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Mod 02 class Linear Arrays Numerical problems upload

Linear Arrays Numerical problems

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Love Soni
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18 views

Mod 02 class Linear Arrays Numerical problems upload

Linear Arrays Numerical problems

Uploaded by

Love Soni
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BECE305L - Antenna and Microwave Engineering

Module: 2 Linear & Planar Arrays


CAT Portion
Two element array, N-element linear array - broadside array, End fire
array - Directivity, radiation pattern, pattern multiplication.

05.01.2024 Dr. K. Shambavi, SENSE 1


Radiation Pattern – 2D Polar plot

planar angle is measured in radians/degrees


solid angle is measured in steradians (sr)

Figure: Radiation lobes and beamwidths of an antenna amplitude pattern in polar form

05.01.2024 Dr. K. Shambavi, SENSE 2


Example: 1 A uniform array of 3 elements is designed so that its maximum is directed toward
broadside. The spacing between the elements is λ/2. Find the array factor of the antenna.
Determine
(a) all the angles (in degrees) where the nulls will occur.
(b) all the angles (in degrees) where all the maxima will occur.
(c) the half-power beamwidth (in degrees).
(d) directivity (dimensionless and in dB).
(e) Array factor

Solution:
N = 3, d = λ/2

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05.01.2024 Dr. K. Shambavi, SENSE 4
Array Factor

N 
sin   
 2  where   d cos      d cos  
 AF n 
1
N   or
sin  
2   kd cos  

N   3  2  
sin    sin   cos  max  0  
2  2 
 
2 
 AF n  
N 3  2  
  cos  max  0 
2 2  2 
3 
sin   cos  
 AF n   
2
3
 cos 
2

05.01.2024 Dr. K. Shambavi, SENSE 5


Example:2 Design a four-element ordinary end-fire array with the elements placed along the
z-axis a distance d apart. For a spacing of d = λ∕2 between the elements find the
(a) progressive phase excitation between the elements to accomplish this
(b) angles (in degrees) where the nulls of the array factor occur
(c) angles (in degrees) where the maximum of the array factor occur
(d) beamwidth (in degrees) between the first nulls of the array factor
(e) directivity (in dB) of the array factor.
(f) angles (in degrees) where the minor lobes of the array factor occur
(g) Array Factor
  d cos  
Solution: N = 4, d = λ/2
or
  kd cos  

05.01.2024 Dr. K. Shambavi, SENSE 6


(f )  max min or  cos 1  2n  1 
 2 Nd 
1  2n  1  1  3 
 max min or  cos
    cos 
   41 . 41
n 1
 2 N / 2   4

1  2n  1  1  5 
 max min or  cos
    cos   doesnot exist
n2
 2 N / 2   4
05.01.2024 Dr. K. Shambavi, SENSE 7
(g) Array Factor

N   4  2  2   
sin    sin   cos  
   
 
2 
 
2 2 2
 AF n N 4  2  2  
  cos   
2 2  2  2
0o

 AF n  sin  (cos  1) 
 (cos  1)

270o 90o

180o
05.01.2024 Dr. K. Shambavi, SENSE 8
Example3: Design an ordinary end-fire uniform linear array with only one maximum so that its
directivity is 20 dB (above isotropic). The spacing between the elements is λ∕4, and its length is
much greater than the spacing. Determine the
(a) number of elements
(b) overall length of the array (in wavelengths)
(c) approximate half-power beamwidth (in degrees)
(d) amplitude level (compared to the maximum of the major lobe) of the first minor lobe in dB
(e) progressive phase shift between the elements (in degrees).
Solution 3:

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05.01.2024 Dr. K. Shambavi, SENSE 10
Example 4: Design a two-element uniform array of isotropic sources, positioned along the
z-axis a distance λ∕4 apart, so that its only maximum occurs along 𝜃0 = 0◦. Assuming
ordinary end-fire conditions, find the
(a) relative phase excitation of each element
(b) array factor of the array
(c) directivity
Solution 4:

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