DETERMINANTS

Determinants
a11 a12
A determinant of order two is written as and is equal to a11a22 – a12a21
a21 a22

a11 a12 a13

A determinant of order three is written as  = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

where R 1 = ( a11, a12, a13), R2 = (a21, a22, a23), R3 = (a31, a32, a33) are its rows, and

 a11   a12   a13 

 
C1 =  a 21  , C2 =  a 22  , C3 =  a 23  are its columns.
 a31   a32   a33 

a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22

 = a11  a12  a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32

= a11(a22a33 – a23a32) – a12(a21a33 – a23a31) + a13(a21a32 – a22a31).

Minor and Cofactors

The determinant obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column is denoted by M ij and is called
the minor of element a ij . The co-factor of the element aij is denoted by Cij and is given by
(–1)i+ j Mij . If we apply the appropriate sign to the minor of an element, we get its cofactor ; these

  
signs (for 3rd order determinant) are as   
  

Properties of Determinants

Determinants have some properties that are useful as they permit to generate equal determinants with
different and simpler configurations of entries (elements).

 Reflection Property : The determinant remains unaltered if its rows are changed into columns and
the columns into rows.

0 0 0 0 1  2
 a1 b1 c1  0 1  2 = 0. Here all elements in a row or column are zero.
a2 b2 c2 0 1 2
 a 0 0
b b3
b1 b2 b3  a 2 . If all elements except one element of a row are reduced to zero then we
c2 c3
c1 c2 c3

get determinant of an order less by one. Similar result is valid for a column.
 If the elements of a row (column) are proportional or identical to the elements of some other row
(column), then the determinant is zero.

a1 a2 a3
Example: ka1 ka2 ka3  0
b1 b2 b3
 The interchange of any two adjacent rows (columns) of the determinant changes its sign.

 If all the elements of a row (column) of a determinant are multiplied by a non-zero constant, then
the determinant gets multiplied by the same constant.

 Property of Invariance

a1 b1 c1 a1  b1  c1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = a2  b2  c2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3  b3  c3 b3 c3

i.e. a determinant remains unaltered under an operation of the form

C i  C i   C j   C k where j, k  i or an operation of the form
Ri  Ri   R j   R k j, k  i.

Sum of Determinants
If each element in a row (or column) of a determinant is written as the sum of two or more terms,
then the determinant can be written as the sum of two or more determinants

a1  b1 c1 d1 a1 c1 d1 b1 c1 d1
Example: a 2  b2 c2 d 2  a2 c2 d 2  b2 c2 d2
a3  b3 c3 d3 a3 c3 d3 b3 c3 d3

Product of two determinants

Two determinants of the same order can be multiplied to get a determinant of the same order.

a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1
If 1 = a2 b2 c2 and 2 = x2 y2 z2
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3

a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1
Then 1 2 = a2 b2 c2 x2 y2 z2
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3
 a1 x1  b1 x 2  c1 x 3 a1 y1  b1 y 2  c1 y 3 a1 z1  b1 z 2  c1 z 3
a 2 x1  b2 x 2  c 2 x 3 a 2 y1  b2 y 2  c 2 y 3 a 2 z1  b2 z 2  c 2 z 3
a3 x1  b3 x 2  c 3 x 3 a 3 y1  b3 y 2  c 3 y 3 a 3 z1  b3 z 2  c3 z 3

Derivative of a Determinant
A determinant can be differentiated as follows :

u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x )
If (x) = p ( x ) q ( x ) r ( x ) , then
 ( x )  ( x ) ( x )

u  ( x ) v  ( x ) w ( x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x ) u ( x ) v ( x ) w( x )
(x) = p( x) q( x)   
r ( x)  p ( x) q ( x) r ( x)  p( x ) q ( x) r ( x )
( x ) ( x) ( x )  ( x ) ( x )  ( x )   ( x )  ( x )  ( x )

Differentiation can also be done columnwise.

Solution of a System of Linear Equation.

 Non – Homogeneous System

Consider a system of simultaneous linear equations in three variables x, y, z ;

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1

a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ...(1)

a3x + b3y + c3z = d3

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
Let  = a2 b2 c2 , x = d 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3

a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
y = a 2 d2 c 2 , z = a2 b2 d2
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

where x, y, z are obtained by replacing first, second and third columns of  respectively,

 d1 
by column  d 2  ,
 
 d 3 

We discuss four cases :

 If   0 the system has a unique solution, which is given by Cramer’s Rule :

x y 
x= , y , z z
  
  If  0 and x = y = z = 0 , then the system has a trivial solution ; (x = y = z = 0)

 If  = 0 and at least one of the determinants x, y, z is non-zero, then the system is
inconsistent i.e. it has no solution.

