Attention: Please read the following information carefully for the model exam.

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aim for full marks are encouraged to seek additional references as well.
For Media Research Techniques(22U4VCS503)

1. What is a hypothesis in research?

a) A statement of fact

b) A tentative statement whose validity is still to be tested

c) All of the above

d) Methodology

2. Which of the following is **not** a characteristic of research?

a) Basic Research

b) Holistic Perspective

c) Context Sensitivity

d) Ex-Post Facto Research

3. What is the most important advantage of the sampling method in data collection?

a) Increase Accuracy

b) Decrease Accuracy

c) Save Time

d) Robustness

4. Who developed the Likert scale?

a) Rensis Likert

b) Albert Likert

c) Ronaldo Likert

d) Johnson Likert

5. What is the second step in the research process?

a) Topic selection

b) Review of literature
 c) Methodology

d) Discussion

6. Which of the following research types focuses on developing generalizations based on data?

a) Basic Research

b) Applied Research

c) Quantitative Research

d) Ex-Post Facto Research

7. Which research type is concerned with solving practical problems?

a) Pure Research

b) Basic Research

c) Applied Research

d) Experimental Research

8. Which characteristic is essential in defining good research?

a) Subjectivity

b) Objectivity

c) Emotional Response

d) Unreliability

9. What is the main goal of the literature review in research?

a) To find errors in previous studies

b) To identify gaps in existing research

c) To prove hypotheses

d) To summarize data

10. What does the term "Ex-Post Facto" refer to in research?

a) An experiment conducted before the fact

b) Research conducted after an event has occurred

c) Theoretical research
 d) Predictive modeling

11. Which of the following is **not** a part of the research methodology?

a) Sampling

b) Data analysis

c) Review of literature

d) Hypothesis formulation

12. What does "Context Sensitivity" in research refer to?

a) Ignoring external variables

b) Awareness of the environment in which the research occurs

c) Ensuring that only internal factors are considered

d) Using controlled settings for all experiments

13. What is one key feature of **basic research**?

a) Solving specific problems

b) Generating new knowledge or theory

c) Immediate application

d) None of the above

14. Which of the following is true about research?

a) It is always qualitative

b) It is always quantitative

c) It may be both qualitative and quantitative

d) It is purely theoretical

15. What is the final step in the research process?

a) Data collection

b) Hypothesis testing

c) Conclusion and report writing

d) Methodology
Answer

What is a hypothesis in research?

Answer: b) A tentative statement whose validity is still to be tested

Which of the following is not a characteristic of research?

Answer: d) Ex-Post Facto Research

What is the most important advantage of the sampling method in data collection?
Answer: c) Save Time

Who developed the Likert scale?

Answer: a) Rensis Likert

What is the second step in the research process?

Answer: b) Review of literature

Which of the following research types focuses on developing generalizations based on data?
Answer: c) Quantitative Research

Which research type is concerned with solving practical problems?

Answer: c) Applied Research

Which characteristic is essential in defining good research?

Answer: b) Objectivity What is the main goal of the literature review in research?
Answer: b) To identify gaps in existing research

What does the term "Ex-Post Facto" refer to in research?

Answer: b) Research conducted after an event has occurred Which of the following is not a part of
the research methodology?
Answer: c) Review of literature What does "Context Sensitivity" in research refer to?
Answer: b) Awareness of the environment in which the research occurs

What is one key feature of basic research?

Answer: b) Generating new knowledge or theory

Which of the following is true about research?

Answer: c) It may be both qualitative and quantitative

What is the final step in the research process?

Answer: c) Conclusion and report writing

1. Rationalism is the application of __________.

Answer: Logic and reasoning

2. ________ is the first step in the research process.

Answer: Problem identification or Topic selection

3. _______ analysis is used to analyze a set of data points collected over a specified period.
Answer: Time-series analysis
4. Non-probability sampling method is used in __________?
Answer: Qualitative research or when random sampling is not feasible

5. A research is based on __________?

Answer: Systematic investigation and methodology

6. Empirical research is based on __________.

Answer: Observation and experimentation

7. In __________ sampling, every individual has an equal chance of being selected.

Answer: Probability sampling

8. Which research method is primarily concerned with describing characteristics of a

population?
Answer: Descriptive research

9. _________ involves the detailed study of a single individual or group over time.
Answer: Case study

10. Which type of research is aimed at solving practical problems?

Answer: Applied research

11. What type of research focuses on gathering data from existing sources?
Answer: Secondary research

12. What does a hypothesis represent in a research study?

Answer: A tentative statement to be tested

13. _________ is used to determine the relationship between two variables.

Answer: Correlation analysis

14. In which sampling method are participants selected based on the researcher's judgment?
Answer: Purposive sampling (a type of non-probability sampling)

15. What is the purpose of a literature review in research?

Answer: To identify gaps and provide context for the current research

1. Define latent and manifest content (with example):

Manifest content refers to the obvious, literal meaning of communication, which can be
directly observed. For instance, in a newspaper article, the manifest content is the actual
text, such as the facts and figures presented. Latent content, however, involves the hidden or
underlying meanings, which require interpretation to be understood. For example, if a news
article discusses unemployment, the manifest content would be the unemployment
statistics. The latent content might be the social implications of unemployment, such as how
it impacts the mental health of individuals or the stability of families. In research, analyzing
both manifest and latent content allows a more comprehensive understanding of
communication.

