S

P
PHYSICS
C
CBRM

- Log, Mathematics Tools

M
CBRM BOOK

CONTENTS

Name of Chapter Pages

1. Log , Mathematics Tools

1. Use Of Logarthmic tables and standard mathematic table ... 1
2. Elementary Algebra . . . 6

3. Elementary Trigonometry . . . 8

4. Basic Co–ordinate Geometry . . . 10

5. Differentiation . . . 15

6. Integral Function . . . 19

7. Definite Integral of a Function . . . 22

8. Application in Physics . . . 22

2. Dimensional Formula of Standard Quantities . . . 1 - 8

3. List of Formulae . . . 1 - 3
MATHEMATIC TOOLS

GRAPHS, EQUATONS & CALCULUS

 Borivali / Kandivli / Badlapur

1. USE OF LOGARTHMIC TABLES AND STANDARD MATHEMATIC TABLE :

1] LAWS OF LOGARITHMS :

(A) log (m x n) = log m + log n

(B) log (m  n) = log m – log n

(C) log (m n ) = n log m (Power becomes coefficient)

(D) log m m = 1 [log of any no. to the same base is always 1]

(E) log m 1 = 0 [log of 1 to any base is always zero]

2] HOW TO USE LOGTABLE ?

Suppose the no. is of the type 12.345678

(A) 12  integral part

(B) 345678  decimal part

(C) subtract 1 from no. of digits of integral part i.e. 12 is a 2 digit no.

 2–1 = 1 characteristic

(D) Convert 12.345678 into 4 digit no. i.e. 12.35 and see row of 12, column of 3 & mean difference
column of 5 i.e. 0899 & 17 i.e. 0.916  mantissa

 log 10 (12.345678) = 1.0916

(E) Characteristic of 0 . 0 0 0 1234 = 4

NUMBER CHARACTERISTIC MANTISSA ANSWER

1) 14.57

2) 235.8

3) 5973

4) 4.973

5) 0.1539

6) 0.05234

7) 0.000034

8) 0.00397

9) 12.34 X 10 2

10) 1.937 X 10 –3

11) 147.3 X 10 4

12) 96.57 X 10 –2

13) 0.003004

14) 435.2 X 10 2

15) 0.001

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3] HOW TO USE ANTILOGTABLE :

Suppose no. is of the type 2 .4253 then see row of 42, column of 5 & mean difference column of 3

i.e. 2661 & 2 i.e. 2663 put the decimal point after first digit & then make the characteristic power of 10

 Final ans : 2.663 x 10 –2

NUMBER ANTILOG SCIENTIFIC FORM

1) 2.4392

2) 3 .2234

3) 1.0042

4) 10 .4944

5) 3 .2502

6) 24.4944

7) 5.2329

8) 0.0039

9) 0.4923

10) 12.34

4] How to find sin , cos  & tan  using logtable :

Suppose  = 33 0 50’ [1 0 = 60’(min) = 3600’’ (sec) then sin  = ?

In natural sines : see 33  row

48’  column

2’  mean difference & add

i.e. 5563 and 5

 Ans : 0.5568

00    90

0  sin   1

5] Same is the technique for tan 

6] In cosine table : mean difference is to be subtracted.

7] As ‘’ increases, sin  and tan  increase

 we add mean difference but cos  decreases

 we subtract mean difference.

8] HOW TO FIND POWERS & ROOTS :

(A) Suppose x = (14.57) 2

then log x = log (14.57) 2

 log x = 2 log (14.57)

 log x = 2 [1.1635]

 log x = 2.3270

 x = Antilog (2.3270)

 x = 2.123 x 10 2 = 212.3

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(B) Suppose x = 3
129.4
 log x = log (129.4) 1/3

1
 log x = log 129.4
3
1
 log x = (2.1120)
3
 log x = 0.7040

 x = Antilog (0.7040)

 x = 5.058 x 10 0

 x = 5.058

(C) Suppose x = (0.0402) 3

 log x = log (0.0402) 3

 log x = 3 log 0.0402

 log x = 3 [ 2 .6042]

 log x = 5 .8126

 x = Antilog ( 5 .8126)

 x = 6.495 x 10 –5 = 0.00006495

(D) Suppose x = (0.2105) 1/4

 log x = log (0.2105) 1/4

1
 log x = log (0.02105)
4
1
 log x = x ( 1 .3232)
4

1. 3232 
 log x =  4 
 

 4  3.3232 
 log x =  
 4 

 3.3232 
 log x = 1 
 4 

 log x = [ 1 + 0.8308]

 log x = 1 .8308

 x = Antilog ( 1 .8308)

 x = 6.774 x 10 –1 = 0.6774

9] Solve the following :

167.9  2.493 2 45.29  4.323

(a) x = (b) x =
7.932 2.4931 3
4
45.45  235.9  324 6.67  10 11  2  10 30  6  10 24
(c) x = (d) x=
9.732  10 2
1.5  10 
11 2

(e) x =
  
9  10 9  1.67  10 27  9.1  10 31 
0.053  10  10 2

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10] Find the following :

(1) sin (12 o 32’) (2) cos (65 o 17’)

(3) tan (23 o 42’) (4) cos (35 o 12’)

(5) sin (69 o 49’) (6) tan (70 o 17’)

(7) sin (15 o 15’) (8) cos (42 o 42’)

(9) tan (56 o 72’) (10) sin (69 o 69’)

NUMBER SCIENTIFIC FORM CHARACTERISTIC MANTISSA ANSWER

1) 14.57

2) 235.8

3) 5973

4) 4.973

5) 0.1539

6) 0.05234

7) 0.000034

8) 0.00397

9) 12.34 X 10 2

10) 1.937 X 10 –3

11) 147.3 X 10 4

12) 96.57 X 10 –2

13) 0.003004

14) 435.2 X 10 2

15) 0.001

NUMBER ANTILOG SCIENTIFIC FORM

1) 2.4392

2) 3 .2234

3) 1.0042

4) 10 .4944

5) 3 .2502

6) 24.4944

7) 5.2329

8) 0.0039

9) 0.4923

10) 12.34

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Log tables – practice

I. Find The Value of the following using log tables:

25  12 2
2 2. X=
1. X = 20 / (18 x 9.8) 37

6.67  10 1 1  6  10 2 4  13650
–8 4 4 4. X=
3. X = 5.67 x 10 x 8 x 0.4 x (500 – 300 ) 2  8  106

6.67  10 1 1  6  10 24 6. X = 2
6.4  10  6
3

5. X= 6 .67  10 11  6  10 24
6.4  10 6

1.6  10  19 2
8. X=
9.1  10
 31

 1 .6  10 
1 9 4

7. X=
2  8 .85  10   6 .63  10 
12 3 4 
8  8.85  10
12 2
  6.63  10   34 2

7.8  3.6
4 1 10. X= tan 36
9. X = 11 x x 2 x (6.4 x 10 6) 5 x 2  50
3 432

II. Find values of sin , cos and tan for the following:

0 0 0 0 0
a. 45 35’ b. 29 42’ c. 53 34’ d. 63 49’ e. 39 39’
f. 23.52 0 g. 48.50 h. 59.6 0 i. 68.25 0 j. 73.350

III. Find sin – 1 , cos – 1 , tan – 1 for the following:

a. 0.1235 b. 0.6948 c. 0.5648 d. 0.6998 e. 0.8765

f. 0.4455 g. 0.5589 h. 0.3659 i. 0.7859 j. 0.4613

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Mathematics is the supporting tool for physics. The elementary knowledge of basic maths is useful in
problem-solving in physics. Basic knowledge of elementary algebra, trigonometry, coordinate geometry, and calculus
is must before going into the depth of physics.

2. ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA :

Common Formulae :

1. (a + b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + 2ab

2. (a – b) 2 = a 2 + b 2 – 2ab

3. (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

4. (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2

5. (a + b) 3 = a 3 + b 3 + 3ab(a + b)

6. (a – b) 3 = a 3 – b 3 – 3ab(a – b)

7. (a + b) 2 – (a – b) 2 = 4ab

8. (a + b) 2 + (a – b) 2 = 2(a 2 + b 2)

Polynomial, Linear and Quadratic Equations Real Polynomial :

Let a0, a1, a2, . . . . an be real numbers and x be a real variable, then f(x, y) = a 0 + a1x + a2x2 + . . . + anxn is called
a real polynomial.

Degree or Index of a Polynomial :

The highest power appearing in a polynomial is called its degree. For example : f(x) = x 3 + 8x + 3 is a polynomial
of degree 3.

Students must note here that it is not necessary that the highest power must be of a single variable only. For
example : F(x, y) = 3x 2y + y 2 + 2 is a polynomial of degree 3 because of the variable y in the term x 2y. We
add the powers of the variables in a term to find the degree of a polynomial irrespective of the nature of variables.
Thus, in the present case, x 2y has power equal to 2 + 1 = 3, Hence, the degree of the given polynomial is 3.

Linear Equations :

Equations having terms of unit degree are called linear equations, e.g.: x + y = 2 or 2x + 3 = 5. Such equations
always represent a straight line on a graph.