 If  = 0 and x = y = z = 0, then the system may have infinite number of solutions

(non-trivial).

 Homogeneous – System

If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0, then the system of equations (1) is known as homogenous system of

equations.

a 1x + b 1y + c1z = 0

a 2x + b 2y + c2z = 0 ...(2)

a 3x + b 3y + c3z = 0

For this system of equations, x = y = z = 0; therefore, the system has two types of solutions :

 Trivial Solution : If   0, then the only solution is x = y = z = 0.

 Non-Trivial Solution : The system (2) has a non-trivial solution (i.e. at least one of x, y, z
is different from zero) only if  = 0.


 SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex.1: Prove that

a 2 1 ab ac
2
ab b 1 bc
2
= 1 + a2 + b2 + c2.
ac bc c 1

Sol.: Multiply columns 1st, 2nd and 3rd by a, b, c respectively and divide the whole determinant by
product of a, b and c:

a3  a ab 2 ac 2
1
 = a 2b b3  b bc 2
abc
a2c b 2c c3  c

a 2 1 b2 c2
abc
= a2 b2 1 c2
abc
a2 b2 c2 1
[by taking a, b, c common from first, second and third rows respectively]

a2  b2  c2 1 b2 c2
= a2  b2  c2 1 b2 1 c2 ; [C1  C1 + C2 + C3]
2 2 2 2 2
a  b  c 1 b c 1

1 b2 c2
= (a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) 1 b 2  1 c2
1 b2 c2 1

1 b2 c2
= (a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) 0 1 0 ; (R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 – R1)
0 0 1

= (a2 + b2 + c2 + 1)[1(1 – 0)]

= 1 + a2 + b2 + c2

a  b  2c a b
Ex.2: Show that c b  c  2a b = 2 (a + b + c)3
c a c  a  2b

2( a  b  c ) a b
Sol.:  = 2( a  b  c ) b  c  2 a b by C1  C1 + C2 + C3
2( a  b  c ) a c  a  2b
 1 a b
= 2(a + b + c) 1 b  c  2a b
1 a c  a  2b

1 a b
= 2(a + b + c) 0 b  c  a 0 [by R2  R2 – R1 and R3  R3 – R1]
0 0 c  a b
= 2(a + b + c)[1{(b + c + a)2 – 0}]
= 2(a + b + c)(a + b + c)2
= 2(a + b + c)3

a b a  b
Ex.3: If = b c b  c  0 and a, b, c are distinct, show that either  is a root of
a  b b  c 0

ax2 + 2bx + c = 0, or a, b, c are in G.P.

Sol.: Applying R3  R3 – R1 – R2, we get

a b a  b
 = b c b  c
2
0 0  (a  b  b  c)

= –(a2 + 2b + c) (ac – b2) ; [by expanding along R3]

Now =0  either (a2 + 2b + c) = 0 or b2 – ac = 0
i.e. either  is root of ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 or a, b, c are in G.P.

Ex.4: Solve the following system of equations by Cramer’s Rule

2x – y + 3z = 9
x+y+z =6
x – y + z = 2.

2 1 3
Sol.: Here  = 1 1 1 = 2(1 + 1) + 1(1 – 1) + 3 (–1 – 1) = –2,
1 1 1

9 1 3
x = 6 1 1 = 9( 1 + 1) + 1(6 – 2) + 3(–6 –2) = –2
2 1 1

2 9 3
y = 1 6 1 = 2(6 – 2) – 9(1 – 1) + 3(2 – 6) = – 4
1 2 1
 2 1 9
z = 1 1 6 = 2(2 + 6) + 1(2 – 6) + 9(–1 –1) = –6
1 1 2

By Cramer’s Rule
x y z
x =  = 1, y =  = 2, z =  = 3

Ex.5: For what value of k the following system of equations possess non-trivial solution; also find all
the solutions of the system for that value of k.
x + y – kz = 0
3x – y – 2z = 0
x – y + 2z = 0.

Sol.: For non-trivial solution,  = 0

1 1 k
 3 1  2 = 0
1 1 2

 1(–2 –2) –1(6 + 2) –k(–3 + 1) = 0

– 4 – 8 + 2k = 0  k=6
Putting the value of k in the system of linear equation, we get
x + y – 6z = 0 ...(i)
3x – y – 2z = 0 ...(ii)
x – y + 2z = 0 ...(iii)
x
Adding (i) and (ii)  4x – 8z = 0  z =
2
Putting the value of z in (iii), we get
x–y+x=0  y = 2x

t
Thus when k = 6, solution of given system of linear equations will be x = t, y = 2t, z = where
2
t is an arbitrary number. Thus number of solutions of the system is infinite.