2. Examine the importance of review of literature in research (with example):

A literature review is crucial for providing context and grounding a research study. For
example, in a study on the impact of social media on mental health, the literature review
would summarize past research on the topic, such as studies that have explored how social
 media use correlates with anxiety, depression, or self-esteem. It would also identify gaps,
such as a lack of research on the effects of social media on specific demographics, like
teenagers. By reviewing existing work, researchers can refine their research question, choose
appropriate methodologies, and contribute new insights to the field. Additionally, a well-
done literature review helps ensure the study builds on, rather than repeats, existing
knowledge.

3. Critically examine the merits and demerits of social media (with example):
Social media has several merits, such as its ability to facilitate communication and
networking across the globe. For example, platforms like LinkedIn allow professionals to
connect with peers, seek job opportunities, and share industry knowledge. Social media also
serves as a tool for activism; movements like #MeToo and Black Lives Matter gained
significant momentum due to their viral spread across platforms like Twitter and Facebook.
However, social media also has demerits. One major issue is the spread of misinformation.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, false information about the virus, vaccines, and treatments
spread rapidly, leading to confusion and public health risks. Another downside is the negative
impact on mental health, as platforms can foster unrealistic comparisons, cyberbullying, and
addiction to constant scrolling.

4. Comment on the various techniques and tools of research methods (with example):
Research methods include a variety of tools that allow researchers to gather and analyze
data. For example, qualitative methods like in-depth interviews are used to explore personal
experiences. A researcher studying the effects of remote work on employee satisfaction
might conduct interviews with employees to understand their perspectives on work-life
balance. Quantitative methods, on the other hand, use numerical data. A survey that
collects responses from 1,000 people on their social media habits would be a quantitative
method. Tools like questionnaires can be used in both types of research. For example, in a
study on consumer behavior, a researcher might use a questionnaire to gather data on how
frequently people purchase certain products and their reasons for doing so. Mixed-methods
research would involve using both qualitative and quantitative approaches to gain a holistic
understanding.

5. Differentiate Probability and Non-Probability Sampling and its types (with example):
Probability sampling ensures that every individual in a population has a known and equal
chance of being selected. For example, in simple random sampling, if a researcher wants to
study college students' opinions on online learning, they might randomly select 200 students
from a university's total student population. This method helps ensure the sample
represents the entire population, making the findings more generalizable. Stratified
sampling could be used if the researcher wants to ensure representation from different
subgroups (e.g., freshmen, sophomores, juniors, seniors).

Importance of Media Research in the Contemporary Scenario

Media research is vital in today’s digital landscape, where the proliferation of information shapes
public perceptions and societal norms. With the rise of social media and the 24-hour news cycle,
understanding how media influences behavior, opinion, and culture has become increasingly
important. Media research helps to uncover patterns in media consumption, analyze the impact of
misinformation, and evaluate the effectiveness of various media strategies. It informs policymakers,
educators, and media professionals about the dynamics of communication, ensuring that media
serves the public interest. By critically examining media's role in issues like polarization, social justice,
and public health, researchers provide insights that can guide responsible media practices and
promote informed citizenship.

Collecting Secondary Data in Media Research

In media research, secondary data collection involves gathering and analyzing existing data that has
already been collected by others. This process can include reviewing academic journals, government
reports, media archives, and industry studies. Researchers can access databases like JSTOR, Google
Scholar, and media-specific repositories to find relevant studies. By analyzing this data, researchers
can gain insights into trends, audience behavior, and media effects without the time and expense of
primary data collection. This approach allows for a broader context for new research questions and
can help identify gaps in existing literature, leading to more focused and relevant primary research.

Importance of Ethics in Conducting Research

Ethics in research is paramount as it ensures the integrity and credibility of the study. Ethical
research practices include obtaining informed consent, ensuring confidentiality, and minimizing
potential harm to participants. These considerations foster trust between researchers and subjects,
allowing for honest and open participation. Ethical guidelines also promote accountability and
transparency, helping to safeguard the rights and welfare of individuals involved in research. By
adhering to ethical standards, researchers not only protect their participants but also enhance the
validity of their findings, contributing to a body of knowledge that is both reliable and respectful of
human dignity.

Types of Sampling and Its Advantages

Sampling methods are crucial in research design, affecting the reliability and validity of findings.
Probability sampling, where each individual has a known chance of selection, includes techniques
like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling. These methods provide
representative samples, enhancing generalizability to the larger population. For instance, simple
random sampling ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included,
which reduces bias.

Non-probability sampling, on the other hand, includes methods like purposive sampling,
convenience sampling, and snowball sampling. While these methods may not guarantee
representativeness, they are useful for exploratory research and when targeting specific groups. For
example, purposive sampling allows researchers to focus on individuals with particular characteristics
relevant to the study. Understanding the advantages of different sampling techniques helps
researchers choose the most appropriate method for their research objectives, balancing
representativeness with practicality.