CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The fourth generation of wireless standards for cellular systems is 4G, the planned successor
to the 3G standard. The ITU (International Telecommunications Union) has specified that the
peak speed requirements for the 4G standard are to be 100Mbps for a mobile connection such
as in a car and 1Gbps for stationary connections such as sitting at a computer. 4G services
that meet these requirements are not publically available yet as of June 2011 but
telecommunications providers are looking to upgrade their infrastructure to cater for 4G
services in the not too distant future. The 4G service is set to offer a fast and secure all-IP,
roaming mobile broadband solution to devices such as laptops with wireless 4G modems, 4G
Smartphone mobile phones and other 4G mobile devices that require internet access with
speed intensive facilities being made available, including on-demand HD television, IP
telephony, on-demand gaming and, of course, high speed internet access.

Currently marketed technologies such as LTE (Long Term Evolution) and WiMAX
have been around for a few years and are being marketed as 4G whilst not meeting the
requirements set by the ITU. It was recently announced that these services could continue to
be marketed as 4G as they are precursors to the IMT-Advanced, 4G standard whilst also
operating on the same basis of technology; however, these should really be considered as
"Pre-4G" or "3.9G" as they technically do not offer the required data rates of (stationary)
1Gbps.

The ITU has recognised two standards that are planned to meet the 4G IMT-
Advanced requirements put forward by the two groups, 3GPP and IEEE. These are the LTE
Advanced and Wireless MAN-Advanced standards and will almost certainly abandon the old
spread system technology found in 3G systems for OFDMA and other equalisation schemes,
use MIMO technology, channel-dependant scheduling and dynamic channel allocation all
technologies that are being found on new, modern wireless networking equipment.

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Long Term Evolution(LTE) has experienced peak download rates of 326.4 Mbps and 172.8
Mbps for 4x4 and 2x2 MIMO antennas respectively when using 20 MHz of spectrum and
peak upload rates of 86.4 Mbps for every 20 MHz of spectrum using a single antenna. This
means that it does not quite meet the 4G requirements but it is still often branded as 4G by
telecommunications providers as it offers a considerable increase in performance over 3G. Its
radio interface is often referred to as E-UTRA (Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access).
4G LTE Advanced is not a new technology but rather an enhancement to the existing
LTE standard by using multiplexing and additional spectrum range to achieve the speeds
required for 4G; whilst help for system capacity usage is dealt with by co-ordinated multi
point transmissions. 4G LTE-Advanced can use up to 8x8 MIMO antennas and 128 QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) giving performance of almost 3.3Gbps peak download
rates per sector of the base station using 100MHz aggregated bandwidth under perfect
conditions. With new developing technologies such as smart antennas and advanced network
infrastructures, 4G LTE Advanced will take a good few years to become fully developed and
integrated.
The WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) standard offers peak data rates of 128Mbps downlink
and 56Mbps uplink over 20MHz wide channels whilst the new standard in development, 4G
WiMAN-Advanced (802.16m) is targeting the requirements to be fully 4G using 64Q QAM,
BPSK and MIMO technologies to reach the 1Gbps rate. It is predicted that in an actual
deployment, using 4X2 MIMO in an urban microcell application using a 20 MHz TDD
channel, the 4G WiMAN-Advanced system will be able to support 120Mbps downlink and
60Mbps uplink per site concurrently. WiMAX applications are already in use in many
countries globally but research in 2010 gave results that showed only just over 350 set ups
were actually in use. Many previous WiMAX operators were found to have moved to LTE
along with Yota, who were the largest WiMAX operator in the world.

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 CHAPTER 2
EVOLUTION FROM 1G T0 4G SYSTEM
Before 4G there are three types of technologies, they are
1.1G wireless system
2.2G wireless system
3.3G wireless system

1G :Analog Cellular Networks

The main technological development that distinguished the First Generation mobile phones
from the previous generation was the use of multiple cell sites, and the ability to transfer
calls from one site to the next as the user travelled between cells during a conversation. The
first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generations) was launched in 1979.
In 1984, Bell Labs developed modern commercial cellular technology, which employed
multiple, centrally controlled base stations (cell sites), each providing service to a small area
(a cell). The cell sites would be set up such that cells partially overlapped. In a cellular
system, a signal between a base station (cell site) and a terminal (phone) only need be strong
enough to reach between the two, so the same channel can be used simultaneously.
As the system expanded and neared capacity, the ability to reduce transmission power
allowed new cells to be added, resulting in more, smaller cells and thus more capacity.
2G: Digital Networks
In the 1990s, the 'second generation' (2G) mobile phone systems emerged, primarily using
theGSM standard. These 2G phone systems differed from the previous generation in their
use of digital transmission instead of analog transmission, and also by the introduction of
advanced and fast phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result
of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.
The second generation introduced a new variant to communication, as SMS text
messaging became possible, initially on GSM networks and eventually on all digital
networks. Soon SMS became the communication method of preference for the youth.
Today in many advanced markets the general public prefers sending text messages
to placing voice calls.
Some benefits of 2G were Digital signals require consume less battery power, so it helps
mobile batteries to last long. Digital coding improves the voice clarity and reduces noise in
the line. Digital signals are considered environment friendly. Digital encryption has provided

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secrecy and safety to the data and voice calls. The use of 2G technology requires strong
digital signals to help mobile phones work properly.