1 bc bc ( b  c )
Ex. 6: Prove that the value of 1 ca ca ( a  c ) is independent of a, b, c.
1 ab ab( a  b )

Sol.: Multiply R1, R2, R3 by a, b, c respectively and hence divide it by abc,

a abc abc (b  c )
1
  = b abc abc(c  a )
abc
c abc abc (a  b)
 a 1 bc
( abc)(abc)
= b 1 ca
abc
c 1 a b

a 1 bc abc 1 bc

= abc b 1 c  a = abc a  b  c 1 c  a (by using C1  C1 + C3)
c 1 ab abc 1 ab

1 1 bc
= abc(a  b  c ) 1 1 c  a
1 1 ab

= 0.
Hence value of the determinant is independent of a, b, c.

n! ( n  1)! ( n  2)!
  
Ex.7: For a fixed positive integer n, if   ( n  1)! ( n  2)! ( n  3) ! then show that  3
 4
 ( n !) 
(n  2)! ( n  3)! ( n  4)!
is divisible by n.

1 n 1 ( n  2 )( n  1)
3
Sol.:  = ( n !) n 1 ( n  2 )( n  1) ( n  3 )( n  2 )( n  1)
( n  2 )( n  1) ( n  3)( n  2 )( n  1) ( n  4 )( n  3)( n  2 )( n  1)

Taking (n + 1) and (n + 1)(n + 2) common from C2 and C3 respectively, we get

1 1 1
3 2
 = (n !) ( n  2)(n  1) n 1 n2 n3
(n  2)( n  1) ( n  3)( n  2) (n  4)( n  3)

Apply C3  C3 – C1 and C2  C2 – C1; then,

1 0 0
3 2
 = ( n !) ( n  1) ( n  2 ) n 1 1 2
( n  2 )( n  1) 2 ( n  2) 4 n  10

= (n !)3(n + 1)2(n + 2)[4n + 10 – 4(n + 2)]

= (n !)3(n + 1)2(n + 2).2
 = (n !)3(n2 + 2n + 1)(2n + 4)
= (n !)3(2n3 + 8n2 + 10n + 4)
  
  3
 4 = 2n3 + 8n2 + 10n
 ( n !) 
2n(n2 + 4n + 5), which is divisible by n.
 x x x x x 1 x2
Cr C r 1 Cr  2 Cr C r 1 Cr  2
Ex.8: Show that y y y y y 1 y2
Cr C r 1 Cr  2  Cr C r 1 Cr  2
z z z z z 1 z 2
Cr C r 1 Cr  2 Cr C r 1 Cr  2

Sol.: As xC x x+1C
r + Cr+1 = r+1
and x+1C x+1 Cr+2 = x+2Cr+2
r+1 +

x x 1 x 1
Cr Cr 1 Cr  2
y y 1 y 1
L.H.S. = Cr Cr 1 Cr  2 (Apply C3  C3 + C2 and then C2  C2 + C1)
z z 1 z 1
Cr C r 1 Cr  2

On applying C3  C3 + C2 we get

x x 1 x2
Cr C r 1 Cr  2
y y 1 y 2
L.H.S. = Cr C r 1 Cr  2 = R.H.S.
z z 1 z2
Cr C r 1 Cr  2

bc  a 2 ca  b 2 ab  c 2 a2 c2 2ac  b 2
Ex.9: Show that ca  b 2 ab  c 2 bc  a 2  2ab  c 2 b2 a2
ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ca  b 2 b2 2bc  a 2 c2

a b c
Sol.: Let  = b c a
c a b

Replacing each element of  by its cofactor, we get determinant of cofactors of  as

bc  a 2 ca  b 2 ab  c 2
1 = ca  b 2 ab  c 2 bc  a 2 ...(i)
ab  c 2 bc  a 2
ca  b 2

2
a b c a b c a c b
2 = b c a = b c a b a c
c a b c a b c b a

a b c a b c
= b c a c  a b
c a b b c a

a2 c2 2ac  b 2
= 2ab  c 2 b2 a2 ...(ii)
b2 2bc  a 2
c 2

From (i) and (ii), we get the required result.