Quadratic Equations :

Equations of second degree are called quadratic equations. The general form of a quadratic equation is ax 2 +
bx + c = 0, where a  0.

Roots of a quadratic equation :

The solutions to a quadratic equation are called its roots. Roots are those values of a variable such as x for
which the given quadratic equation reduces to zero. As a rule, a quadratic equation always has two roots, which
may or may nor be equal. The roots of a quadratic equation are generally represented by a and b. Let ax 2 +
bx + c = 0 be a quadratic equation.

 b  b 2  4 ac  b  b 2  4 ac
1. Its roots are  = ;  = .
2a 2a

 b  b 2  4 ac
2. Hence, its solutoin is given by x = .
2a

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b
3. Sum of its roots is given by  +  = .
a

c
4. Product of its roots is given by  = .
a

b 2  4ac
5. Difference of its roots is given by  –  = .
a

Binomial Theorem for Any Index :

If n is positive, negative or fraction and x is any real number such that –1 < x < 1, i.e. x lies between – 1
n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)
and +1, then according to the binomial theorem (1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x2 + x3+ . . . .  terms
2! 3!

Notes :

1. If n is a positive integer, then the expansion will have (n + 1) terms.

2. If n is a negative integer or a fraction, then the number of terms in the expansion will be infinite, i.e.,
there will be no last term.

3. If | x | << 1, then only the first two terms of the expansion are significant because the values of higher
order terms become very small and can be neglected. Thus, in this case, the binomial expansion reduces
to the following simplified forms when | x | < < 1 :

(1 + x) n = 1 + nx and (1 + x) –n = 1 – nx

(1 – x) n = 1 – nx and (1 – x) –n = 1 + nx

Illustration 1.1 :

Calculate (1001) 1/3 :

Solution :

 1 
We can write 1001 as 1001 = 1000 1   so that we have
 1000 
1/3 1/3
  1   1 
(1001) 1/3 = 10001   = 10 1  
  1000   1000 

 1 
= 10(1 + 0.001) 1/3 = 10 1   0.001 
 3 
= 10.003333

Expand (1 + x) –3

Solution :

(3)( 3  1) x 2 (3)(3  1)(3  2)

(1 + x) –3 = 1 + (–3)x + + x3 + . . .
2! 3!

12 2 60 3
= 1 – 3x + x – x+ . . . .
2 32

= 1 – 3x + 6x 2 – 10x 3 + . . . .

Concept Application Exercise 1.1

1. Expand (1 + x) –2

 x 
3 
2. Using binomial expansion, simplify the expression Q 1    1 , assuming x to be small in comparison to x.
 x  

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3. ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY :

System of Measurement of an Angle :

There are different types of measurment of an angle :

1. Sexagesimal System : In this system :

1 right angle = 90 o (degree); 1 degree = 60’ (minute)

1 minute = 60’’ (seconds)

2. Centesimal System : In this system :

1 right angle = 100 grades (100 g)

1 grade = 100 minutes (100’)

1 minute = 100 seconds (100’’)

3. Circular System : In this system : Q

Angle is measured in radian, n radians = 180 o
s


Consider a particle moving from position P to position Q along a circle of radius O r P

arc length PQ s
r with centre at O. Then angle  = =  s = r
Radius of Circle r

If the length of the arc PQ is equal to the radius r of the circle, then  = 1 radian.

Radian : When a body completes one revolution :  = 2 rad.

360 o
So 2 rad = 360 o or 2  3.14 rad = 360 o  1 rad = = 57.3 o
2  3.14

Four Quadrants and Sign Conventions :

Consider two mutually perpendicular lines intersecting at O. These two mutually perpendicular lines divide the
plane into four parts called quadrants :

Y Y
p

 

X’ O N X X’ N O X
(a) (b)

Y’ Y’

Y Y

N

N O
X’ O X X’ X
(c) (d)

p p
Y’ Y’
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Points to Remember :

1. To determine the sign of a trigonometrical ratio in any quadrant, OP is taken as positive in all the four
quadrants.
Y
2. In the first quadrant, all trigonometrical ratios
are positive (II)
(I)
sin and cosec
All positive
positive
3. In the second quadrant, only sin  and cosec
 are positive. X’ O X
(III) (IV)
tan and cot cos and sec
4. In the third quadrant, only tan  and cot  are positive. positive positive

5. In the fourth quadrant, only cos  and sec  are

Y’
positive.

6. The values of sin  and cos  are such that – 1  sin  1 and – 1  cos   1

7. But tan  and cot  can take any real value.

The Graphs of sine and cosine Functions :

The function y = sin x, where x is any dimensionless quantity, is called a sine function. The argument x is usually
measured in radian. The function y = sin x is plotted in figure (a). The maximum positive and negative values
of a sine function are +1 and –1, respectively. Between x = 0 and x = , the function is positive and the peak
value of +1 occurs at x = /2. Similarly, for the interval x =  to x = 2, the function is negative, and the negative
peak occurs at x = 3/2. The sine function is a periodic function with a period of 2 . That is, the pattern of
the graph repeats itself after an interval of 2 . Mathematically, it may be stated as y = sin x = sin (2  + x)
= sin (4 + x) = . . . and so on.

Y Y

  2 5/2
2 3 4
O
/2 3/2 5/2 X O /2 3/2 3 X

Y’ Y’

Figure (a) Figure (b)

If the graph of the sine function is displaced to the left through /2, we get the graph of the cosine function
y = cos x as shown in figure (b). The cosine function is also a periodic function with a period of 2 .

Some Important Trigonometric Formulae :

1. (a) sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 (b) 1 + tan 2 = sec 2

2. Addition and subtraction formulae :

(a) sin (A  B) = sin A cos B  cos A sin B (b) cos (A  B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B

tan A  tan B
(c) tan (A  B) =
1  tan A tan B
3. Multiple formulae :

(a) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A (b) cos 2A = cos 2A – sin 2a

2 tan A
(c) cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin 2A = 2 cos 2A – 1 (d) tan 2A =
1  tan2 A
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Inverse Trigonometric Functions :

Inverse trigonometric functions are also called anti-trigonometric functions. These are represented by putting
a s u per s c r ip t ‘ – 1 ’ o n t h e c o r r e s pn di n g t r i go n o m et r ic f u n c t io n w h o s e in v er s e is t o be o b t ai n e d.
For example inverse of sin  = x means  = sin –1x.

It is read as “sin inverse x”. Just as a trigonometric operation on any angle gives a particular value, an inverse
trigonometric operatio on any value (or number) returns its corresponding angle.

Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions :

1. sin –1 (sin ) =  and sin (sin –1x) = x; provided –/2    /2 and –1  x  1.
2. cos –1 (cos ) =  and cos (cos –1x) = x; provided – /2    /2 and – 1  x  1.
3. tan –1 (tan ) =  and tan (tan –1x) = x; provided – /2    /2 and –   x   .
Illustration 1.3 :
Find the value of sin –1 1.
Solution :
Let y = sin –11 = sin –1 (sin /2) = /2
[ sin /2 = 1 and sin –1 (sin ) =  for – /2    /2]
Illustration 1.4 :
Find the value of cos –1 (–1/2)
Solution :

 2  2
Let y = cos –1(–1/2) = cos –1  cos  =
 3  3

[ cos (2/3) = – 1/2 and cos –1 (cos ) =  for 0    ]

4. BASIC CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY :

If you have to specific position of a point in space, how will you do it? This is the easiest application of co-
ordinate geometry. We can give, assign or find out the exact numerical value of the position of points, lines,
curves, slopes, etc. This is done with the help of co-ordinate systems. There are many types of co-
ordinate systems such as rectangular, polar, spherical, cylindrical, etc. Generally the right-handed rectangular
co-ordinate system is used in physics. This system consists of :

1. Origin 2. Axis of Axes

If the point is on a given line or in a particular direction, only one co-ordinate is necessary to specify its position;
if it is in a plane, two co-ordinates are required; if it is in space, three co-ordinates are needed.

Origin :

This is any fixed point convenient to you. In a room, you can consider any corner as the origin. On a sheet
of paper, you can mark any point on it as the origin. All measurements are taken basically with respect to this
point called origin.

Axis or Axes :

Any fixed direction passing through the origin and convenient to you can be taken as an axis. If the position
of a point or positions of all the points under consideration always happen to be in a particular direction, then
only one axis is required. This is generally called the X-axis. If the positions of all the points under consideration
are always in a plane, two axes are needed. These are generally called X and Y-axes. If the points are distributed
in space, three axes are taken, which are called X, Y and Z-axes. If X, Y and Z-axes are mutually perpendicular,
the system is called rectangular co-ordinate system.