“2.5G” using GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) technology is a cellular wireless
technology developed in between its predecessor, 2G, and its successor, 3G. GPRS could
provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as Wireless
Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet
communication services such as email and World Wide Web access.

2.75 – EDGE is an abbreviation for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution. EDGE
technology is an extended version of GSM. It allows the clear and fast transmission of data
and information up to 384kbit/s speed.

3G : High speed IP data networks

As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in
their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data services (such as access to the internet)
was growing. Furthermore, if the experience from fixed broadband services was anything to
go by, there would also be a demand for ever greater data speeds. The 2G technology was
nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of
technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology
from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data
transmission.
The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for
the first time, media streaming of radio and even televisioncontent to 3G handsets became
possible.

In the mid 2000s an evolution of 3G technology begun to be implemented, namely High-

Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3Gmobile telephony
communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G,
3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA
deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s. Further speed
increases are available with HSPA+, which provides speeds of up to 42 Mbit/s downlink and
84 Mbit/s with Release 9 of the 3GPP standards.

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4G: Growth of mobile broadband
Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies,
with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. It is
basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services offers in the
3G. The expectation for the 4G technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming
over end to end Internet Protocol.The first two commercially available technologies billed as
4G were the WiMAX standard and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by
TeliaSonera.

One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of
circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of
voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching
overinternet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.

4G LTE data transfer speed can reach peak download 100 Mbit/s, peak upload 50 Mbit/s,
WiMAX offers peak data rates of 128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink.

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 CHAPTER 3
TECHNOLOGIES USED IN 4G
4G is a multipurpose and versatile technology hence it can utilize almost all of the packet switched
technologies. It can use both orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and orthogonal
frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). OFDM mechanism splits a digital signal into different
narrowband and frequencies. The reason why 4G makes use of this technology lies in its ability to
minimize the intervention among symbols and channels associated to data streaming. 4G is also
capable of using multiple input / multiple output technology (MIMO). Universal Mobile
Telecommunication Service (UMTS) which is basically a broadband 3G technology, is also a part of
4G. This broadband technology transfers data in the form of frames or packets. Hence it is capable of
carrying voice, video, text and other types of multimedia datagram with the speed of 2Mb. UMTS is
part of 4G because it can enables 4G to make use of international mobile phone roaming via using
GSM (Global system for Mobile Communications). Another wireless telecommunication technology
known as time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) provides support to
4G to transfer both circuit switched data like video and voice and packet switched data.

1.ofdm
2.uwb
3.smart antennas
4.ipv6
1.ofdm
OFDM (Orthogonal frequency division modulation): OFDM is a broadband multicarrier modulation
method that offers superior performance and benefits over older, more traditional single-carrier
modulation methods because it is a better fit with today’s high-speed data requirements. It is based
on the concept of frequency-division multiplexing (FDD), the method of transmitting multiple data
streams over a common broadband medium. That medium could be radio spectrum, coax cable,
twisted pair, or fibre-optic cable. Each data stream is modulated onto multiple adjacent carriers
within the bandwidth of the medium, and all are transmitted simultaneously. A good example of
such a system is cable TV, which transmits many parallel channels of video and audio over a single
fibre-optic cable and coax cable. OFDMA (Orthogonal frequency division multiple access): It means
that OFDM is not only a great modulation method, it also can provide multiple access to a common
bandwidth or channel to multiple users. You are probably familiar with multiple access methods like
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). CDMA, the widely used
cellular technology, digitally codes each digital signal to be transmitted and then transmits them all

6
in the same spectrum. Because of their random nature, they just appear as low-level noise to one
another. The digital coding lets the receiver sort the individual signal out later. OFDMA permits
multiple users to share a common bandwidth with essentially THE SAME BENIFITS
2.uwb
Ultra wideband (also known as UWB or as digital pulse wireless) is a wireless technology
for transmitting large amounts of digital data over a wide spectrum of frequency bands with
very low power for a short distance. Ultra wideband radio not only can carry a huge amount
of data over a distance up to 230 feet at very low power (less than 0.5 milliwatts), but has the
ability to carry signals through doors and other obstacles that tend to reflect signals at more
limited bandwidths and a higher power. Ultra wideband can be compared with another short-
distance wireless technology, Bluetooth, which is a standard for connecting handheld
wireless devices with other similar devices and with desktop computers.

