angle whose sine is 0.574. Note that the graph of y = sin x is symmetrical along the line x = 90°. ‘Therefore, by symmetry, sin 35° = sin (180 ~ 35)° = sin 145°. An answer is therefore 145°,10.1Sine, cosine and tangent for any angle example 2 phs of sin @ and ind a solution to lutions as you doh 10150180" golve the equation cos x = 0.8. Give your answers in the interval 0° < x < 360°. cos" (0.8) = 36.9° y Lo. Note that the graph of y oa symmetrical along the line bel ‘Also note that cos 2° = cos (360 - x)° o4 ‘Therefore oa 08 36.9° = cos (360 ~ 36.9)° = cos 323.1°. ° -02 ‘The answers, therefore, are 36.9° and 823.1°. 7) os 08 -10. Example 3 Solve the equation 1 + 4 tan x = 0, Give your answers in the interval 0° L, ‘The diagram shows three straight horizontal roads in a town, connecting points A, Band C. AB = 60 km, angle ABC = 130° and angle ACB a) Calculate the length of the road BC. b) The bearing of B from C is 306°, Work out the bearing of i) A from C 2] ii) C from A m > > in a triangle 1 8x, 4x and 6x, of the is shown below. etrie function it Dio fondo 250980 ‘20 yin 30 3303from Fresno (F) to Las Vegas (L) on a bearing of 100° 4. Aplane flies 1s on to San Diego (S). Angle FLS = 75°. The plane then flie: Noth |. 100" North a) Calculate the bearing of San Diego from Las Vegas. a) b) The distance from San Diego to Las Vegas is 426 kilometr ‘The distance from Fresno to San Diego is 507 kilometres. Calculate the bearing of San Diego from Fresno, td) Pp 12em a6eom Kp In triangle PQR, angle QPR is acute, PQ = 12. em and PR = 16 om. ‘The area of triangle PQR is 93 cm*. a) Calculate angle QPR and show that it rounds to 75.6°, correct to 1 decimal place You must show all your working. a b) Calculate the length of the side QR, i) You used the formula for the area of a triangle in | Chapter 6 on page 155. ThSC ce ay 1.3 km g 2) ‘The quadrilateral ABCD shows the boundary of a park. A straight 1.2 kilometre road goes due east from A to C. a) The bearing of D from A is 040° and AD = 0.5 km. 4) i) Write down the size of the angle DAC. fen) ii) Calculate the length of CD. [4] b) Angle CAB and BC= 1.3 km i) Write down the bearing of B from A. (1) ii) Calculate the acute angle ABC. [3] iii) Calculate the length of AB, [3] Calculate the area of the park, correct to the nearest square kilometre, (4) decimal place. 3] il cry