Ex.10: For all values of A, B, C and P, Q, R, show that

cos( A  P) cos( A  Q) cos( A  R )

 = cos( B  P) cos( B  Q) cos( B  R ) = 0
cos(C  P) cos(C  Q ) cos(C  R)

Sol.: The given determinant can be written as product of two determinants as follows :

cos Acos P  sin Asin P cos A cos Q  sin Asin Q cos A cos R  sin Asin R
cos B cos P  sin B sin P cos B cos Q  sin B sin Q cos B cos R  sin B sin R
 =
cos C cos P  sin C sin P cos C cos Q  sin C sin Q cos C cos R  sin C sin R

cos A sin A 0 cos P cos Q cos R

= cos B sin B 0 sin P sin Q sin R
cos C sin C 0 0 0 0

= (0) (0) = 0.

(1  x) a1b1 (1  x ) a1b2 (1  x) a1b3

Ex.11: If f (x) = (1  x ) a 2b1 (1  x) a2b2 (1  x) a2b3 (where ai’s and bj’s  N), find the coefficient
a3b1
(1  x) (1  x) a3b2 (1  x) a3b3

of x in the expansion of f (x).

Sol.: Let f (x) = c0 + c1x + c2x2 + .... ; then,

f (x)= c1 + 2c2x +3c3x2 + ....

a1b1 (1  x ) a1b1 1 a1b2 (1  x) a1b2 1 a1b3 (1  x) a1b3 1

Also f (x)= (1  x) a2b1 (1  x) a2b2 (1  x ) a2b3
(1  x) a3b1 (1  x) a3b2 (1  x ) a3b3

(1  x ) a1b1 (1  x) a1b2 (1  x) a1b3

a b 1
+ a2 b1 (1  x) 2 1 a2 b2 (1  x ) a2b2 1 a2 b3 (1  x ) a2b3 1
(1  x ) a3b1 (1  x ) a3b2 (1  x) a3b3

(1  x ) a1b1 (1  x) a1b2 (1  x ) a1b3

+ (1  x) a2b1 (1  x) a2b2 (1  x) a2b3
a3b1 (1  x) a3b1 1 a3b2 (1  x) a3b2 1 a3b3 (1  x) a3b3 1

a1b1 a1b2 a1b3 1 1 1 1 1 1

 c1 = f (0) = 1 1 1  a2 b1 a2 b2 a2b3  1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 a3b1 a3b2 a3b3

=0+0+0
=0
  bc b 2  bc c 2  bc
Ex.12: Prove that  = a 2  ac  ac c 2  ac  (bc  ca  ab) 3 .
a 2  ab b 2  ab  ab

Sol.: Multiply R1, R2, R3 by a, b, c respectively and divide the determinant by abc; then,

 abc ab2  abc ac 2  abc

1
 = a 2 b  abc  abc bc 2  abc
abc
a 2 c  abc b 2 c  abc  abc

Applying R1  R1 + R2 + R3, we get

a[ab  ac  bc ] b[ab  bc  ac] c[ac  bc  ab]

1
 = a 2 b  abc  abc bc 2  abc
abc
a 2 c  abc b 2 c  abc  abc

1 1 1
(ab  bc  ca )
 = abc ab  bc  ac bc  ab
abc
ac  bc bc  ac  ab
Applying C2  C2 – C1 and C3  C3 – C1

1 0 0
 = ( ab  bc  ca) ab  bc  ( ac  bc  ab) 0
ac  bc 0  (ab  ac  bc )

= (ab + bc + ca) (ab + bc + ac)2

= (ab + bc + ca)3.

Ex.13: If (ar, br), r = 1, 2, 3, be the vertices of a triangle, prove that

a 2  a3 b2  b3 a1 ( a2  a3 )  b1 (b2  b3 )
 = a3  a1 b3  b1 a2 (a3  a1 )  b2 (b3  b1 )  0 ...(i)
a1  a2 b1  b2 a3 ( a1  a2 )  b3 (b1  b2 )

and hence show that the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent .

A(a1, b1)
Sol.: Applying R1  R1 + R2 + R3

0 0 0
F E
 = a3  a1 b3  b1 a2 ( a3  a1 )  b2 (b3  b1 )
a1  a2 b1  b2 a3 ( a1  a2 )  b3 (b1  b2 )

=0 B(a2, b2) D C(a3, b3)

 a 2  a3
 Eq. of altitude AD is : y  b1   ( x  a1 )
b2  b3

or x(a2 – a3) + y(b2 – b3) = a1 (a2 – a3 ) + b1(b2 – b3) ...(ii)

Similarly eqs of altitudes BE and CF are

x(a3 – a1) + y(b3 – b1) = a2 (a3 – a1 ) + b2(b3 – b1) ...(iii)
x(a1 – a2) + y(b1 – b2) = a3 (a1 – a2 ) + b3(b1 – b2) ...(iv)
Altitudes (ii), (iii), (iv) are concurrent, since the determinant given by L.H.S of (i) is zero.