Ultra wideband broadcasts digital pulses that are timed very precisely on a
carrier signal across a very wide spectrum (number of frequency channels) at the same time.
Transmitter and receiver must be coordinated to send and receive pulses with an accuracy of
trillionths of a second. On any given frequency band that may already be in use, the ultra
wideband signal has less power than the normal and anticipated background noiseso
theoretically no interference is possible. Time Domain, a company applying to use the
technology, uses a microchip manufactured by IBM to transmit 1.25 million bits per second,
but says there is the potential for a data rate in the billions of bits per second.

3.smart antennas

Smart antennas (also known as adaptive array antennas, digital antenna arrays,
multiple antennas and, recently, MIMO) are antenna arrays with smart signal
processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal signatures such as the direction
of arrival (DOA) of the signal, and use them to calculate beamforming vectors .

Evolution of wireless access technologies is about to the reach its fourth generation
(4G). ... Smart antenna techniques, such as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
systems, can extend the capabilities of 3G and 4G systems to provide customers
with increased data throughput for mobile high-speed data applications.

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It is an antenna technology for wireless communications in which multiple antennas are used at both
the source (transmitter) and the destination (receiver). The International Journal of Research in
Engineering, Technology and Science, Volume VI, Special Issue, July 2016 www.ijrets.com,
[email protected], ISSN 2454-1915 3 Noorus Sabah antennas at each end of the communications
circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. MIMO is one of several forms of
smart antenna technology MIMO has become an essential element of wireless communication
standards including IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi) MIMO technology has aroused
interest because of its possible applications in digital television (DTV), wireless local area networks
(WLANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and mobile communications. IPV6: Internet Protocol
version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), the communications protocol
that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic
across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Rapidly
increasing deployments of 3G and 4G/LTE mobile networks impacts end user behaviour. The number
of end users who are accessing the Internet via mobile devices is rapidly increasing. Recent
measurements show the number of 4G connections in the AP region in 2012 was about 24 million,
less than 1% of the total connections. This number is projected to grow to 425 million, or 8%, of the
total connections in 2017. This new wave of 4G user growth will inevitably increase Internet usage
via mobile devices, along with demand for Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Mobile network
operators need to make strategic decisions for business growth, and maximize their IPv4 holdings. It
is also important to think about deploying IPv6 enabled production services to cope with the
increasing demand for IP addresses, particularly when deploying new networks, such as LTE
networks. IPv6 provides a long-term, scalable solution with fewer operational and maintenance
issues than IPv4 networks deployed in NAT (Network Address Translator) environments. The
deployment of Large Scale NAT, or LSN, also known as Carrier Grade Nat (CGN), without having a
plan for IPv6 deployment will only extend the lifetime of the IPv4 addresses. This approach does not
solve the core issue of IPv4 address depletion. The most significant characteristic of IPv6 is that it
substitutes 32-bit IP version 4 (IPv4) addresses with 128-bit addresses. In addition to larger address
space, IPv6 provides built-in improved support for Quality of Service (QoS), security, and mobility.
IPv6 eliminates the need of private IP address spaces and Network Address Translators (NAT) due to
its huge IP address space, i.e. every terminal can be allocated one or even several global IPv6
addresses. Thus, with IPv6 we can get rid of NAT and private address space maintenance. More
generally speaking, IPv6 supports better 'always-on' and peer-to-peer type applications than IPv4
and improves this way users possibility to communicate more seamlessly. VoIP: Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows you to make voice calls using a broadband Internet

8
connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone line. Some VoIP services may only allow you to call
other people using the same service, but others may allow you to call anyone who has a telephone
number - including local, long distance, mobile, and international numbers. Also, while some VoIP
services only work over your computer or a special VoIP phone, other services allow you to use a
traditional phone connected to a VoIP adapter. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is referred to as
and broadly includes Voice over Broadband (VoB),Voice over Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), Voice over
Internet (VoI), Voice over Wireless Local Area, Network and Internet telephony

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 CHAPTER 4

FEATURES OF 4G WIRELESS SYSTEM

• 4G systems support streaming video, voice calls, internet and many more broadband services
• High levels of speed and high capacity at a lower cost leading to enhanced performance
• High spectral efficiency
• IP based mobile technology
• Improved scheduling and call admission control methods
• Multi-hop and Ad hoc networks
• Flawless network of manifold protocols
• Faultless switching
• World wide access, service portability and scalable mobile networks
• Range of services based on Quality of Service (QOS) conditions

