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OCTOBER

1. Political blogs with conspicuous ideological alignments became an integral

component of US media in the early 2000s. While some commentators lauded
this development, asserting that such blogs had a welcome transparency missing
from traditional news, less_____ observers countered that such blogs tended to
ideological extremes that exacerbated political polarization to problematic levels.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A. Recalcitrant
B. Earnest
C. Sanguine
D. Misanthropic

2. Early Earth is thought to have been characterized by a stagnant lid tectonic regime, in
which the upper lithosphere (the outer rocky layer) was essentially immobile and there
was no interaction between the lithosphere and the underlying mantle. Researchers
investigated the timing of the transition from a stagnant lid regime to a tectonic plate
regime, in which the lithosphere is fractured into dynamic plates that in turn allow
lithosphere and mantle material to mix. Examining chemical data from lithosphere and
mantle-derived rocks ranging from 285 million to 3.8 billion years old, the researchers
dated the transition to 3.2 billion years ago.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ conclusion?

A. M antle-derived rocks older than 3.2 billion years show significantly more
compositional diversity than lithospheric rocks older than 3.2 billion years do.
B. There is a positive correlation between the age of lithospheric rocks and their
chemical similarity to mantle-derived rocks, and that correlation increases
significantly in strength at around 3.2 billion years old.
C. Among rocks known to be older than 3.2 billion years, significantly more are
mantle-derived than lithospheric, but the opposite is true for the rocks younger
than 3,.2 billion years.
D. Mantle-derived rocks younger than 3.2 billion years contain some material that is
not found in older mantle-derived rocks but is found in older and
contemporaneous lithospheric rocks.

3. Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge is an 1838 historical account by Elleanor Eldridge and

Frances Harriet Whipple Green. In the book, the authors describe how restorative sleep
can be for young people, w ritin g ,_______

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Which quotation from Memoirs of Elleanor Eldridge most effectively illustrates

the claim?

A. “Then let me no one turn with too much [fussiness] from the simple story of the
humble Elleanor, it may contain few, or none, of the thrilling charms of poetry and
passion.”

B. “Home is home, to the lowly as well as the great; and no rank, or color, destroys
its sacred character, its power over the mind, and the affections.”

C. “Blessed are the slumbers of the innocent! They are kindlier than balm, and they
refresh and gladden the spirit of childhood, like ministering from a better world.”

D. “And now, deer reader, a word with you. What is done cannot be undone. We
cannot unravel this web of iniquity and extract justice from this mass of cruel
wrongs.”

4. The following text is from George Marion McClellan’s 1895 poem “Eternity”
My spirit swoons, and all my sense cry
For Ocean’s breast and covering of the sky
Rock me to sleep, ye waves, and outward bound.
Just let me drift far out from toil and care
Where lapping of the waves shall be the sound.
Which mingled with the winds that gently bear
Me on between a peaceful sea and sky
To make my soothing slumberous lullaby
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To justify the speaker’s qualms about being transported by the ocean to a quiet
destination.
B. To contrast the demands of the speaker’s everyday life with the serenity of being
rocked to sleep by the ocean.
C. To illustrate the increasing intensity of the speaker’s desire to escape ongoing
hardship by gliding on the ocean.
D. To convey the speaker’s longing for the ocean to impart a sense of inner
tranquility

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5. Vertical gene transfer involves the transmission of genetic material from a parent to
offspring horizontal gene transfer, on the other hand, involves the exchange of genetic
material between organisms not in a parent-offspring relationship. While horizontal gene
transfer is common among prokarvotes-single-celled organisms, such as the bacteria
Brevundimonas diminuta and Massilia timonae-\\. has rarely been observed among
eukaryotes (multicellular organisms). However, new studies suggest that horizontal
gene transfer is more common in eukaryotes than originally thought.
Which choice best states the function of the underlined sentence in the text as a
whole?

A. It contrasts the frequency with which a biological phenomenon has been

detected in two categories of organisms.
B. It argues that two biological phenomena are more similar than they may initially
appear to be.
C. It explains why a common perception of a biological process is flawed.
D. It indicates a distinction between the mechanics of two kinds of biological
processes.

6. Text 1
In parts of New Zealand, the stoat is a major predator of the house mouse. Researcher
G.L. Blackwell and colleagues found that when this predation pressure on house mice
was temporarily reduced, their numbers significantly increased. This finding illustrates a
foundational ecological principle: predators control prey population numbers.

Text 2
William D. Gulsby and colleagues found that excluding coyotes from a site in the state
of Georgia where they typically prey on white-tailed deer had no significant effect on
white-tailed deer abundance. Many other predation relief studies show an increase in
prey abundance, but those studies often focus on small, rapidly reproducing prey, like
birds, mice, and frogs, rather than large, slowly reproducing prey, like white-tailed deer,
which could account for the difference between those results and Gulsby and
colleagues' results.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would most likely agree with which statement
about the "principle" mentioned in Text 1?