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Important Points :

1. Origin can be any fixed point convenient to you. It is O x

x
denoted by O. O
2. The X-axis is any fixed direction passing through the
origin and convenient to you. Thus, it is not at all
necessary that the (so-called) horizontal line passing

O
through the origin is the X-axis.

x
x O
3. Unless otherwise explicitly mentioned, all angles are

O
always measured from the direction of the
X-axis. (called the positive direction of X-axis). Positive
angles are measured in anticlockwise direction and Y X
Y
negative angles in clockwise direction.
o
90
4. The y-axis is any fixed direction convenient to
90o
you passing through the origin and perpendicular O
O X
to the X-axis. Perpendicular means making an
a n g l
o
with the positive direction of the
e o f + 9 0

X-axis. Student may feel that once the origin and

the X-axis have been fixed, the position of the Fig. (a) Fig. (b)
Y-axis also gets fixed accordingly. But, it is not
the case. The y-axis can be any fixed direction X
in the plane passing through the origin and the
X-axis and perpendicular to the X-axis. 90
o

O
Thus, X and Y-axes can have any direction as Y O
X
o
90
shown in figure.
5. Once the origin, X and Y-axes are fixed, the Z-
Y
axis gets automatically fixed. The convenience
of the observer ceases to exist. Fig. (c) Fig. (d)
The Z-axis is the fixed direction passing through the origin and perpendicular to both the X and Y-axes.

Position of a Point :

In case of plane co-ordinate geometry, i.e., when the position of a point always remains contained in a plane
(called x-y plane), the position of the point is specified by its distances from the origin along (or parallel to)
the x and Y-axes, as shown in figure. You can easily observe that the co-ordinates (x 1, y 1), (x 2, y 2), (x 3, y 3) and
(x 4, y 4) in figure are (4, 2), (–4, 3), (–5, –4) and (2, – 2) respectively.

Distance formulae : Y

1. The distance between two points (x 1, y 1) and (x 2, 4

(–2, 3) (3, 4)
3
y 2) is 2 2
( x 2  x1 )  ( y 2  y1 ) . (x2 , y2)
2
(1, 1) (x1 , y1)
1
2. The distance of the point (x 1, y 1) from the origin
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
is x 12  y 12 . X’ X
–1

–2
The co-ordinates of the mid-point of the line joining (–3, –2) (x 4 , y 4)
–3
(4, –3)
 x1  x 2 y1  y 2  –4
A(x 1, y 1) and B(x 2, y 2) are  ,  . (x3 , y3)
 2 2 
Y’
Slope of a line : Y
y2 B (x2, y2)
The slope of a line joining two points A(x 1, y 1) and B(x 2,y 2)
y 2  y1
is denoted by m and is given by m = tan  = x  x , where y1
2 1 A (x1, y1)
 is the angle which the line makes with the positive direction
of X-axis.
O x1 x2
X

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Y
Straight Line Equations :
1. Ax + By + C = 0 is the general form of the equation of
a straight line.
2. The equation of X-axis is y = 0.
a X
3. The equation of Y-axis is x = 0.

4. The equation of a straight line parallel to the Y-axis and Y

at a distance a from it is given by x = a.

5. The equation of a straight line parallel to the X-axis and

at a distance b from it is given by y = b.

6. y = mx + c is a line which cuts off an intercept c on the b

y-axis and makes an angle  with the positive direction O x

of the x-axis in he anticlockwise direction, and m = tan
 is called its slope or gradient.
Y
(a) When c = 0, y = mx. This is a straight line passing
through the origin.

The graph between x and y will be a straight line
O X
as x bears direct dependence on y.
dy
Here, m represents the slope of the line so = m tan . Y
dx
(b) When c  0, y = mx + c.
C 
Graph for this equation is also a straight line but with
a positive intercept on the Y-axis. When x goes to zero, O X
y-accordingly takes the value c. So the straight line
Y
will start from y = c instead of the origin. A
Here also m = tan  is the slope of the straight line

(c) When c = 0, m < 0, y = mx
O X
For m < 0,  > 90 o
Y
(d) When c  0, m < 0, y = mx + c

For m < 0,  > 90 o C

x y 
7. + = 1 is a line in the intercept from where a and
a b O X
b are the intercepts on the axes of x and y, respectively.
Y
8. y – y 1 = m(x – x 1) is the equation of a line through a
given point (x 1, y 1) and having slope m. P
b
Slope : Q

O a
X
Coefficient of x A
The slope m of the line Ax + By + C = 0 is given by m = – =
coefficient of y B

Concept Appliation Exercise 1.2

1. Plot the lines : (i) 3x + 2y = 0 (ii) x – 3y + 6 = 0

2. If a particle starts moving with initial velocity u= 1 ms –1 and acceleration a = ms –2, the velocity of the
particle at any time is given by v = u + at = 1 + 2t; plot the velocity time graph of the particle.

3. A particle starts moving with initial velocity u = 25ms –1 and retardation a = – 2 ms –2. Draw the velocity
time graph.

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Parabola : Quadratic Equations :

Let us now discuss graphs of quadratic equations.

For the equation y = ax 2 + bx + c (where a, b and c are constants), the graph between x and y is a parabola. As
long as a = 0, this equation represents a quadratic function. So what is the simplest quadratic equation ? It is y =
ax 2 (obtained by putting b = 0, c = 0), which is the equation of a parabola

 The graph for y = ax 2 will be a symmetric parabola about the Y-axis. The orientation of the parabola is
decided by the sign of a.

When a is Positive When a is Negative

The equation of the The equation of the

parabola is y = ax 2
Parabola will be y = – ax 2

Y Y

O
X
O X

 If we exchange x and y in this equation, i.e., x = ay 2, then the axis of symmetry changes and becomes the X-axis.
As this orientation changes as per the sign of a, the orientation becomes opposite when a is negative.

When a is Positive When a is Negative

The equation of the The equation of the

parabola is x = ay 2 Parabola will be x = ay 2

Y Y

O O Y
X
X

 2ba
 ba O
For the equation y = ax 2 + bx, where c = 0, the graph between x and y is X

an asymmetric parabola. The orientation of the graph varies with the signs 2
 b4 a
of a and b. Let us take the special case when both a and b are positive.
Vertex
When y = 0, then x = 0 or x = –b/a. At x = – b/2a, y is minimum and y min = –b 2/4a. It is known as vertex.

Plotting Quadratic Equations :

1. The general quadratic equation is y = ax 2 + bx + c.

2. The graph of a quadratic equation is always a parabola.

3. The orientation of the graph depends upon the sign of a.

i. When a is positive, the graph opens up.

ii. When a is negative, the graph opens down.

4. The x-co-ordinate of the vertex is equal to –b/2a, i.e. x = – b/2a.

5. Put this value in the given equation and find y. The point (x, y) so obtained represents the vertex.

6. Choose two values of x which are to the right or left of the x-co-ordinates of the vertex.
7. Substitution of these values gives the values of y.

Using these values of (x, y), the graph can be plotted successfully.
Note : Since a parabola is symmetric about the line passing through its vertex, the mirror image of points
taken with the same value will give the other side of the parabola.
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Illustration 1.6 : Plot the graph for the equation y = – x 2 + 4x – 1.

Solution :

a = – 1, b = 4, c = –1. As a is negative, the parabola should open down.

b
Vertex : x = = 2. Putting this value of x, we get y = 3. Hence, the vertex of the parabola is (2, 3).
2a

Assume two values of x as follows and find the corresponding values of y.

X 1 – 1 (2, 3)

(1, 2) (3, 2)
Y 2 – 6

Points obtained are (1, 2), (– 1, –6)

Points obtained are (2, 3) (vertex), [1, 2], [–1, –6]

Symmetry of parabola :

Mirror image points of (1, 2) and (– 1, –6)

are (3, 2) and (5, – 6).

Now, sketch the parabola as shown in figure. (–1,–6)

(5,–6)
Illustration 1.7 : Plot the graph for the equation y = x 2 – 4x.

Solution : a = 1, b = –4. As a is positive, the parabola should open up.

As c = 0, the parabola passes through the origin.

b
Vertex : x = = 2, so y = – 4 
2a

Vertex = (2, –4) Assuming two values of x,

X 1 0

Y – 3 0 (0, 0) (4, 0)

Points obtained : (2, – 4), (1, – 3), (0, 0)

Symmetry of parabola : (3, –3)

(1, –3)

Mirror image points of (1, – 3) and (0, 0) (2, –4)

are (3, – 3) and (4, 0).

Now, sketch the parabola as shown in figure.Concept Application Exercise 1.3

1. Find the vertex of the following quadratic equations and plot the graph :

i. y = x 2 – 8x

ii. y = – 2x 2 + 3

iii. y = x 2 – 6x + 4

2. If a particle starts moving along the X-axis from the origin with initial velocity u = 1 ms –1 and acceleration
a = 2 ms –2, the relationship between displacement and time is :

1 1
x = ut + at 2 = 1  t + 2  t2 = t + t2
2 2

Draw the displacement (x) – time (t) graph.

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5. DIFFERENTIATION :

The purpose of differential calculus is to study the nature (i.e., increase or decrease) and the amount of variation
in a quantity when another quantity (on which the first quantity depends) varies independently. In out day-to-
day life, we often face such situations, e.g., growth of plants, expansion of solids on heating, variation in the
velocity of a uniformly accelerated object, growth in the population of a country, etc.