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 CHAPTER 5

APPLICATIONS

The use of the 4G service will be very similar to that of the 3G service whilst offering much
higher data transfer rates and therefore allowing either more speed intensive applications or
more users to experience good speeds whilst only connected through 1 carrier. Applications
could include: Multimode Software Application: 4G technology has an unique application of
accessing several wireless networks. It is capable of high level of customization at the user-level
end. This feature integrates the infrastructure of Emerging Fields in 4G Technology, its
Applications & Beyond-An Overview 255 all available networks and steadily it will be easier for
users to access services and applications regardless of the environment. One can easily access
different mobile and wireless networks simultaneously. Multimode software is a software that
allows the user device to adapt itself to various wireless interfaces networks in order to provide
constant net access with high data (packet based) rate. Once the voice and data networks are
superposed there will suddenly be millions of new devices on the network cloud. This will
require either reconstruction of the address space for the entire Internet or using different
address spaces for the existing wireless networks. The multimode device architecture may
improve call completion and expand effective coverage area. Video Network Coding for 4G
Wireless networks: High Definition (HD) demand is increasing day by day more than that of the
bandwidth support available. Network Coding allows to reduce the required

number of packets to complete a transmission over noisy or unreliable networks compared non
coded version, hence increasing throughput. Network coding offers exciting possibilities for the
efficient transmission of video over wireless and bottleneck networks . By sending combinations

11
 of packets and considering traffic as algebraic information not just bits, 4G network is ideally
suited to Network Coding i.e. they are resources, need to serve a variety of different devices and
femto cells connected to WIFI. However, it is also noted that the complexities that Network
Coding can face in decoding nodes can accelerate the capabilities of embedded systems. This
problem can be discarded by use of codes defined on small Galois Fields (GF). Thus, it is inferred
that Network Coding could be doing peer to peer high definition video streaming and also
thereby can be incorporated into more consumer-oriented devices. 4G Ultra high speed internet
access - E-mail or general web browsing is available.  4G Data intensive interactive user
services - Services such as online satellite mapping will load instantly.  4G Multiple User Video
conferencing - subscribers can see as well as talk to more than one person.  4G Location-based
services - a provider sends wide spread, real time weather or traffic conditions to the computer
or phone, or allows the subscriber to find and view nearby businesses or friends whilst
communicating with them.  4G Tele-medicine - a medical provider monitors or provides advice
to the potentially isolated subscriber whilst also streaming to them related videos and guides. To
provide improved health care services, advanced telecommunication technologies have been
adopted widely for E-health services such as remote patient monitoring and trauma care of
injured patients.4G heterogeneous wireless access networks can be used to provide improved E-
health service in both indoor(eg hospital )and outdoor(eg mobile ambulance) environments 
4G HDTV - a provider redirects a high definition TV channel directly to the subscriber where it
can be watched.  4G High Definition Video on demand - a provider sends a movie to the
subscriber.  4G Video games on demand - a provider sends game data directly to the
subscriber where they can play in real time. The other main application that 4G could make
available that 3G in general did not, or could not, is the capability to be used as a main internet
access point within homes or businesses whilst catering for multiple connections at high speeds.
If the 1Gbps rate is available within these areas, the speeds would be many times more than
those that are currently publicly available and this application could be very useful for creating
4G wireless networks that can be located in rural areas with no access to the high speed, cabled,
broadband grid. [6] CONCLUSI

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 CHAPTER 6

COMPARISONS

Table 1 Comparison of FSO with different communication system.

Comparison chart

3G versus 4G comparison chart

3G 4G
Data Throughput Up to 3.1Mbps with an Practically speaking, 2 to 12 Mbps (Telstra in
average speed range Australia claims up to 40 Mbps) but potential
between 0.5 to 1.5 Mbps estimated at a range of 100 to 300 Mbps.

Peak Upload Rate 5 Mbps 500 Mbps

Switching packet switching packet switching, message switching

Technique

Network Wide Area Cell Based Integration of wireless LAN and Wide area
Architecture

Services And CDMA 2000, UMTS, Wimax2 and LTE-Advance

Applications EDGE etc

Forward error 3G uses Turbo codes for Concatenated codes are used for error
correction (FEC) error correction. corrections in 4G.

Peak Download 100 Mbps 1 Gbps

Rate

Frequency Band 1.8 – 2.5 GHz 2 – 8 GHz

CONCLUSION

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It is evident that 4G technologies will expand on web-based communications around the world. 4G
technology will allow for improved applications such as telemedicine that may save lives. It is a fully
IP-based network and will improve data transfer dramatically. Signal disruptions will be minimal and
downloads will be done in a matter of seconds, faster than ever before. In the near future, a 5G cell
phone will be created along with a 5G network based on 4G technologies allowing for the world to
connect limitlessly

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 REFERENCES

[1] http://www.4gon.co.uk/solutions/introduction_to_4g.php [2]

http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/MIMO [3]
https://www.netlab.tkk.fi/opetus/s384030/k05/IPv6In3GAnd4G.pdf
[4]http://www.tns.com/voip.asp [5] https://www.scribd.com [6]
https://sites.google.com/site/4gtechnology82 [7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G

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