(A) It is plausible, but many of the studies that support it have methodological flaws.
(B) It has been challenged by some studies, but the findings of those studies have not
been widely accepted.

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(C) It may be true for some predators but only because those predators share certain
physical characteristics.
(D) It has some evidential support, but it should not be regarded as universally
applicable.

7. Many artists associated with hyperpop, a movement in electronic music that emerged
in the 201 Os, conform to the model perfected by the American duo 100 gees: bold
synthesizer arrangements, propulsive beats, and electronically manipulated vocals. Yet
the movement is hardly uniform: Swedish recording artist Namasenda incorporates
hip-hop rhythms into the hyperpop sound, for example. Such stylistic diversity is
encouraged in part by the music-streaming app Spotify, whose curated playlist of
hyperpop songs balances cohesion with variety.
Which statement about Namasenda is best supported by the text?

(A) While some of her recordings conform to the model perfected by 100 gees, others
reject it outright.
(B) Her music diverges from the typical hyperpop sound but doesn't abandon it.
(C) She developed her unique sound without being influenced by other artists on
Spotify's hyperpop playlist.
(D) Her inclusion on Spotify's hyperpop playlist inspired established artists to embrace
stylistic experimentation.

8. One popular theory of the origin of the Moon, the "big whack," posits that a
protoplanet called Theia collided with Earth, flinging debris into orbit that eventually
coalesced into the Moon. Until recently, Theia w a s ___ but researcher Qian Yuan and
colleagues now claim to have identified pieces of the protoplanet in the lowermost
section of Earth's mantle.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
• A) desultory
• B) notional
• C) veritable
• D) spurious

9. To combat predation by Arizona myotis and other insectivorous bats, many moth
species, including Cynia tenera, emit ultrasonic pulses that, in some cases, disrupt the
echolocation bats rely on for foraging. Some scientists have hypothesized that this
capability evolved because it imposes a lower metabolic cost than does the alternative
mechanism of producing chemicals that render moths noxious to bats. Nicholas T.

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Homziak et al. investigated the acoustic properties of moths' ultrasonic responses to

audio of bat echolocation and then assessed the palatability of the ultrasonic pulses
capable of disrupting bat echolocation are unpalatable to bats, suggesting that_____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. Most genera of moths that produce ultrasound capable of disrupting bat
echolocation do so primarily for purposes other than the evading capture by
Arizona myotis and other predators.
B. The hypothesis about the development of this ultrasonic defense likely does not
account for all instances of the trait in moths.
C. Although previous findings about Cycnia tenera are consistent with the
hypothesis about the low metabolic cost of producing noxious chemicals, the
ability to disrupt bat echolocation and unpalatability are mutually exclusive traits.
D. Further investigation into moth's ability to protect themselves by disrupting bat
echolocation will likely find that moth genera relying on this mechanism are also
generally inedible to bats.

10. Can field mustard plants grow on Mars? Can pea plants? You might think the answer
to these questions is obviously no, but researchers in the Netherlands recently showed
that the seeds of many common plant species can germinate in soil designed to
simulate Martian conditions, as long as water is supplied. In fact, some species actually
did better in Martian soil than in Earth soil: 30 percent of field mustard seeds sprouted
when planted in simulated Martian soil, compared with 4 percent that did when planted
in soil from their home planet.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

(A) To answer long-standing questions about how Martian soil conditions can be
simulated on Earth
(B) To present a surprising finding about plants grown in soil intended to be similar to
Martian soil
(C) To discuss an unexpected result about the role of water in plants grown in simulated
Martian soil
(D) To explain an important study of differences in the composition of Martian soil and
the composition of Earth soil

11. Associated with the development of water-repellent materials for aviation and other
applications, a team including both engineers and entomologists conducted a study of
the water-repellant properties of cicada wings. The team explained that the _ experts in

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these tw o disciplines resulted in a more comprehensive approach than independent

efforts by experts in either discipline could have achieved.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

(A) skepticism toward

(B) exaggeration of
(C) distrust among
(D) collaboration between

12. Both amphibians and crayfish can detect electrical fields around them, but the
___ of their sensitives differs substantially. Whereas crayfish can detect fields generated
by fair-weather atmospheric conditions, those are many tim es stronger than the fields
created by moving prey, which amphibians are sensitive enough to detect.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. Orientation
B. Magnitude
C. Gathering
D. Firmness

13. Paintings by the Florida Highwaymen-an informal collective of prolific landscape

artists active in Florida during the 1950s and '60s- are recognizable by their reiteration
of the same general compositional structures and subjects: backcountry pines and fire
sky sunsets, to name two. But there was room for individuation: Robert Butler's Deer in
clearing, for example, may resemble other Highwaymen paintings at first glance, but his
works stand out for their detailed rendering of w ildlife and dramatic lighting.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It offers historical context that accounts for a particular group of artists' shared
style and then indicates the circumstances under which several members of that
group began exploring more unconventional themes.
B. It describes the common perception that a particular group of artists' works are
derivative and then provides a specific piece of evidence that reinforces that
perception.
C. It describes an aesthetic framework shared by a particular group of artists and
then makes and illustrates the claim that individuals introduced variations within
that framework.