Ex.14: Find values of c for which the equations

2x + 3y = 3
(c + 2)x + (c + 4)y = c + 6
(c + 2)2x + (c + 4)2y = (c + 6)2
are consistent and hence solve the equation.

Sol.: The equation will be consistent, if

2 3 3
c2 c4 c6 =0
2 2 2
(c  2) ( c  4) ( c  6)

Applying C3  C3 – C2, we get

2 3 0
c2 c4 2 =0
(c  2) 2 ( c  4) 2 4( c  5)

Solving, we get c2 + 10 c = 0

or c = 0, –10 ...(i)

If c = 0, the system of equations becomes

2 x  3 y  3
  x = –3, y = 3 ...(ii)
2 x  4 y  6

x + 4y = 9

If c = –10, the system of equations becomes

2 x  3 y  3
  x = –1/2, y = 4/3 ...(iii)
– 8 x – 6 y  – 4

16x + 9y = 4

Hence solutions are given by (ii) and (iii).

Ex.15: Let  and  be real. Find the set of all values of  and  for which the system of linear
equations
x + (sin)y + (cos )z = 0
x + (cos)y + (sin)z = 0
–x + (sin )y – (cos )z = 0
has a non – trivial solution. If  = 1, find all values of .

Sol.: For non – trivial solution, condition is = 0.

 sin  cos 
 = 1 cos  sin  0
 1 sin   cos 

or [–cos2 – sin2] – sin [–cos  + sin ] + cos [sin  + cos ] = 0

    
or  = sin2  + cos2 
 
  R ; |  |  2
 
If  = 1, then 1 = sin2 + cos2

  1 
or cos 2     cos
 4 2 4

 
 2   2 n  :nI
4 4
 
  = n   :nI
8 8

 BASIC LEVEL ASSIGNMENT

Evaluate :

6 3 2
1. 2 1 2
 10 5 2

x y yz zx
2. z x y
1 1 1

x yz 2x 2x
3. 2y yzx 2y
2z 2z zx y

x4 2x 2x
4. 2x x4 2x
2x 2x x4

a b bc c a
5. b c c  a a b
c  a ab bc

Prove the following results :

xa b c
6. a x b c = x2(x + a + b + c)
a b xc

abc c b
7. c a b c a = 2(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
b a abc

8. Solve the system of equations :

3x – 4y + 5z = –6
x + y – 2z = –1
2x + 3y + z = 5
9. Show that the following equations have infinite number of solutions and find them :
2x – 3y – z = 0
x + 3y – 2z = 0
x – 3y = 0.

2  3  1 3
10. If  1 1  2   4 = k5 + p4 + q3 + r2 + s + t be an identity in , where p, q, r, s,
2 4 3

k and t are constants, find the value of t.

11. Find the value of k such that following system of equations possess a non-trivial solution (i.e. not
all zero solution). Also find the nontrivial solutions.
x + ky + 3z = 0
3x + ky – 2z = 0
2x + 3y – 4z = 0

12. If x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, z = bx + ay where x, y, z are not all zero, prove that
a2 + b2 + c2 + 2abc = 1.

a b c
13. Let a, b, c be positive and not all equal. Show that the value of the determinant b c a is
c a b

negative.

x 1 x2
d
14. If  = x  2 2 x  3 x find the value of .
2 3 4
dx
x x 1 2x 1

15. Let the three digit numbers A28, 3B9 and 62C where A, B and C are integers between 0 and 9, be
A 3 6
divisible by a fixed integer k. Show that the determinant 8 9 C is also divisible by k.
2 B 2


 ADVANCED LEVEL ASSIGNMENT
67 19 21
1. Find the value of 39 13 14
81 24 26

bc ca a b a b c
2. Show that qr r p pq 2 p q r
yz zx x y x y z

1 x a a2
3. Show that a a2  x a3  x 2 (1  a 2  a 4 )  x 3
a2 a3 a4  x

4. Without expanding the determinant at any stage, show that

x2  x x 1 x2
2
2 x  3x  1 3x 3 x  3  xA  B
2
x  2x  3 2 x 1 2 x 1

where A , B are determinants of the third order not containing x.

x x x
C1 C2 C3
y y y
5. Evaluate  = C1 C2 C3
z z z
C1 C2 C3

6. If ,  be the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 and s n = n +  n : n  1 evaluate

3 1  s1 1  s2
1  s1 1  s2 1  s3
1  s 2 1  s3 1  s 4

7. If lines px + by = c, ax + qy = c and ax + by = r (a  p, b  q, c  r) are concurrent then find

the value of p q r .
 