Quantity : Anything that can be measured is called a quantity.

Constants and Variables : A quantity whose vale remains constant throughout the mathematical operation is called
a constant, e.g., integers, fractions, , e, etc. On the other hand, a quantity which can have any numerical value
within certain specific limits is called a variable. A variable is usually represented by u,v,
w, x, y, z, etc.

Dependent and Independent Variables : A variable which can have any arbitrary value within specific limits is
called an independent variable whereas a variable whose value depends upon the numerical values assigned
to the independent variable is defined as a dependent variable.

Differential Coefficient or Derivative of a Function :

Suppose y be a function of x, i.e., y = f(x) . . . (1)

The value of the function or the dependent variable y depends on the value of the independent variable x. If
we change the value of x to x + x, then the value of the function will also change. Let it become y + y. Hence

y + y = f(x + x) . . . (2)

Subtracting eq (1) from eq (2), we get :

y + y – y = f(x + x) – f(x)

or y = f(x + x) – f(x) . . . (3)

The above equation provides the change in the value of the function y, when the value of the variable x is changed
from x to x + x.

Dividing both sides of eq (3) by x, we get :

y f ( x  x )  f ( x )
= . . . (4)
x x

This equation gives the average rate of change of the function when the value of the variable x changes in the
interval between x and x + x.

Taking limits on both sides of eq. (4), when x approaches zero, we get :

 y  f ( x  x )  f ( x )
lim   = lim
. . . (5)
x  0
 x  x  0
x

If the above limit exists uniquely and finitely for all values of x in the given interval, then it is called the differential

d dy
coefficient or derivative of f(x) or y with respect to x. It is represented by [f(x)] or
dx dx

dy lim f ( x  x )  f ( x )
Hence, = x  0 . . . (6)
dx x

It is clear that eq. (5) or eq. (6) provides the instantaneous rate of change of the function y with respect to
the variable x. Hence, the differentiation of a function with respect to a varaible implies the instantaneous rate
of change of the function with respect to that variable.

Geometrical Interpretation of the Derivative of a Function :

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Suppose the function y = f(x) is represented graphically by a curve, as shown in figure. Let us take two points
P(x 0, y 0) and Q(x 0 + x, y 0 + y) on this graph. When these points P and Q are joined, we get a chord PQ.
Suppose chord PQ makes an angle a with the positive X-axis. Draw a perpendicular PR on the line QB.

It is clear from figure that :

PR = AB = OB – OA = (x 0 + x) – x 0 = x and QR = y
Hence, slope f chord PQ is :

QR y
tan  = =
PR x

y 0  y  y 0 f ( x 0  x )  f ( x 0 )
= =
x x

y
 = tan 
x

Suppose the point Q approaches the point P. As this happens, y and x become smaller and smaller. In the
limiting case, the point Q almost coincides, with P such that the chord PQ becomes almost a tangent to the
curve at P. Let the tangent to the curve at P make an angle  with the positive X-axis. The slope of this tangent
will be tan .

So we see that as the point Q approaches the point P,

x = dx, y = dy and   

dy
Hence, from eq. (1), we obtain = tan 
dx

Therefore, we conclude that geometrically the differential coefficient or derivative of y = f’(x) with respect to
x at any point is equal to the slope of the tangent to the curve representing y = f(x) at that point.

Properties of Derivatives :

Derivative of a Constant Times of Function :

d
The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of the function. That is : [kf(x)]
dx

d df
= k [f(x)] = k , where k is a constant.
dx dx

Derivative of the sum of Two Functions :

d
The derivative of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of their derivatives. That is [f(x) + g(x)]
dx

df dg
= + .
dx dx

Linear Property of Differentiation :

The above two rules may be combined to provide the linear property of differentiation. Mathematically, it may

d df dg
be expressed as [af(x) + bg(x)] = a + b , where a and b are constants.
dx dx dx

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The Product Rule :

d dg df
The derivative of the product of two functions f(x) and g(x) is given by [f(x) g(x)] = f + g
dx dx dx

The Quotient Rule :

df dg
d  f (x)  g f
The derivative of the quotient of two functions f(x) and g(x) is given by   = dx dx .
dx  g( x )  g2

The Chain Rule :

This rule is very useful in physical applications. Suppose that f is a function of x, which in turn in a function of t. The derivative
of f with respect to t is equal to the product of the two derivatives, df/dx and dx/dt.
dy dy dx
i.e. =
dt dx dt

Derivatives of Some Important Functions :

1. Trigonometric Functions

d d
i. (sin x) = cos x ii. (cos x) = – sin x
dx dx

d d
iii. (tan x) = sec2x iv. (cot x) = – cosec2x
dx dx

d d
v. (sec x) = tan x sec x vi. (cosec x) = – cot x cosec x
dx dx

d  du  d  du 
vii. (sin u) = cos u   viii. (cos u) = – sin u  
dx  dx  dx  dx 

d  du  d  du 
ix. (cot u) = – cosec 2u   x. (sec u) = sec u tan u  
dx  dx  dx  dx 

d  du 
xi. (cosec u) = – cosec u cot u  
dx  dx 

2. Logarithmic functions :

d 1 d 1 1
i. (log ax) = log ae ii. (log e x) = log e (e) =
dx x dx x x

3. Exponential functions :

d d  du 
 
i. (e x) = ex ii. (e u ) = e u  dx 
dx dx

Maximum and Minimum Values of Function :

Higher order derivatives are used to find the maximum and minimum values of a function. At the points of maxima
and minima, the first-order derivative becomes zero. As at these minima, the first-order derivative becomes zero.
As at these points the function does not offer any variation, the derivative ends up with zero to indicate no variation.
The important thing here is that the first derivative offers no identification point of maxima and minima. This

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job is completed by the second derivative. Y

A
From the graph we can easily find out that the slope of the curve at points A and B is zero. So dy/dx must
be zero, i.e., dy/dx = 0. Now to distinguish A and B as the points of maxima, or minima we need to check the
trend of the slope at the points of consideration, i.e., whether the change in slope is positive or negative.

A t poin t A (m axima): A s w e see f r om figur e t h at in th e

neighborhood of A, the slope changes from positive to negative B
the second derivative of the function will be less than zero, i.e.,
d 2y/dx 2 < 0. Hence, the condition for maxima is that d 2y/dx 2 has
O X
to be less than zero at the point of consideration.

At point B (minima): As the slope of the tangent in the neighborhood

of B changes from negative to positive, the second derivative of
the function will be greater than zero, i.e., d 2y/dx 2 > o. Hence,
the condition for the minima is that d 2y/dx 2 has to be greater than
zero at the point of consideration.

Use of Maxima and Minima in Physics

Maximum/minimum is a very important mathematical tool in physics, where in many situations we are asked
to find mimimum/ the maximum value of a function. For example, in case of a particle moving with a certain
velociy/acceleration, it may be asked to find the maximum/minimum velocity of the particle during motion.

Illustration 1.8 : Find the minimum and maximum values of the function y = x 3 – 3x 2 + 6. Also find
the values of x at which these occur.

Solution : Given y = x 3 – 3x 2 + 6

dy
Differentiating y. w.r.t.x, = 3x 2 – 6x
dx

dy
Putting = 0, we get the values at which the function is maximum or minimum. So
dx

3x 2 – 6x = 0  x(3x – 6) = 0

 x = 0, 2

To distinguish the value of x as the point of maximum or minimum, we need second derivative of the function.
Therefore,

d2 y  d2 y 
 
= 6x - 6; Now  dx 2  = –6 < 0.
dx 2  x  0

So x = 0 is a point of maximum.

 d2 y 
 
Similarly,  dx 2  = 6 > 0
  x  2

So x = +2 is a point of minimum.

Hence, the maximum value of y is 03 – 3 x 0 + 6 = 6 and the minimum value of y is

(2) 3 – 3(2) 3 + 6 = 2.

Illustration 1.9 : Find the values of x at which y = A sin 2 x has minima and maxima. A is some positive
constant.

 1  cos 2 x 
Solution : Let y = A sin 2 x = A  
 2 

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Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get

dy A
= (2 sin 2x) = A sin 2x = 2A sin x cos x
dx 2

To find out the points of maxima or minima, we need to equate the first derivative of the function to zero,

dy
i.e., = 0  2A sin x cos x = 0
dx

 sin x = 0 and cos x = 0

Now, sin x = 0 for x = n  , where n = 0, 1, 2, ...

and cos x = 0 for x = (2n + 1)  /2, where n = 0, 1, 2, ....

To distiguish the points of maxima and minima, we need the second derivative of y.

d2 y
= 2A cos 2 x = 2 A (1 – sin 2 x)
dx 2

d2 y
1. For x = n  , sin2x = 0  = 2A > 0
dx 2

So the function has minima at points x = n  .

 d2 y
2. For x = (2n + 1) , sin2 x = 1  = 2A < 0
2 dx 2


So the function has maxima at points x = (2n + 1) .
2

Concept Application Exercise 1.4

1. Differentiate the following w.r.t.x:

a. 9 b. 4

c. 2e3 d. x2 + 5

e. (x + 5) -1/2 f. 5x3/2

g. x3 h. (2x 2 + 9) 3

t2 t
2. A particle starts form rest and its angular displacement (in rad) is given by  = +
20 5

Calculate the angular velocity at the end of t = 4 s.