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D. It explains how a particular group of artists began collaborating and then

recounts how one number of that group became especially influential among
them.

14. Arthropods-horseshoe shrimp, luna moths, and many other invertebrate

animals-have a previous system made up of a brain, never cord, and other nerves.
Researchers have gained insights about this system in ancient arthropods from traces
found in various fossils. For example, in a study of tw o fossils of the extinct arthropod
species Mollisonia symmetrica , Javier Ortega-Hernandez, Rudy Lerosey-Aubril, and
team observed clear signs of a nerve cord. They also saw possible indications of a
synganglion, a brain-like mass of nerves. Researchers hope to identify more features of
the nervous-systems of prehistoric arthropods as additional fossils are found.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Fossil evidence can contribute to the understanding of the nervous system in
ancient arthropods.
B. Researchers need to focus on finding more fossils of ancient arthropods.
C. Newly discovered fossils suggest that ancient luna moths and ancient horseshoe
shrimp had spines.
D. There are several similarities between the brains of luna moths and the brains of
horseshoe shrimp.

15. As exemplified by Yi songs about the natural environment and O'odham songs about
desert plants, ecological information can be transmitted Indigenous songs. And in some
instances is maintained only in this way. Kwaxxistalla Wathl'thia, a song keeper for the
Kwakwaka'wakw people in Canada, collaborated with ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky
et.al, sharing songs referencing terraced intertidal clam gardens the people
implemented in the past to foster healthy development of a dietary staple. Drawing on
archaeological evidence as well, Lepofsky et al.determined that the prevalence of the
practice described in the songs corresponded with growth in clam size and abundance
despite increased harvesting pressure - a finding that demonstrates that____
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. Effective methods for the cultivation of sources of sustenance are among the
ecological knowledge preserved in Indigenous songs.
B. The Kwakwaka'wakw people likely would not have detailed their creation of clam
gardens in songs if their efforts had not produced significantly larger clams.
C. The clams harvested from intertidal terraces by Kwakwaka'wakw people in the
past likely were a different species than the clams found in those areas today.

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D. Representation of practical applications of ecological knowledge is the defining

characteristic of the music of certain Indigenous peoples.

16. Included in Half the Picture: A Feminist Look at the Collection, a 2018 group
exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum in New York City, was the work of artist Lorna
Simpson, who is best known for her multimedia artworks th a t_____ Images of African
American women with text fragments. Her work is credited with expanding the horizons
of conceptual photographic art, and it challenges conventional notions of race, history
and memory.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. juxtapose
B. juxtapose.
C. juxtapose:
D. juxtapose-

17. While the greater adjutant can be found in places like the Central Tanintharyi Coast
in Myanmar and Dong Kanthung in Laos, more than 80 percent of this endangered stork
species is found in Assam, India. There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman is on
the front lines of conservation efforts that-through com munity involvement and
scie n tific___ aim to bring adjutants back from near extinction.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A study,
В study
С stud y-
D study:

18. The unconventional literary philosophy with which Fernando Pessoa approached his
writing is manifested in the Portuguese poet's "heteronyms" his term for the dozem of
fictional persons in whose voices he authored many of h is ___ among these persons
was Ricardo Reis, author of classical odes in a Horatian style.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A works
В works and

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С works,
D. works and

19. While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
• Atlapexco is a municipality in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico.
• Municipalities are government regions responsible for providing many public
services to their residents.
• One service they provide is water treatment.
• Atlapexco's population was 19,812 in 2020.
• Hidalgo is divided into 84 municipalities
The student wants to provide an example of a public service that Atlapexco is
responsible for. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Atlapexco- a government region in the state of Hidalgo, M exico- provides public
services to its residents.
B. As a municipality, Atlapexco is responsible for providing water treatment to its
residents.
C. Atlapexco is one of 84 municipalities in Hidalgo providing public services to their
communities.
D. In 2020, the municipality of Atlapexco had a population of 19,812.

20. The prime meridian, the global indicator of zero degrees longitude established in
1884, was originally determined using astronomically derived coordinates.___ as
decades passed, new calculations would reveal increasingly precise coordinates, yet the
prime meridian remained unchanged; it wasn't until the 1980s that, spurred by improved
geodetic data, the prime meridian was officially-roughly one hundred meters east.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Specifically
B. Again and again,
C. Granted
D. To that end.