p –a q –b r –c
8. If xr  0 ; r = 1, 2, 3 then prove that

x1  a1b1 a1b2 a1b3

 ab ab ab 
a2b1 x2  a2 b2 a2 b3 = x1x2x3 1  1 1  2 2  3 3 
 x1 x2 x3 
a3b1 a3b2 x3  a3b3

sec x cos x sec 2 x  cot x cos ec x

2 2
cos ec 2 x
/ 2  8 
9. Let f (x) = cos x cos x . Prove that 0 f ( x ) dx  –   
1 cos 2 x cos 2 x  4 15 

1 1 1
a a(a  d ) (a  d ) (a  2d )
1 1 1 1
10. Let a > 0, d > 0. Find the value of ad ( a  d ) ( a  2d ) (a  2d ) (a  3d )
1 1 1
a  2d (a  2d ) (a  3d ) ( a  3d ) (a  4 d )

2    
11. Prove that        2(  ) (  )               0
                2 

12. If (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2 = a2 , (x2 – x3)2 + (y2 – y3 )2 = b2 , (x1 – x3 )2 + (y1 – y3)2 = c2 then
prove that
2
x1 y1 1
4 x2 y2 1 = (a + b + c) (a + b – c) (a – b + c) (–a + b + c).
x3 y3 1

cosec x 1 0
13. Prove that 1 2 cosec x 1  1 for all x  (0, ).
0 1 2 cosec x

sin x sin ( x  h) sin ( x  2h)

  
14. Let  = sin ( x  2h) sin x sin( x  h) . Evaluate lim  2  .
h0
h 
sin ( x  h) sin ( x  2h) sin x

15. If the following system of linear equations in x, y

ax + hy + g = 0
hx + by + f = 0
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c = t, admits of a solution, then prove that
a h g
a h
t= h b f  .
hb
g f c
16. Prove that for all values of 

sin  cos  sin 2

 2   2   4 
sin     cos     sin  2    = 0.
 3   3   3 
 2   2   4 
sin   –  cos   –  sin  2 – 
 3   3   3 

17. Let n and r be two positive integers and that n  r + 2. Suppose

n n n
Cr Cr  1 Cr  2
(n, r) = n 1
Cr
n 1
Cr  1
n 1
Cr  2
n2 n2 n2
Cr Cr  1 Cr  2

n2
C3
Show that (n, r) = r2
 (n – 1, r – 1) .
C3
Hence or otherwise, prove that

( n  2 C 3 ) ( n  1 C3 ) .... ( n – r  3 C3 )
(n, r) = .
( r  2 C3 ) ( r  1 C 3 ) ..... ( 3 C3 )

18. Let a, b, c be real numbers with a2 + b2 + c2 = 1. Show that the equation

ax  by  c bx  ay cx  a
bx  ay  ax  by  c cy  b  0 represents a straight line.
cx  a cy  b  ax  by  c

19. Suppose f (x) is a function satisfying the following conditions

(a) f (0) = 2, f (1) = 1,
(b) f ha a minimum value at x= 5/2

2ax 2ax  1 2ax  b  1

b b 1 1
(c) for all x, f (x) =
2(ax  b) 2ax  2ab  1 2ax  b
where a, b are some constants. Determine the constants a, b, and the function f (x)

xn sin x cos x
 n   n 
n ! sin   cos  dn
20. If f (x) =  2   2  then find the value of [f (x)] at x = 0.
2 3 dx n
a a a


 OBJECTIVE ASSIGNMENT

Choose the correct option(s) in the following :

a d l l m n
1. If A = b e m and B = a b c then
c f n d e f

(a) 2A + B = 0 (b) A – B = 0 (c) A + B = 0 (d) A – 2B = 0

a b 2c f 2d e
2. Given A = d e 2f and B = 2n 4l 2m then
l m 2n c 2a b

(a) 2A + B = 0 (b) 2A – B = 0 (c) A + 2B = 0 (d) A – 2B = 0

x 1 x2 x4
3. The value of determinant x3 x5 x 8 is
x7 x  10 x  14

(a) –2 (b) x2 + 2 (c) 2 (d) none of these

x 3 7
4. If 7 and 2 are roots of the equation 2 x 2 = 0, then the third root is
7 6 x

(a) –9 (b) 14 (c) ½ (d) none of these

1 1 1
5. If f (x, y) = 1 1  x 1 , then f (x, y) is
1 1 1 y

(a) not divisible by x (b) not divisible by y

(c) divisible by both x and y (d) divisible by neither x nor y

6. If the equations x = ay + z, y = az + x, z = ax + y are consistent having non-trivial solution then

(a) a3 = 1 (b) a3 + 1 = 0 (c) a = 2 (d) none of these

7. Given the system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k, x + y + kz = k2, for what value(s)
of k does this system have no solution