3. A metalic disc is being heated. Its area A (in m 2) at any time t (in second) is given by

A = 5t 2 + 4t +8. Calculate the rate of increase in area at t = 3 s.

6. INTEGRAL OF FUNCTION :

In mathematics, for each operation performed on mathematical objects (numbers, vectors, functions, etc.), there
is an inverse operation defined as well. For example, subtraction for addition, division for multiplication, evolutoin
(determining the root of a number) for involution (raising a number of some power), etc. Similarly, integration
is an inverse operation of differentiation. It is an operation of finding such a function for which the given function
is a derivative. For example, the integral I(x) of the function f(x) = 2x is x 2, because we know that the derivative

dI
of the function x 2 is 2x. Thus, we may write f(x) = . For f(x) = 2x, we have I (x) = x 2.
dx

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Let f(x) be a function of x such that the differential coefficient of any other function g(x) w.r.t.x is f(x). We then
say that the integral of f(x) w.r.t.x is g(x), which is without limits and hence is indefinite. Such an integral is

called indefinite integral and is written as  f(x)dx = g(x) + c, where c is called the constant of integration.

Note: I(x) = x 2 is not the unique function whose derivative is equal to 2x. In fact, there are infinite functions,
e.g., x 2 + 1, x 2 + 2, x 2 + 3, and so on, which may satisfy the equation.

Therefore, in general, we may write I(x) = x 2 + c, where c is a constant, which may take any arbitrary value.
The function I(x) is also called the ‘indefinite integral’ of the given function f(x) if it satisfies the equation. The
term ‘indefinite’ signifies that it is arbitrary to an additive constant. An indefinite integral is denoted as I(x) =

 f(x) dx. the symbol  denotes the operation of integration. The expression f(x) is called the integrand. Sometimes,
the function I(x) is also called the antiderivative of the function f(x).

Properties of Indefinite Integral

1. The indefinite integral of a constant times a function is equal to the constant times the integral of

the function. That is, a f(x)dx = a  f(x)dx: where a is a constant.

2. The indefinite integral of an algebric sum of two or more functions is equal to the algebric sum

of their integrals. That is,  [f(x) + g(x)] dx =  f(x) dx +  g(x) dx

3. Linearity property: The above two properties may be combined together to give the linearity property

of indefinite integrals. That is,  [a f(x) + b g(x)]dx = a f(x) dx + b g(x) dx; where a and b are constants.

4. If  f(x) dx = F(x) + c, then

 f(x + b) dx = F(x + b) + c

1
Also  f(ax + b) dx = F(ax + b) + c, where a, b, and c are constants.
a
Standard Formulae for Integration

1.  cu dx = c u dx

2.  (u  v  w)dx   udx   wdx

x n1
3.  xn dx = n 1
+ constant, provided n  -1

4.  c dx = cx + constant, where c is a constant

x n1
 cx
n
5. dx = c + constant
n 1

x
1
6. dx = log e x + constant

e
x
7. dx = e x + constant

e ax b e ax b
e
ax b
8. dx =  + constant
d a
ax  b
dx

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9.  sin x dx = -cos x + constant

cos ax
10.  sin ax dx = a
+ constant

11.  cos x dx = sin x + constant

sin ax
12.  cos ax dx = a
+ constant

13.  sec x dx = tan x + constant

 cos ec
2
14. x dx = -cot x + constant

cos( ax  b)
15.  sin (ax + b) dx = a
+ constant

sin( ax  b)
16.  cos (ax +b) dx =
a
+ constant

(ax  b) n 1
 (ax  b)
n
17. dx = + constant, provided n  -1
a(n  1)

a
18.  ax  b dx = log e
(ax +b) + constant

e ax b
e
ax b
19. dx = + constant
a

tan( ax  b)
 sec
2
20. (ax + b) dx = + constant
a

cot( ax  b)
 cos ec
2
21. (ax + b) dx = + constant
a

Illustration 1.10 Integrate the following w.r.t.x:

1 1 1
1. x3 2. x - 3. 2x
+ 4.
x x2 2x  3
e

Sol.

1
1. y = x3 2. y = x -
x

Integrating both side w.r.t.x, we get Integrating both sides w.r.t.x, we get

 1  1 
I=  
ydx  x dx
3
I =  ydx    x  x dx   x dx  ln x  c 

x4  x n1  x2

n
= + c  x dx  n  1  c  = - ln x + c
4 
  2

1 1
3. y = e2x + 4. y =
x2 2x  3
Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

 1  dx
 ydx    e
2x
I=  dx
x2 
I =  ydx   2x  3

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e2x x 2 1  e ax  ln 2x  3

ax
=  + c  e  a  c   I = c
2  2 1 
  2

e2x 1
=  + c
2 x
7. DEFINITE INTEGRAL OF A FUNCTION :

The definite integral of a function is one of the important concepts of mathematics directly applied in physics,
engineering, and other disciplines. In physics, the calculation of certain physical quantities such as displacement,
velocity centre of mass, moment of inertia, work, impulse, etc, includes the evaluation of a definie integral.

b
The integration of a function f(x) w.r.t.x when x varies from a to b, called definite integral, is written as  f (x)dx ,
a

where f(x) is called the integrant, dx is called the derivative with respect to x, a, and b are the lower and upper
limits of the integral. If the integral of f(x) w.r.t. x is g(x), then the value of the above integral is [g(b) - g(a)].

Note : Indefinite integrals do not find direct application in physics unless we determine the value of the constant
of integration. Also, the moment we assign a value to this constant, the integral no longer remains indefinite
but becomes definite.

Algebric Method to Evaluate Definite Integral

Algebrically the definite integral between the limits a and b can be calculated in the same way as we determine
the indefinite integral with a little difference as illustrated below:

b b
 f (x)dx  I(x) a  I(b)  I(a),
a

where I(x) is the indefinite intergral of the function f(x)

8. APPLICATION IN PHYSICS :

Differentiation is a very important mathematical tool in physics. We define instantaneous velocity as the rate
of change of position at an instant with respect to time, and it is given by

lim r dr
v instantaneous = t  0 = = Y v
t dt

a
If we are given the velocity of an object as a function of time, the
differentiation of the position function with respect to time gives the r
velocity at that instant. X

Similarly, instantaneous acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity at an instant with respect to
time, and it is given by

dv v
a  lim

t dt
t 0

If we are given the velocity of an object as a function of time, the differentiation of the velocity function with
respect to time gives the acceleration at that instant.
In physics, there are numerous situations in which we have to calculate the integral of a given function. For
example:

   
• The velocity function  of a particle is the integral of its acceleration function a . That is,  (t)   adt.

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  

• The displacement function x of a particle is the integral function of its velocity function  . That is , x  dt. 
 
• Impulse I is defined as the integral of force with respect to time. That is, I  F dt. 
 
• Work W is defined as the integral of force with respect to displacement. That is, W  F  d s  
Derivation of Linear Kinematical Equations Using Calculus
Kinematical Equations of a Particle Moving in a Plane With Constant Acceleration


d
Since a  = constant
dt

dv x dv y
 a x î  a y ĵ  î  ĵ
dt dt

dv x
where ax  (i)
dt

dv y
and ay  (ii)
dt

v t x  t

From Eq. (i), 

v 0 x 
dv x  a x t 
0

 v t x   v 0 x   a x t (iii)

Here, v 0 x  is the velocity at t = 0; v t ( x ) is the velocity at time t= t; and a x is the acceleration along the x-axis.

Similarly from (ii) v t y   v 0 y   a y t (iv)

gives the variation of velocity along the y-axis.

dx
Now, from Eq. (iii),  v 0 x   a x t
dt

xt t

  dx   v    a t dt
x0 0
0x x

(x 0 is the position along the x-axis at t = 0)

1
 x t  x 0  v 0  x t  ax t 2 (v)
2

1
Similarly, y t  y 0  v 0  y t  ay t 2 (vi)
2

dv x
Now, ax 
dt

dv x  dx  dx dv x
 ax     
dt  dx  dt dx

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vx x2

  v x dv x = a x dx
ux

x1

 v 2x  u2x = 2a x ( x 2  x 1 ) (vii)

Similarly, v 2y  u 2y = 2a y ( y 2  y 1 ) (viii)

These equations show the variation of velocity with distance at a constant acceleration. In vector from,

v  v = v0  v0

1
 2a  r ; v 2  v 20  2a  r ; r  v 0 t + a (t) 2 ;
2

v  u  a t

R
GMm
Example 1.1: Solve the integral I   x2
dx.


Solution:

R R R
GMm dx  1
I =  x2
dx = GMm  x2 = GMm 
 x 
 

 1 1
= GMm    = GMm
 R  R

This expression represents the gravitational potential energy which is obtained by integrating GMm/x 2 between
the limits infinity (  ) and radius of the earth (R).