21. Diadromous fish migrate between freshwater and marine biomes during their life
cycle. The migration's obligate nature is why diadromous fish can b e _____ those that
are merely euryhaline (able to tolerate high salinity); the euryhaline blackchin tilapia can

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survive high salinity, but its life cycle does not involve relocation to a different blome, as
does that of the diadromous wild salmon.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?
A. demarcated from
B. reconstituted as
C. derived from
D. conflated with

22. During Rome’s republican period, which ended in the first century BCE, libraries
were predominantly owned by wealthy individuals who tightly controlled access to their
book collections. The first public library became available in Rome in 28 BCE and was
soon followed by one commissioned by Emperor Augustus. As modern scholar Fabio
Fernandes notes, however, these two traditions aren’t as distinct as they seem, as both
the emperor and the private library owners viewed their libraries as extensions of their
personal patronage, just on vastly differing scales.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To give a brief overview of public access to libraries throughout Rome’s
republican period
B. To contend that early imperial leaders in Rome wielded to much influence over
libraries
C. To assert that private and early public libraries in ancient Rome had an essential
similarity.
D. To call into question the notion that private Roman libraries disappeared during
the first century BCE

23. The morphological novelty of echinoderms-marine invertebrates with radial

symmetry, usually starlike, around a central points-impedes comparison with most other
animals, in which bilateral symmetry on an anterior-posterior (head to tall) axis through
a trunk is typical. Particularly puzzling are sea stars, thought to have evolved a headless
layout from a known bilateral origin. Applying genomic knowledge of Saccoglossus
kowalevskii acorn worms (close relatives of sea stars, and thus expected to have similar
markets for corresponding anatomical regions) to the body patterning genes of Patina
miniata sea stars. Laurent Formery et.al observed activity only in anterior genes across
R m iniata’s entire body and some posterior genes limited to the edges, suggesting
that
Which choice most logically completes the text?

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A. despite the greater prevalence of anterior genes in sea stars' genetic makeup,
posterior genes active at the body's perimeter are primarily responsible for the
starlike layout that distinguishes sea stars' radial symmetry from that of other
echinoderms.
B. Although the tw o species are closely related, there is only minimal
correspondence in the genetic markers for head, tail, and trunk region
development in P.miniata sea stars and S. kowalevskii acorn worms.
C. Rather than undergoing changes resulting in the eventual elimination of a head
region in their radial body plan, as previously assumed, sea stars’ morphology
evolved to completely lack a trunk and consist primarily of a head region.
D. Contrary to the belief that they evolved from early ancestors with the bilateral
form typical of many other animals, sea waters instead originated with an atypical
body layout that was neither bilaterally nor radially symmetrical.

24. Some researchers have characterized the flora and fauna of the South Pacific island
or Grande Terre as members of clades that inhabited nearby islands before Grande
Terre completely emerged 37 million years ago. Gonzalo Giribet et al.found that the
crown age (the age of the most recent common ancestor of all living end extinct species
in the clade) of the clade of daddy longlegs spiders on Grande Terre is approximately
57.0 million years, while Antoine N.Nicolas and Gregory M.Plunkett found that the
crown age of the clade of Apiales plants on Grande Terre is approximately 25.4 million
years.
Which statement about the view put forward by “some researchers” is best
supported by information in the text?
A. The view suggests that Grande Terre may have emerged as early as 57.0 million
years ago.
B. The view could be true of Grande Terre’s daddy longlegs spiders but its not true
of the islands’s Apiales plants.
C. The view depends on inaccurate assumptions about the crown age of the clades
of daddy longlegs spiders and Apiales plants on Grande Terre.
D. The view has some empirical support but is weakened by the findings of Giribet
et al.

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25. Vancouver, Canada, has installed engineered structures along 75% of its
shoreline to protect infrastructure from storm surges and other hazards, a
practice known as shoreline hardening. To evaluate the responses of waterbirds
to two types of hardening structures- riprap and bulkheads-Diann Porsser et
al.surveyed waterbird communities consisting of the mallard, the common loon,
and 62 other species at different sites in the Chesapeake Bay on the US East
Coast. Utilizing the Index of Waterbird Community Integrity (IWCI), on which a
high score corresponds to high community integrity, the researchers found that
bulkheads are more strongly negatively correlated with waterbird community
integrity than is riprap.
Which finding, if true, would most directly illustrate the researchers’
finding?
A. Waterbird communities at Curtis, a site with a high percentage of shoreline
consisting of bulkheads and riprap, had lower average IWCI scores than
did waterbird communities at Onancock, a site with a low percentage of
shoreline consisting of bulkheads and riprap.
B. The difference in average IWCI scores for waterbird communities at Stony
and Old Road, two sites with a higher percentage of shoreline consisting of
bulkheads than of riprap, was statistically insignificant.
C. Waterbird communities at Old Road, a site with a relatively high
percentage of shoreline consisting of bulkheads, had lower average IWCI
scores than did waterbird communities at Miles, a site with a relatively high
percentage of shoreline consisting of riprap.
D. Waterbird communities at Curtis, a site with equal percentages of shoreline
consisting of bulkheads and riprap, had higher average IWCI scores than
did waterbird communities at Miles, a site with different percentages of
shoreline consisting of bulkheads and riprap.