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) –2

8. The system of equations x – 2y + z = 0, kx – y + 2z = 0, 2x – y + z = 0 has a non trivial solution if k and

x y
 ,  are equal to
z z

 1 1  1  1
(a) 5,   1 , 1  (b) 6,   ,  (c) 5,  ,  (d) none of these
 3 3  6 6 3 5 

9. The system of equation ax + y = 2, x + y = 2a possesses infinitely many solutions when a is

(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 8 (d) none of these

10. The system of equations ax + 4y + z = 0, bx + 3y + z = 0, cx + 2y + z = 0 have non trivial solutions

if a, b, c are in

(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) none of these

1 x x 1
11. If f (x) = 2x x ( x  1) ( x  1) x then f (100) is equal to
3x ( x  1) x ( x  1)( x  2) ( x  1) x ( x  1)

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 100 (d) none of these.

6i  3i 1
12. If 4 3i  1  x  iy , then
20 3 i

(a) x = 3, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 3 (c) x = 0, y = 3 (d) none of these.

13. If fr(x), gr(x), hr(x), r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials in x such that fr(a) = gr(a) = hr(a)  r = 1, 2, 3

f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x) f 3 ( x)
and F ( x)  g1 ( x) g 2 ( x) g 3 ( x) then F (a) =
h1 ( x) h2 ( x) h3 ( x)

(a) 0 (b) g( a ) (c) f ( a) g (a) (d) none of these.

 x3 sin x cos x
d3
14. Let f (x) = 6 1 0 where p is a constant, then [ f ( x)] at x = 0, is
dx 3
p p2 p3

(a) p (b) p + p2 (c) p + p3 (d) independent of p

15. If ,  and  are the roots of the equation x3 + px + q = 0, then the value of the determinant
  
   is equal to
  

(a) p (b) q (c) p2 – 2q (d) none of these

cos x 1 0 
2
16. If f (x) = 1 2 cos x 1 then  f ( x )dx is equal to
0
0 1 2 cos x

(a) 1/4 (b) –1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) none of these.

2 cos x 1 0
17. If 1 2 cos x 1 , then f ( 3 ) is equal to
0 1 2 cos x

(a)  3 (b) –4 (c) –3 (d) none of these.

18. In a third order determinant, a i j denotes the element in the ith row and the jth column. If
 0 , i j

a ij =  1 , i  j then the value of the determinant is
 1 , i j


(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these .

19. If  is a non real cube root of unity, then a root of the equation

x 1  2
 x  2 1  0 , is
2
 1 x

(a) x = 0 (b) x =  (c) x = 2 (d) none of these

 x 1 x  2 x  
20. x2 x 3 x   0 (where  , ,  are in A.P), is
x 3 x  4 x

(a) an equation whose all roots are real (b) an identity in x.

(c) an equation with only one real root. (d) none of these.

cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 4 x

2
21. If the determinant sin x cos 2 x cos 2 x is expanded in powers of sin x then the constant term
2
cos 4 x cos x cos 2 x
in the expansion is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) –1 (d) None of these

x b b
x b
22. If 1 = a x b and 2 = are the given determinants, then
a x
a a x

(a) 1 = 3(2)2 (b) (d/dx)1 = 32 (c) (d/dx)1 = 3 (2)2 (d) 1 = 323/2

23. Given : ai2 + bi2 + ci2 = 1 (i = 1, 2, 3) and a i a j + bi bj + ci cj = 0 (i  j ; i, j = 1, 2, 3); then the

a1 a2 a3
value of b1 b2 b3 , is
c1 c2 c3

(a) 0 (b) 1/2 (c) ±1 (d) 2

2r x n( n  1)
n
2
24. If r = 6r – 1 y n 2 ( 2n  3) , then the value of  r is independent of
3 r 1
4r – 2nr z n 3 ( n  1)

(a) x only (b) y only (c) x and z only (d) x, y, z, n

1 log x y log x z
log y x 1 log y z
25. If x > 0 and  1, y > 0 and  1, z > 0 and  1 then the value of is
log z x log z y 1

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these


 MISCELLANEOUS ASSIGNMENT
Comprehension-1

Consider the system of linear equation in three variable x, y, z

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
in matrix from we can write it as

 a1 b1 c1   x   d1 
a b2 c2   y   d 2 
 2
 a3 b3 c3   z  d 3 

i.e. AX = B
(i) If A is non singular matrix (i.e. |A| ¹ 0), then X = A–1 B gives unique solution for system.
(ii) If A is singular matrix (i.e. |A| = 0) then system will have no unique solution, if (adj. A) B = 0
(iii) If (adj A) B ¹ 0 but matrix is singular, the system has no solution i.e. it is inconsistent.