Example 1.2: A particle starts moving and its displacement after t seconds is given in meter by

the relation x  5  4 t  3r 2 . Calculate the magnitude of its

1. Initial velocity

2. Velocity at t=3 s, and

3. Acceleration

Solution :

Velocity = derivative of displacement

Acceleration= derivative of velocity

dx
1. Initial velocity means velocity at t = 0. Now v  , i.e.,,
dt

v  4  6 t . So initial velocity = 4  6  0  4 ms 1 .

2. Velocity at t=3 s: v  4  6  3  22 ms 1 .

dv
3. Acceleration, at any time t : a   6 ms 2 . This is a constant acceleration.
dt

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Example 1.3: The velocity v of a particle is given by the equation v  6t2  6t 3 , where v is in ms1 ,
is the instant of time in seconds while 6 and 6 are suitable dimensional constants.
At what values of t will the velocity be maximum and minimum? Determine these
maximum and minimum values of the velocity.

dv
Solution: Given v  6 t 2  6 t 3 . Differentiating v w.r.t. t, we have  12 t  18 t 2
dt

dv
Putting  0 , we will get the values of t at which v is maximum or minimum. Therefore,
dt

12t  18t 2  0  t  0, 2 / 3 s

To the distinguish between points of maxima and minima, we need the second derivative of v.

d2 v
 12  36 t
dt 2

d2 v
Now  12  0
dt 2 t  2 / 3s

So t=0 is a point of minima

d2 v 2
2
 12  36   12  0
dt 3
t  2 / 3s

So t=2/3 is a point of maxima.

Hence, the minimum value of v is 0 ms 1 (by putting t=0 inv).

4 8 8 16
The maximum value of v is 6  6  
9 27 3 9

8 2
= ms 1 (by putting t  in v)
9 3

Example 1.4: Let the instantaneous velocity of a rocket, just after launching, be given by the

expression v  2t  3t 2 (where v is in ms –1 and t is in seconds). Find out the distance

travelled by the rocket from t=2 s to t=3 s.

Solution: To find the distance travelled, we need to integrate v. [The limits of integration will be from
2 s to 3 s we have to find the distance travelled between t=2 s and t=3 z.

3 3 3
2 t 2 3t 3
x =  
vdt  (2t  3t 2 ) dt 
2

3
2 2 2

3
= t2  t3  24 m
2

Example 1.5: A particle moves with a constant acceleration a = 2ms –2 along a straight line. If it
moves with an initial velocity of 5ms –1, then obtain an expression for its instantaneous
velocity.

dv
Solution: We know that acceleration is time rate of change of velocity, i.e., a  and differentiation
dt
is the inverse operation of integration. So by integrating acceleration we can obtain the expression
of velocity.

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So,  
v  adt  2 dt  2t  c (i)

Where c is the constant of integration and its value can be obtained from the initial conditions.

At t=0, v  5 ms 1 . Putting these in Eq. (i), we have

5  20  c

 c  5 ms 1

Therefore, v = 2t + 5 is the required expression for the instantaneous velocity.

Example 1.6: In the previous problem, if the particle occupies a position x=7 m at t=1 s, then obtain
an expression for the instantaneous displacement of the particle.

Solution:

Again, we can use the idea that displacement is the integration of velocity w.r.t. time.

2t 2
So, x   vdt   (2t  5)dt   5t  c  t 2  5t  c
2
Where c is the constant of integration. Its value can be determined by using the given condition.
(As particular details have been given about the particle).

At t  1 s , x  7 m  7 12  5  1  c  c  1 m
Hence, the expression becomes x  t 2  5t  1

Concept Application Exercise 1.6

1. The displacement of a particle is given by y  (6 t 2  3t  4)m , where t is in second. Calculate the instantaneous
speed of the particle.

2. The velocity of particle is given by v  12  3(t  7 t 2 ) . What is the acceleration of the particle?

3. A particle starts from origin with uniform acceleration. Its displacement after t seconds is given in metre
by the relation x  2  5t  7 t 2 . Calculate the magnitude of its

a. Initial velocity b. Velocity at t=4 s.

c. Uniform acceleration, and d. Displacement at t=5 s

4. The acceleration of a particle is given by a  t 2  3t 2  5 , where a is in ms 2 and t is second. At t=1 s,

the displacement and velocity are 8.30 m and 6.25 ms 1 , respectively. Calculate the displacement and
velocity at t=2 s.

5. A particle starts moving along the x-axis form t=0, its position varying with time as x  2 t 3  3t 2  1 .

a. At what time instants is its velocity zero?

b. What is th evelocity when it passes through the origin?

6. A particle moves along the x-axis obeying, the equation x  t(t  1)( t  2) , where x is in metre and t is in second
a. Find the initial velocity of the particle.

b. Find the initial acceleration of the particle.

c. Find the time when the displacement when of the particle is zero.

d. Find the displacement when the velocity of the particle is zero.

e. Find the acceleration of the particle when its velocity is zero.

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7. The speed of a car increases uniformly from zero to 10 ms 1 in 2 s and then remains constant figure.
a. Find the distance travelled by the car in the first two seconds.

v(ms-1)

10

0 2 4 t(s)

b. Find the distance travelled by the car in the next two seconds.

c. Find the total distance traveleld in 4 s.

8. A car accelerates from rest with 2 ms 2 for 2 s and then decelerates constanntly with 4 ms 2 for t 0 second
to come to rest. The graph for the motion is shown in Figure.

a (ms –2)

2
0 2 (2 + t 0)
t (s)

–4

a. Find the maximum speed attained by the car.

b. Find the value of t 0 .
9. A stationary particle of mass m=1.5 kg is acted upon by a variable force. The variation of force with respect
to displacement is plotted in Figure.

F(N)

100

4 6
0 2 x(m)
–50

a. Calculate the velocity acquired by the particle after getting displaced through 6 m.
b. What is the maximum speed attained by the particle and at what time is it attained?
10. The displacement of a body at any time t after starting is given by s  15 t  0.4 t 2 . Find the time when the
velocity of the body will be 7 ms 1 .
11. A particle moves along a straight line such that its displacement at any time t is given by s  t 3  6 t 2  3t  4 m .
Find the velocity when the accelearation is 0.
12. The displacemnet x of a particle moving in one dimension under the action of a constant force is related
to time t by the equation t  x  3 , where x is in metre and t is in second. Find the displacement of the
particle when its velocity is zero.
C BR M \ P \ Book \ Mathematical tools Page 27 of 27
DIMENSIONAL FORMULA OF STANDARD QUANTITIES
 Borivali / Kandivali / Badlapur

S.No. Physical Quantity Relationship with Dimensional Name of SI unit Symbol of Equivalent
other physical formula of of physical SI unit
quantities physical quantity

1. Length [M 0 L 1 T 0] metre m

2. Distance (s) [M 0 L 1 T 0] metre m

3. Displacement (s) [M 0 L 1 T 0] metre m

4. Mass (m) [M L 0 T 0 ] kilogram kg

5. Time (t) [M 0 L 0 T] second s

6. Area (A) length  breadth [M 0 L 2 T 0 ] square metre m2

7. Volume (V) length  breadth  height [M 0 L 3 T 0 ] cubic metre m3

Density mass
8. (Mass density ) () [M L –3 T 0] Kilogram per cubic metre kg m –3
volume

Density of body
9. Specific Gravity (s) [M 0 L 0 T 0 ] No units
Density of water at 4 o C

Distance covered
10. Speed () time taken [M 0 L 1 T –1 ] metre per second m s –1

Change in displacement
11. Velocity (  ) time taken [M 0 L 1 T –1 ] metre per second m s –1

Velocity dv Change in velocity [M0 L1 T 1 ]

12. gradient = [M 0 L 0 T –1 ] per second kgcl
dx Distance [L1 ]

13. Momentum (p) Mass  Velocityy [M 1 L 1 T –1 ] Kilogram metre per second s –1 N s

Change in velocity [M0 L1 T 1 ]

14. Acceleration (a) = M 0L 1T –2 metre per square second m s –2
Time [ T1 ]

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S.No. Physical Quantity Relationship with Dimensional Name of SI unit Symbol of Equivalent
other physical formula of of physical SI unit
quantities physical quantity

Accelerati on Gravitatio nl Force GM

15. due to gravity (g) , = g [M 0 L 1 T –2 ] metre per square second m s –2
mass r2

Kilogram metre
16. Force (G) Mass  Acceleration [M 1 L 1 T –2 ] per square second kg ms –2 N