27. Moussa Quid Ebnou is a novelist from Boutilimit, Mauritania, who has earned
international acclaim in recent years, Writers of other literary forms, such as poetry and
drama, are less likely to be recognized beyond their nations' borders, but many are still
w e ll______Koulsy Lamko, for example, is a celebrated playwright from Chad.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A known:
В known

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С known and
D known,

28. Despite the fact that what is now known as the Carmichael number was first posited
by Vaclav Simerka, the number is named after the twentieth-century American
mathematician Robert Carmichael. One might assume cases like this, where a discovery
of a concept is not named after the first person who discovered it, to be____ they are
counted among a litany of examples of Stigler's law.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A rare; on the contrary,
В rare on the contrary
С rare, on the contrary;
D rare, on the contrary

29. The following text is from George Eliot's 1857 short story "The Sad Fortunes of the
Rev. Amos Barton." In the text, the narrator addresses the reader directly and abides to a
discussion among Rev.Amos Barton's neighbors.
It was happy for the Rev. Amos Barton that he did not. Like not, overhear the
conversation recorded in the last chapter. Indeed, what mortal is there of us, who would
find his satisfaction enhanced by an opportunity of comparing the picture he presents
himself of his own doings, with the picture they make on the mental retina of his
neighbours? We are poor plants buoyed up by the air-vessels of our own conceit: alas
for us, we get a few pinches that empty us of that windy self-substances! The very
capacity for good would go out of us.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Although people wish to be seen as considerance, the alightest setbacks will
often discourage them from being so.
B. People tend to .... More often than they should on whether their acquaintances
think highly of them.
C. Although people recognize why being direct is important, they usually avoid
openly criticizing others for their shortcomings.
D. People are better o ff not knowing about the discrepancy between their own
self-image and what others think of them.

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30. In 2016, Gabriela Gonzalex and team announced that a chirping sound captured by
Laser interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory antennas was direct evidence of
gravitational waves, which skeptics had argued would be too faint for detection.
Detailed statistical analysis helped preclude claims of the event's____ , confirming the
signal at a confidence level of over 99%.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A ambiguity
В inconspicuousness
С probability
D discretion

31. Though John Crowley, author of Endless Things, is not as well known as the most
widely read American writers of the past fifty years, his work has had several influential
champions, including the poet James Merrill and the literary critic Harold Bloom. In his
afterword to Crowley's book Litte, Big, Bloom argues that the novel adroitly blends what
playwright Friedrich Schiller termed the naive and sentimental m odes-w hile Schiller
thought works could be classified as either naive (seeking to describe reality) or
sentimental (seeking to develop ideas). Little, Big fuses both modes of writing.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. It accounts for a writer's lack of popular appeal, cites a literary figure who
appreciates that writer, and summarizes the qualities that make the writer's work
unique
B. It describes a writer's successful career, presents tw o literary figures who were
suppositions of that writer's career, and explains why the writer was able to
achieve what he did.
C. It mentions a writer whose work is not widely known, presents tw o people who
hold a positive opinion of that writer, and gives a reason why one of those people
holds that opinion.
D. It identifies a writer whose work is regarded as difficult to read, brings up tw o
admires of that w riter's work, and gives information that may make the writer's
work more accessible to new readers.

32. The following text is adapted from John Matheu's 1926 short story, "Mr.Bradford
Teaches Sunday School." Mr.Bradford is driving through the countryside in Florida.
The moss in the towering water oaks had become enlivened with a verdant sheen
of the silver and hung like festoons of carnival or like funeral decorations for the
mourning of the dead. The pine green was resplendent. The bald cypresses spread
themselves along the water courses while the willows wept as they always did.

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Mr.Bradford was conscious of this gorgeous display of nature.

As used in the text, what does the word "display" most nearly mean?
A disguise
В similarity
С exhibition
D pretentiousness

33. Recent analysis of 6058 Echeclus-an outer solar system object orbiting the Sun
between Jupiter and Saturn-has determined its color to be gray, suggesting an Icy
composition. Such interpretations are ultimately____ the object's gray coloration may be
an incidental effect of radiation, solar wind, or collisions with other objects rather than
evidence of its physical makeup.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A speculative, though,
В speculative; though
С speculative, though;
D speculative, though

34. Included in Picture ID: Contemporary African, American Works on Paper, a 2020
group exhibition at the Toledo Art Museum in Ohio, was the work of artist Lorna
Simpson, who is best known for her multimedia artwork that juxtapose images of
African American women with text fragments. Her work challenges conventional
notions of race, gender, history, and___ she is credited with expanding the horizons of
conceptual photographic art.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A memory and
В memory
С memory,
D memory, and

35. Contrasting a high saturation color palette against dark paper and stoneware.
Atlanta-based artist Jiha Moon creates fused pieces, wherein Korean folk art. Western
contemporary art, and global popular culture mix. New York's Derek Eller Gallery___ her
work in a solo exhibition that ran in early 2022.