1. If the system of equation x – ky – z = 0, kx – y – z = 0 and x + y – z = 0 has a non zero solution then

the possible values of k are
(a) –1, 2 (b) 1, 2 (c) 0, 1 (d) –1, 1

2. The system of linear equations

x + y + z = 2; 2x + y – z = 3; 3x + 2y + kz = 4
has a unique solution if
(a) k  0 (b) – 1 < k < 1 (c) – 2 < k < 2 (d) k = 0

3. The system of equations

x + 2y + 3z = 4; 2x + 3y + 4z = 5; 3x + 4y + 5z = 6 has
(a) many solution (b) no solution (c) unique solution (d) none of these

4. If the system of equation

x + 2 y – 3z = 1; (p + 2) z = 3; (2p + 1) y + z = 2 is in consistent, then the value of p is
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
Comprehension-2

A set of vector {(a1, a2, a3), (b1, b2, b3), (c1, c2, c3)} is said to be linearly independent if and only if

a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3  0
c1 c2 c3

otherwise the set is said to be linearly dependent. A similar result holds for {(a1, a2), (b1, b2)}.

5. If (a1, a2, a3), (b1, b2, b3) and (c1, c2, c3) are linearly independent and
x (a1, a2, a3) + y(b1, b2, b3) + z (c1, c2, c3) = 0, then
(a) x = y = z (b) x = y = z =0 (c) x + y + z = 0 (d) x+ y + z  0

6. If (1, a, a2), (1, b, b2) and (1, c, c2) are linearly independent, then
(a) a + b + c  0 (b) (b – a) (c – b)  0
(c) (b – c) (c – a) (a – b)  0 (d) none of these

7. If a, b, c are distinct and (a, a2, a3 + 1), (b, b2, b3 + 1), (c, c2, c3 + 1) are linearly dependent, then value
of abc is

(a) – 1 (b) – 2 (c) 2 (d) 1

Each of the questions given below consists of two statements, an assertion (A) and reason (R).
Select the number corresponding to the appropriate alternative as follows
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) If A is true but R is false
(d) If A is false but R is true

8. A: The value of | A | = 6, whose characterstic equation is 3 + 22 – 5 – 6 = 0.

R: The determinant of A is equal to the constant term in characteristic equation.

9. A: The system of equations

(b + c) x + (c + a) y + (a + b) z = 0;
(c + a) x + (a + b) y + (b + c) z = 0;
(a + b) x + (b + c) y + (c + a) z = 0
R: The system of equations ax + by + c = 0; bx + cy + a = 0; cx + ay + b = 0 have non trivial
solution.
 a b 
10. If A =  1  bc  (a  0) then A–1 = µI – kA, where I is the identity matrix of order 2, then match
 c a 

the following
(A) det (A) (i) a+2
(B)  (ii) 1
(C) µ (iii) a2 + bc + 1
(D) k + 2 (iv) a
(a) (A)-(ii); (B)-(i); (C)-(iv); (D)-(iii) (b) (A)-(iii); (B)-(iv); (C)-(i); (D)-(ii)
(c) (A)-(ii); (B)-(iv); (C)-(iii); (D)-(i) (d) (A)-(iii); (B)-(ii); (C)-(i); (D)-(iv)


 ANSWERS
Basic Level Assignment
1. 0 2. 0 3. (x + y + z)3 4. (5x + 4)(4 – x)2
5. 0 8. x = –1, y = 2, z = 1 9. x = 3k, y = k, z = 3k 10. 10

33 2 2t
11. k= , x = t, y = t, z = , where t is an arbitrary non-zero number..
2 15 5

1 0 2x x 1 x2 x 1 x2
14. x  2 2x  3 x  1 2 1  x  2 2x  3 x
2 3 4 2 3 4 2
x x 1 2x 1 x x  1 2x 1 2x 3x 8x3

Advanced Level Assignment

xyz ( b 2 – 4 ac )
1. –43 5. (x – y)(y – z)(z – x) 6. (a  b  c) 2
12 a4

4d 4
7. 2 10.
a ( a  d ) 2 ( a  2 d ) 3 ( a  3d ) 2 ( a  4 d )

1 5 x2 5
14. 9 sin x cos2 x 19. a  , b =  , f (x) =  x2
4 4 4 4
20. 0 and independent of a.

Objective Assignment
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)

6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. ( b) 10 (a)

11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d)

16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)

21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (a)

Miscellaneous Assignment
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)

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