Mass  Accelerati on Kilogram metre

17. Weight (W) due to gravity [M 1 L 1 T –2 ] per square second kg ms –2 N

Reaction force ( inside the Kilogram metre

18. Tension (T) body when ext.Force is applied) [M 1 L 1 T –2 ] per square second kg ms –2 N

Reaction given by a surface Kilogram metre

19. Normal Reaction (N) and perpendicular to the surface [M 1 L 1 T –2 ] per square second kg ms –2 N

Coefficien t Force of friction

20. of friction () [M 0 L 0 T 0 ] No units
Normal reaction

Force [M1 L1 T 2 ] kilogram per

21. Force constant (K) 1 = [M 1L 0T –2 ] square second kg s –2 N m –1
Extension [L ]

kilogram metre squared

22. Work (W) Force  distance [M 1L 1T –2 ] [L 1] = [M 1L 2T –2 ] per square second kg m 2 s –2 J (joule)

kilogram metre squared

23. Kinetic energy (E k) 1/2 mass (velocity) 2 [M 1L 1T –2 ] [L 1] = [M 1L 2T –2 ] per square second kg m 2 s –2 J (joule)

kilogram metre squared

24. Potential energy (E p) mass  acc. due to gravity  height [M 1L 1T –2 ] [L 1] = [M 1L 2T –2 ] per square second kg m 2 s –2 J (joule)

kilogram metre square

25. Energy (all forms)() [M 1L 1T –2 ] [L 1] = [M 1L 2T –2 ] per square second kg m 2 s –2 J (joule)

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S.No. Physical Quantity Relationship with Dimensional Name of SI unit Symbol of Equivalent
other physical formula of of physical SI unit
quantities physical quantity

Work [M1 L2 T 2 ] kilogram per metre

26. Power (P) 1 = [M 1L 2T –2 ] kg m 2 s –2 W (watt)
Time [T ] squared percubic second

Coefficient of Relative velocity of separation

27. (e) Relative velocity of approach [M 0L 0T 0] No units
restitution

28. Impulse (J) Force  Time [M 1L 1T –1 ] Kilogram metre per second kg m s –1 N s

m1 m 2 Fr 2 [M1L1 T 2 ] [L2 ]
29. Gravitational constant (G) F = G m m = [M –1 L 3T –2 ] kg –1 m 2 s –2 N m 2 kg –2
r2 1 2 [M1 ] [M1 ]

Gravitational Gravitatio nl Force GM [M1L3 T 2 ][M1 ] metre per

30. field strength (g) , = g 2 =[M 0L 1T –2 ] square second m s –2
mass r2 [L ]

Gravitational  GM [M 1L3 T 2 ][M1 ][M1 ] metre square per

31. (V G) =[M 0L 2T –2] square second m 2 s –2 J kg –1
potential r [L1 ]

Gravitational  Gm1m 2 [M1L3 T 2 ][M1 ] kilogram metre squared

32. potential energy 2 =[M 1L 2T –2 ] per square second kg m 2 s –2 J (joule)
r [L ]

1/2
Escape velocity 2 GM  [M1L3 T 2 ][M1 ] 
33. ( e )   =[L1T–1] metre per second m s –1
( from surface) R  [L1 ] 

1/2
GM  [M1L3 T 2 ][M1 ] 
34. Orbital velocity ( C)   =[L1T–1] metre per second m s –1
r  [L1 ] 

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S.No. Physical Quantity Relationship with Dimensional Name of SI unit Symbol of Equivalent
other physical formula of of physical SI unit
quantities physical quantity

Force [M1 L1 T 2 ][M1 ] kilogram per metre

35. Stress (S) = [M 1L –1T –2] per square second kg m –1 s –2 N m –2
Area [L2 ]

Force [M1 L1 T 2 ][M1 ] kilogram per metre N m 2 or

36. Pressure (P) = [M L T ]
1 –1 –2
per square second kg m –1
s –2
Area [L2 ] Pa (pascal)

Change in configuration
37. Strain (S or ) Original configuration [M 0L 0T 0] No unit

Modulus of Coefficient Stress kilogram per metre

38. of elasticity (E) [M 1L –1 T –2 ] per square second kg m –1 s –2 N m –2
Strain

1
39. Compressibility (C) Bulk mod ulus [M –1 L 1T 2] kg –1 m s 2 (Pa) –1

Force [M1L1 T 2 ] kilogram per

40. Surface Tension (T) = [M 1L 0T –2 ] square second kg s –2 N m –1
Length [L1 ]

Volume
41. Rate of flow (Q or V) [M0L3T–1] metre cube per second m 3 s –1
Time

Coefficient of d [M1L1 T 2 ][L1 ] kilogram per

42. Viscosity () F = –A = [M 1L –1 T –1 ] metre per second kg m –1 s –1 poise
dx [L2 ] [L1 T 1 ]
[Newton’s law of vescous flow]
F dx
 =
A d

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S.No. Physical Quantity Relationship with Dimensional Name of SI unit Symbol of Equivalent
other physical formula of of physical SI unit
quantities physical quantity

Moment of kilogram metre

43. () force  distance [M 1L 1T –2 ] [L 1] = [M 1L 2T –2 ] squared per second squared kg m 2 s –2 N m
force

length of arc
44. Angle () [M 0 L 0 T 0 ] radian rad
radius

Angular
45. displacement  [M 0 L 0 T 0 ] radian rad

Angular 
46. Frequency  = [M 0 L 0 T –1 ] radian per second rad s –1
time

T ratio length
47. (sin , cos  etc.) length [M 0 L 0 T 0 ] No units

48. Radius of Gyration (k) Distance [M 0 L 1T 0] metre m

49. Moment of Inertia (I) Mass  (Radius of Gyration) 2
[M L T ]
1 2 0
kilogram meter squared kg m 2

Angular displaceme nt
50. Angular velocity (  ) [M0L0T–1] Per second rad s –1
Time

Angular velocity
51. Angular Acceleration (  ) [M0L0T–2] Per second squared rad s –2
Time

Moment of inertia kilogram metre

52. Angular Momentum ( L )  Angular velocity [M 1L 2T 0] [T –1 ]= [M 1L 2T –1 ] squared per second kg m 2 s –1

Rotational 1/2  moment of ki log ram metre squared

53. Kinetic energy (E K ) inertia (angular velocity) 2 [M 1L 2T –2 ] per square second kg m 2 s –2 J(Joule)

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 Borivali / Kandivali / Badlapur

S.No. Physical Quantity Relationship with Dimensional Name of SI unit Symbol of Equivalent
other physical formula of of physical SI unit
quantities physical quantity

ki log ram metre

54. Angular Impulse Torque  Time [M 1L 2T –2 ] [T 1] = [M 1L 2T –1 ] squared per second kg m 2 s –1 J s

55. Time period [M 0 L 0 T 1] second s

1
56. Frequency (f / n / ) [M 0 L 0 T –1 ] Per Second s –1 Hz(hertz)
Time period

57. Wave velocity [M 0 L 0 T –1 ] metre per second m s –1

Distance between
two nearest points
58. Wavelength () [M 0 L 0 T 0] metre m
in the same phase / state

Energy of photon
E [M1L2 T 2 ] kilogram metre
59. Planck’s constant (h)  Planck' s constant  h = = [M 1L 2T –1 ] kg m 2 s –1 J s
 Frequency  [ T 1 ] squared per second

60. Temperature [M 0L 0T 0K 1] kelvin K

kilogram metre
61. Heat (Q) Energy [M 1L 2T –2 ] squared per kg m 2 s –2 J
square second

Q  mL or [M1L2 T 2 ] metre squared

62. Latent heat (L) L  Q ( Heat energy )
1 = [M 0L 2T –2 ] per square second m 2 s –2 J kg –1
m ( mass ) [M ]

Specific heat Q(heat energy) [M1L2 T 2 ] metre squared

63. Q=mS or S= m(mass)  (temp.) 1 1 = [M 0L 2T –2 K –1 ] per square second m2s–2K–1 J kg –1 K –1
(s or c ) [M ] [K ] per kelvin

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 Borivali / Kandivali / Badlapur

S.No. Physical Quantity Relationship with Dimensional Name of SI unit Symbol of Equivalent
other physical formula of of physical SI unit
quantities physical quantity

[M1L2 T 2 ] kilogram metre

Molar Gas PV squared per square
64. constant (R) PV=nRT, R= n(no. of moles) = [M 1L 2T –2 K –1 ] kg m 2 s –2 K –1 J K –1
nT [K1 ] second per kelvin

Molar Gas Constant kilogram metre

Boltzmann squared per square
65. constant (k) Avogadro' s number [M L T K ]
1 2 –2 –1
kg m 2 s –2 K –1 J K –1
second per kelvin

kilogram metre
Coefficient of thermal KA (1   2 ) t Qt [M1L2 T 2 ]
66. Q= or K= = [MLT
T –3 K –1 ] per cubic second kg ms –3 K –1 W m –1 K –1
conductivity (K) d A(1   2 ) t [L1 ][K 1 ][ T1 ] per kelvin

Intensity of luminous intensity [cd] Per square

67. 2 = [M 0L –2 T 0cd] metre candela m –2 cd
illumination distance [L2 ]