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Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A has been featured
В features
С will feature
D featured

36. Almost all works of fiction contain references to the progression of time, including
the time of day when events in a story take place. In a 2020 study. Allen Kim, Charota
Pethe, and Steven Skiena claim that an observable pattern in such references reflects a
shift in human behavior prompted by the spread of electric lighting in the late nineteenth
century. The researchers drew this conclusion from as analysis of more than 50,000
novels spanning many centuries and cultures, using software to recognize and tally both
specific time references-that is, clock phrases, such 7 a.m or 2.30 p.m -a n d implied
ones, such as mentions of meals typically associated with a particular time of day.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researcher's conclusion?
A The tim e references of noon (12p.m) and midnight (12 a.m) are used with roughly the
same frequency in the novels.
В Novels published after 1880 contain significantly more references to activities
occurring after 10p.m, than do novels from earlier periods.
С Among novels published in the nineteenth century, implied tim e references become
steadily more common than clock phrases as publication dates approach 1990.
D Novels published after the year 1800 include the clock phrase 10 a.m, less often than
novels published before the year 1800 do.

37. The human hand contains the flexor pollicis brevis, a skeletal muscle that is
attached in th e ____ this muscle plays a role in flexing the thumb.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
Atrapezoid,
В trapezoid;
С trapezoid
D trapezoid that

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38. Puerto Rico is an island in the Caribbean Sea. Indigenous people there started
raising guinea pigs about 1700 years ago. Guinea pigs had originally been domesticated
much earlier in both Colombia and Peru. So were guinea pigs brought to Puerto Rico
from Colombia or from Peru? Ancient Caribbean trade routes connected to Puerto Rico
with Colombia but not with Peru. Therefore, guinea pigs in Puerto Rico probably came
from Colombia and descended from Colombia guinea pigs.
Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the underlined claim?
A. Ancient guinea pigs in Puerto Rico were genetically less similar to ancient guinea
pigs in Colombia than to ancient guinea pigs in Peru.
B. Guinea pigs are common in ancient Puerto Rico art, especially in poetry.
C. The guinea pig population of ancient Colombia was much larger than the guinea
pig population of ancient Peru.
D. Modern breeds of guinea pigs don't like images of guinea pigs in ancient art from
Puerto Rico, Colombia, and Peru.

39. Reported Animal Travel Distances in Four Studies of Migrating Animal Populations

Species Continent Distance (km) Measurement

method

Mongolian gazelle Asia 600 RTD

Khulan Asia 5067 GPS

Caribou North America 1350 RTD

Plains zebra Africa 2356 GPS

Some studies of migrating animals measure how far the animals travel in a year by
finding individuals with GPS tracking collars. Other studies track annual ro und-trip
distance (RTD), which is equal to double the distance separating the tw o habitats a
population migrates between each year. A researcher argues that since GPS records all
of an animal's movements, using the GPS method to track a population would result in
significantly higher recorded travel distances than using the RTD method would. For
example, it's very likely that the distance reported for the_____
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

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A. Mongolian gazelle would be greater than 5067 km if the GPS method had been
used.
B. Khulan would be greater than 2356 km if the RTD method had been used.
C. Mongolian gazelle would be less than 600 km if the GPS method had been used.
D. Khulan would be less than 5067 km if the KTD method had been used.

40. William Shakespeare likely arrived in London as early as 1585, at the age of 21, to
pursue a career in the theater. Little is known of his early years there, but by 1596 he
was becoming known for plays such as King J o h n .____ in 1605, he would delight
audiences with All's Well That Ends Well, considered by some to be one of his greatest
works.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A Thus,
В In other words,
С Later,
D conversely,

41. Researchers in France claim that elephants and dolphins are among the twenty
most "charismatic" animals (defined as "attractive, fascinating, or appealing"). To create
their top twenty list, researchers used survey data from Western Europe. European
attitudes toward elephants and dolphins might not be shared around the world,___
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A in particular
В of course
С in other words
D for example

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l.ive north оГ Center f-ive smith of Center

Total
St. St.

Less than 45 years

13 11 24
old

At least 45 years old 22 89 111

Total 35 100 135

The table summarizes members of a local organization by age and whether they live north
or south of Center St. If a member of the organization is selected at random, what is the
probability that the selected member is at least 45 years old?

V
© 100
135

in
135
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Which expression is equivalent to 3(ж^ + 2 )?

@ +1
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Гог the linear function f, the graph of у = f { x ) in the xy-plane has a slope of у and passes
through the point { 0 ,2 ) . Which equation defines / ?

© = j x + 2

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The function / is acfined by / (ж ) = 2 + y/x.

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/h a t is th e v a lu e o f / ( 1 0 0 ) ?