68. Current – [M0L0T0A1] ampere A

69. Charge Current  Time [M0L0T1A1] ampere second A s C(coulomb)

Work done [M1L2 T 2 ] kilogram metre squared

70. Electric potential = [M 1L 2T –3 A –1 ] per cubic - second per ampere kg m 2 s –3 A –1 V(volt)
Ch arg e [ T 1 A1 ]

Per kilogram square

Charge [ A1 T 1 ]
71. Capacitance =[M –1 L –2 T 4A –2 ] metre (second) 4 kg –1 m –2 s 4 A 2 F(farad)
Potential difference [M1L2 T 3 A 1 ] ampere squared

kilogram metre squared

Potential difference [M1L2 T 3 A 1 ]
72. Resistance =[M 1L 2T –3 A –2 ] per cubic second per kg m 2s –3 A –2 (ohm)
Current [A] square ampere

XI - XII – DIMENSIONAL FORMULA OF STANDARD QUANTITIES Page – 7 – of 8

 Borivali / Kandivali / Badlapur

S.No. Physical Quantity Relationship with Dimensional Name of SI unit Symbol of Equivalent
other physical formula of of physical SI unit
quantities physical quantity

73. Sp. Resistance RA [M1L3T–3I–2] m


(Resistivity)  or [M 1L 3T –3 A –2]
74. Conductance 1/R [M–1L–2T3I2] mho
or [M –1 L –2T 3A 2]
75. Conductivity 1/ [M–1L–3T3I2] mho m –1
or [M –1 L –3T 3A 2]
76. Magnetic field strength [M1L0T–2I–1] NA–1m–1 or
 Force   Force 
(mfs) (B)     or   Wb/m2 or
 i    polestreng th 
T(tesla)
77. Flux (electric) (  = E.A) [M1L3T–3I–1] Nm2C–1
or [M L T A ]
1 3 –3 –1

78. Magnetic Flux (  = B.A) [M1L2T–2I–1] Nm/A or

or [M L T A ]
1 2 –2 –1
Wb or Tm 2
79. Magnetic dipole M = (pole strength × r) [M0L2T0I1] Am2
or [M 0L 2T 0A 1]
80. Inductance (L) [M1L2T–2I–2] ohms
Magnetic flux
 res.  time or [M 1L 2T –2 A –2] or henry (H)
current
or volt (s)
81. Capacitance (C) Ch arg e t [M–1L–2T4I2] F(farad)

P.D. R or [M –1 L –2T 4A 2]

rateofemis sion
82. Stephen’s constant ()  [M1L0T–3K–4] Js–1m–2K–4
Area  (temp) 4

XI - XII – DIMENSIONAL FORMULA OF STANDARD QUANTITIES Page – 8 – of 8

LIST OF FORMULAE
 Borivali / Kandivali / Badlapur

L IST OF F ORMULAE
1. (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 2. (a – b) 2 = a 2 – 2ab + b 2

3. (a + b) 2 = (a – b) 2 + 4ab 4. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)

5. (a + b) 3 = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3 or a 3 + b 3 + 3ab (a + b)

6. (a – b) 3 = a 3 – 3a 2b + 3ab 2 – b 3 or a 3 – b 3 – 3ab (a – b)

7. a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a 2 – ab + b 2) 8. a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a 2 + ab + b 2)

(Middle Term)2
9. Last Term = 10. am x an = am + n
4(First Term)

m
am a am
11. = a m – n
12.   =
an b bm

13. (a m ) n = a mn 14. (ab) m = am  b m

1
15. a –m = 16. a0 = 1
am

17. Index form : a x = b, Log form : log a b = x 18. log c(a  b)= log ca + log cb

a log a
19. log c   = log ca – log cb 20. log a =
b b log b

1
21. log b
a = loga b 22. log c (a ) m = m(log c a)

23. If log a m = log an, then m = n 24. log 0 = not defined

25. log c 1 = 0 26. log c c = 1

27. aloga N = N 28. eloge N = N

29. sin (–) = – sin  30. cos (–) = cos 

31. tan (–) = – tan  32. c = 180 o

   
33. sin     = cos  34. cos     = sin 
 2   2 

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 Borivali / Kandivali / Badlapur

   
35. sin     = cos  36. cos     = – sin 
2  2 

37. sin ( – ) = sin  38. cos ( – ) = – cos 

39. sin ( + ) = – sin  40. cos ( + ) = – cos 

41. sin (A  B) = sin A cos B  cos A sin B

42. cos (A  B) = cos A cos B  sin A sin B

CD CD
43. sin C + sin D = 2 sin   cos  
 2   2 

CD CD
44. sin C - sin D = 2 cos   sin  
 2   2 

CD CD
45. cos C + cos D = 2 cos   cos  
 2   2 

CD D  C
46. cos C - cos D = 2 sin   sin  
 2   2 

47. 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)

48. 2cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)

49. 2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)

50. 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

A A
51. (i) sin 2A = 2sin A cos A (ii) sin A = 2sin   cos  
2 2
2 tan A 2 tan( A / 2)
= =
1  tan 2 A 1  tan 2 ( A / 2)

A A
52. (i) cos 2A = cos 2A – sin 2A (ii) cos A = cos 2   – sin 2  
 
2 2

A
= 2 cos 2A – 1 = 2 cos 2   – 1
2

A
= 1 – 2 sin 2A = 1 – 2 sin 2  
2

1  tan 2 A 1  tan2 ( A / 2)
= =
1  tan 2 A 1  tan2 ( A / 2)

XI – XII – LIST OF FORMULAE Page – 2 – of 3

 Borivali / Kandivali / Badlapur

2 tan A 2 tan( A / 2)
53. (i) tan 2A = (ii) tan A =
1  tan 2 A 1  tan 2 ( A / 2)

54. (i) 1 + cos 2A = 2 cos 2 A (ii) 1 + cos A = 2 cos 2 (A/2)

55. (i) 1 – cos 2A = 2 sin 2 A (ii) 1 – cos A = 2 sin 2 (A/2)

56. (i) 1 + sin 2A = (cos A + sin A) 2

(ii) 1 – sin 2A = (cos A – sin A) 2 or (sin A – cos A) 2

57. (i) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin 3A (ii) cos 3A = 4 cos 3A – 3 cos A

3 tan A  tan 3 A
(iii) tan 3A =
1  3 tan 2 A

tan A  tan B tan A  tan B

58. (i) tan (A + B) = (ii) tan (A – B)=
1  tan A tan B 1  tan A tan B

  1  tan    1  tan 
59. (i) tan     = (ii) tan     =
4  1  tan  4  1  tan 

cos   sin  cos   sin 

= =
cos   sin  cos   sin 
60.  0° 30 o 45 o 60 o 90 o 180 o 270 o
(0) (/6) (/4) (/3) (/2) () (3/2)

1 1 3
sin  0 1 0 –1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos  1 0 –1 0
2 2 2

1
tan  0 1 3  0 
3

1
cot   3 1 0  0
3

2
sec  1 2 2  –1 
3

2
cosec   2 2 1  –1
3

XI – XII – LIST OF FORMULAE Page – 3 – of 3

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 IIT–JEE – Result - 2019
99.16 96.08 96.69 95.95 94.52 91.12
(Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile)

Mst. Anshul Jadhav Mst. Aditya Thaker Mst. Vivek Poojari Mst. Sumeet Haldipur Mst. Kartik Suvarna Mst. Ritesh Jadhav

NEET – Result - 2019

Mst. Param Patil Mst. Vipin Yadav Ms. Mitali Joshi Mst. Rahul Vishwakarma Ms. Harshita Solanki Mst. Shafiq Usta Mohd. Rafiq Mst. Adnyesh Parchande Mst. Sarthak Timbadiya
660 555 554 548 546 526 513 505
MHT–CET – Result - 2019
99.98 99.88 99.75 99.74 99.61 99.59 99.57 99.50 99.09 98.97 98.68 98.48 98.21 98.09
(Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile)

Ms. Mitali Joshi Mst. Anshul Jadhav Ms. Niki Shah Ms. Kinjal Makwana Mst. Sumeet Haldipur Ms. Khushi Shah Mst. Vivek Poojari Mst. Adnyesh Parchande Mst. Mahek Mehta Mst. Aditya Thaker Mst. Kartik Suvarna Mst. Advait Phadke Mst. Ganesh Pandit Mst. Ritesh Jadhav

98.01 97.99 97.95 97.76 96.91 95.67 95.50 94.07 93.30 92.91 90.44 92.39 92.32
(Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile) (Percentile)

Mst. Samarth Naikdure Mst. Chaitanya Kumbhar Mst. Avayuth Shetty Ms. Dhwani Nair Mst. Jayant Varma Ms. Bhagyashree Karle Mst. Siddhesh Patil Mst. Siddhant Rawal Mst. Chintan Shah Mst. Kuldeep Choksi Mst. Vishwa Khiroya Mst. Hriday Oza Mst. Kunal Bangera

NEET CET NEET

Ms. Anaga Dange Mst. Mahir Kapoor Ms. Shreya Pandey Mst. Rahul Panchal Mst. Nikhil Gopal
Cooper BIT – SAT Nair (B – 328) VJTI KEM (MBBS)
(MBBS) 306 - COEP (MBBS)