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Ъх —Ay ^ “ 40
For the given equation, whirh table gives three values of x and their corresponding values of

X 0 4 8

у 10 15 20

© X 0 4 8

У 20 15 10

© X 10 15 20

V 0 4 8

© X 10 15 20

У 8 4 0
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If 20 - 12 + 4 (x ” 3), what is the value of 4(ж — 3)?

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А geologist estimates that the volume of a boulder is greater than 13.4 cubic feet but less
than 17.4 cubic feet. The geologist also estimates that the boulder weighs 160 pounds per
cubic foot of volume. Which inequality represents this situation, where x represents the
estimated total weight, in pounds, of the boulder?
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160 - 17.4 < a: < 160 - 13.4
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© 160 + 13.4 < a: < 160 + 17.4

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© 160(13.4) < a: < 160(17,4)

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In triangle ABC. the monsure of angle Л is 52 °, the measure of angle 5 is 90 °, and the
measure of angle С is (-|) °. What is the value of fe?

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(i) 45

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The scalterplot shows tho rehil ion ship hriwr(Mi two varitjblcs, з" лпг! y, Л line o f best fit is
also shown.

4 6 8 '10 12 14 16

Which o f the following is closest to the slope o f this line o f best fit?

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A small business owner budgets $ 2 ,8 0 0 to purchase books each year. The owner must
pui chase a minimu, i of 275 books for the year to maintain the discounted pricing. If the
owner pays $ 4 .1 0 per book to purchase paperback books and $ 1 1 .1 0 per book to
purchase hardcover books, what is the maximum number of hardcover books the owner
can purchase to stay within the budget and maintain the discounted pricing?

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T h e to ta l m a s s , in k ilo g ra m s , o f r i d e n t i c a l o b j e c t s i s t. W h i e h e x p re s s io n re p re s e n ts th e to ta l

m a ss, in k ilo g ra m s , o f 1 3 9 r o f th e se o b je cts?

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у = 0.25x'^ - 6.5a: + 98.25

The equation gives the estimated stock price y, in dollars, for a certain cornpany x days after
the company went public, where 0 < a; < 20. Which statement is the best interpretation of
(ж, y) (1 ,9 2 ) in this context?

1 day after the company went public, the company's estimated stock price is $92.

92 days after the company went public, the company's estimated stock price is $1

The company's estimated stock price increased $92 every day after the company
went public.

@ The company's estimated stock price increased $1 every 92 days after the
company went public.
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Гог a certain type of rope, the equation у = 900ax^, where a is a constant, gives the
estimated breakmg strength y, in pounds, of a rope with a circumference of a? inches. Based
on this equation, if a rope of this type has a circumference of 1.75 inches, it has an estimated
breaking strength f 3 ,8 58 .7 5 pounds. What is the estimated breaking strength, in pounds,
of a rope of this type that has a circumference of 7.50 inches?

Answer Preview:
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Note: Figure not drawn to scale.

Ln the figure shown, ^‘ В = units, AC = 5 units, and С El — 35 units. What is the area,
in square units, of triangle ADE7

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An object’s speed is incvL’asing at a rate ol'3.8 meters per second squared. What is this rate,
in miles per minute squared. I'ounded to the nearest tenth? (Use 1 mile = 1,609 meters.)

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The function / is delinod by f{ x ) = ax^ + bx + c, where o, b, and с £ire constants. The

graph of j/ = / ( , t ) in the x3>-plane passes through the points ( 1 2 ,0 ) and ( - 9 , 0 ) . If a is an
integer greater than 1, which of the following could be the value of a 4- i>?

- 0 '

0 3

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9 x -f 8y = 5
The given equation is one equation in a system of tAvo linear equations. If the system of
equations has at least one solution, which of the following equations could be the other
equation in the system?
I . 13.5 x + I2y = 7.5
II. 13.5a: - U y = 7.5

( b) II on у

I and II
..y

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- 12x - 3 = 0

One solution to the given equation can be written as 6 + Vk, Where fc is a constant. What is
the value of Л?

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The graph o f hne shown in the x>^-plane. Line fc is defined by 1 5 4 x -h py = w,

where p and w are constants. If line к is graphed in this xy-plane, resulting in the
graph o f a systein o f two lin ear equations, the system of two h n ear equations will have
infinitely m any solutions. What is the value o fp + ш?

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+ 18 = 32ж + г
In the gh en equation, r is a constant. The equation has exactly one real solution. What is the
value o f Г?

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For the function / , for every increase of 2 in the value of ж, the value of f{x) increases by a
factor of c, where с is a constant. Which of the following equivalent forms of function /
displays the value of с as the base or the coefficient?
■
l..

© f{x) =- 43(2)®"^ ’
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CD fix) --= 43(8)^^ ,,/■

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© fi^) =- 4 3 (6 4 ) V , » ' 4 . 1 . Г >

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If 3; > —9 represents all solutions to the inequality йх — 2 4 < 21, where a is a constant,
what is the greatest possible value of a?

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For the positive quantities h, j. and k, 8 6 % of h is equivalent to 3 4 % of and j is equivalent

to 4 3 % of k. What percentage of к is h? (Disregard the % sign when entering your answer.
For example, if your answer is 3 9 % , enter 3 9 J

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б(3ж) + 7(2y) = 21
-б (З ж ) + 7(2y ) = 21
The solution to the given system of equations is (x , y). What is the value of 3a: + 2y?

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A hemisphere is half of a sphere. If a hemisphere has a radius of 13 inches, which of the

following is closest to the volume, in cubic inches, of this hemisphere?
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1,400

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3,500
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4,600
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The function h is dclincd by h{x) — (ж + p)(a: — 6 )(2 x — 8), wh^?rej) is a constant. In the
xy-plano. the graph of у = h{x) passes through the point ( “ 2, 0). What is rhe value of h(0)?

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Гог a certain type of rope, the equation у = 900ax^, where a is a constant, gives the
estimated breakmg strength y, in pounds, of a rope with a circumference of a? inches. Based
on this equation, if a rope of this type has a circumference of 1.75 inches, it has an estimated
breaking strength f 3 ,8 58 .7 5 pounds. What is the estimated breaking strength, in pounds,
of a rope of this type that has a circumference of 7.50 inches?

Answer Preview:
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н

r = \^7w —8
The given equation relates the real numbers r and w, where w > j . Which equation
correctly expresses w in terms of r?

w = ^ —Sr -r 7
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A park rents beach umbrellas to visitors. The park earns revenue of $12 for each beach
umbrella they rent for the day. On Wednesday, the park earned $276 in profit from renting
beach umbrellas after paying daily expenses of $120. How many beach umbrellas did the
park rent on Wednesday? (profit = total revenue — total expenses)

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The function / (x ) = - б)^ + 4 gives a toy car's height above the ground f{x), in
inches. X seconds after it started moving on an elevated track, where 0 < ж < 10. Which of
the following is the best interpretation of the vertex of the graph Oiy = f(x) in the xy-
plane?

The toy car's minimum height was 6 inches above the ground.

© The toy car's height w as4 inches above the ground when it started
moving.

The toy car's height was 6 inches above the ground when it started
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To purchase a used car at a total price of 14,000 dollars, a onetime down payment is
required, and then fixed monthly payments are made for the remaining amount owed for
the car. The equation 14,000 = 2,500 + 2b0t represents this situation, where t is the
number of fixed monthly payments that are made. Which of the following is the best
interpretation of 250 in this context?

0 The amount, in dollars, of the down payment

j

© The amount, in dollars, of each fixed monthly payment

© The total amount, in doUars, paid for the car after t fixed monthly
payments
4

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A model predicts that the population of a certain town was 1 8,000 in 2007. The model also
predicts that each year for the next 5 years, the population p increased by 7% of the
previous year's population. Which equation best represents this model where x is the
number of years after 2007, for x < Ы

© p - 0 .9 3 (1 8 ,0 0 0 )*

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How many solutions does the equation 9ж + 4 = 9a: have?

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© Zero
у

® Exactly one
j

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Exactly two
j

Infinitely many
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The value n1 is 36 шого than twice the vnlue of j?. Which f^qu^ition represenrs у in terms of
,T ?

(c) у = 3 8 x -h 36

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Trapezoid ABCD is sim uar to trapezoid PQRS. The length of each side of trapezoid
PQRS is 2 times the length of its corresponding side of trapezoid ABCD. The area of
trapezoid ABCD is 2 4 square centim eters. W hat is the area, in square centim eters, of
trapezoid PQRS?

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г(г) = 69t - 2t^

The function r is defined by the given equation. The function з is defined by s(t) — r(t) + 1.
Which expression represents the maximum value of e (t)?

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The equation h — -)_ 32 gives the corresponding tem perature h, in degrees

Fahrenheit, of any substance that has a tem perature of v kelvins, where и > 0. If a
substance has a tem perature of 4 1 3 .3 3 degrees Fahrenheit, what is the corresponding
tem perature, in kelvins, of this substance?

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A circle in the A^z-plane has its center at (19,14) and has a radius of 6Й. W hich equation
represents this circle?
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® ( a ; - 1 9 ) 4 (y - 14)^ - 36k "
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© ( г - 1 9 ) 4 (у- - 14)^ = 6k

® ( x - 1 9 ) 4 (у- - 14)^ -
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In the triangle shown, RS = л/161. What is the value of sin R?

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If = 9a;, what is the value of 9x^?

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3/ = уж + 3
One of the two equations in a system of linear equations is given. The system has infinitely
many solutions. If the second equation in the system is у = тпх + Ь, w here m and bate
constants, what is the value of 6?

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Line к is shown in the j^-plane. Line j (not shown) is perpendicular to line k. W hat is the
slope of line j ?

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The expression 60y^ — is equivalent to

is the value of r?

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12у — 8), w here г is a constant. W hat

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