BEDERICO, ALYANNA MAE C

22-09183

PROBLEM SET 2.3 - NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION

x 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 h = 0.3 x0 = 0

f(x) 1 1.8221 3.3201 6.0496 11.0232

FORMULAS

for f(0.3)

0.3 = 0 + 𝑝 0.3 p=1

𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) ∆𝑓(𝑥) ∆2 𝑓(𝑥) ∆3 𝑓(𝑥) ∆4 𝑓(𝑥)

0 1
0.8221
0.3 1.8221 0.6759
1.498 0.5556
0.6 3.3201 1.2315 0.457
2.7295 1.0126
0.9 6.0496 2.2441
4.9736
1.2 11.0232

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 −1 3 1 2 −6 1 +2
= ቈ1.498 + (1.2315) + (1.0126)
1 2 6
(4 1 3 − 18 1 2 + 22(1) − 6)
+ ቉
24

𝑑𝑦
= 2.028316667
𝑑𝑥
 1st-Order Approximation: 𝑑𝑦
= 1.498 EQUATION OF THE FUNCTION
𝑑𝑥 y = 4.8401x3 - 1.1452x2 + 2.7571x +
20
0.9935…
2nd-Order Approximation: 𝑑𝑦
= 2.11375 0
𝑑𝑥 0 0.5 1 1.5

f(x) = 4.8401x3
f'(x) = 14.5203x2

Error, % = 𝐸𝑉 − 𝐴𝑉 Error, % = 𝐸𝑉 − 𝐴𝑉
𝑥 100% 𝑥 100%
𝐸𝑉 𝐸𝑉

Error, % = 14.5203 − 1.498 Error, % = 14.5203 − 2.11375

𝑥 100% 𝑥 100%
14.5203 14.5203

Error, % = 89.68340874 Error, % = 85.44279388

for f'' (0.3)

𝑑2 𝑦 1 (12 1 2
− 36(1) + 22)
2
= 2 1.2315 + 1 − 1 1.0126 +
𝑑𝑥 1 24

𝑑2 𝑦
= 1.148166667
𝑑𝑥 2

1st-Order Approximation: 𝑑2 𝑦
= 1.2315
𝑑𝑥 2

Error, % = 𝐸𝑉 − 𝐴𝑉
𝑥 100%
𝐸𝑉

Error, % = 14.5203 − 1.2315

𝑥 100%
14.5203

Error, % = 91.51877027
BEDERICO, ALYANNA MAE C.
22 - 09183
PSET 2

PROBLEM SET 2.2 - LEAST SQUARE APPROXIMATION AND CURVE FITTING

SECOND ORDER POLYNOMIAL CURVE FITTING

i xi yi xi2 xi3 xi4 xiyi xi2yi

1 1 4.8 1 1 1 4.8 4.8
2 2 8.8 4 8 16 17.6 35.2
3 2 8 4 8 16 16 32
4 3 7.9 9 27 81 23.7 71.1
5 4 11.9 16 64 256 47.6 190.4
6 5 14.4 25 125 625 72 360
7 6 14.1 36 216 1296 84.6 507.6
8 6 15.8 36 216 1296 94.8 568.8
9 7 15.6 49 343 2401 109.2 764.4
10 8 17.8 64 512 4096 142.4 1139.2
11 9 18.2 81 729 6561 163.8 1474.2
12 9 17.1 81 729 6561 153.9 1385.1
13 10 18.8 100 1000 10000 188 1880
14 10 19.5 100 1000 10000 195 1950
15 11 18.9 121 1331 14641 207.9 2286.9
16 12 21.7 144 1728 20736 260.4 3124.8
17 12 21.9 144 1728 20736 262.8 3153.6
18 13 23.8 169 2197 28561 309.4 4022.2
19 14 26.9 196 2744 38416 376.6 5272.4
20 14 25.1 196 2744 38416 351.4 4919.6

SUMMARY OF VALUES FORMULA

෍ 𝑥𝑖 = 158 ෍ 𝑦𝑖 = 331
𝑛 ෍ 𝑥𝑖 ෍ 𝑥𝑖2 ෍ 𝑦𝑖
෍ 𝑥𝑖2 = 1576 ෍ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 3081.9 𝑎0
෍ 𝑥𝑖 ෍ 𝑥𝑖2 ෍ 𝑥𝑖3 × 𝑎1 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖
𝑎2
෍ 𝑥𝑖3 = 17450 ෍ 𝑥𝑖 2𝑦𝑖 = 33142.3 ෍ 𝑥𝑖2 ෍ 𝑥𝑖3 ෍ 𝑥𝑖4 ෍ 𝑥𝑖2 𝑦𝑖

෍ 𝑥𝑖4 = 204712 𝑛= 20
 SOLUTION

A= 20 158 1576 a0 331

158 1576 17450 x a1 = 3081.9
1576 17450 204712 a2 33142.3

A-1 = 0.647501 -0.17304 0.009765 331

-0.17304 0.057537 -0.00357 x 3081.9
0.009765 -0.00357 0.000234 33142.3

FINAL ANSWER
a0 = 4.678356044
a1 = 1.650339606
a2 = -0.014797448

f(x) = -0.0147974483545896x2 + 1.650339606x +4.678356044

Length-at-Age Data for Fish

30

25 y = -0.0148x2 + 1.6503x + 4.6784

R² = 0.9634

20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
MENES, YUMIE V.
22 - 04196
ME - 2108
PROBLEM SET 2

PROBLEM SET 2.2 - LEAST SQUARE APPROXIMATION AND CURVE FITTING

THIRD ORDER POLYNOMIAL CURVE FITTING

i xi yi xi2 xi3 xi4 xi5 xi6 xiyi

1 1 4.8 1 1 1 1 1 4.8
2 2 8.8 4 8 16 32 64 17.6
3 2 8 4 8 16 32 64 16
4 3 7.9 9 27 81 243 729 23.7
5 4 11.9 16 64 256 1024 4096 47.6
6 5 14.4 25 125 625 3125 15625 72
7 6 14.1 36 216 1296 7776 46656 84.6
8 6 15.8 36 216 1296 7776 46656 94.8
9 7 15.6 49 343 2401 16807 117649 109.2
10 8 17.8 64 512 4096 32768 262144 142.4
11 9 18.2 81 729 6561 59049 531441 163.8
12 9 17.1 81 729 6561 59049 531441 153.9
13 10 18.8 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 188
14 10 19.5 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 195
15 11 18.9 121 1331 14641 161051 1771561 207.9
16 12 21.7 144 1728 20736 248832 2985984 260.4
17 12 21.9 144 1728 20736 248832 2985984 262.8
18 13 23.8 169 2197 28561 371293 4826809 309.4
19 14 26.9 196 2744 38416 537824 7529536 376.6
20 14 25.1 196 2744 38416 537824 7529536 351.4

FORMULA xi2yi xi3yi xi2yi xi3yi

4.8 4.8 1474.2 13267.8
35.2 70.4 1385.1 12465.9
𝑛 ෍ 𝑥𝑖 ෍ 𝑥𝑖2 ෍ 𝑥𝑖3 ෍ 𝑦𝑖
32 64 1880 18800
෍ 𝑥𝑖 ෍ 𝑥𝑖2 ෍ 𝑥𝑖3 ෍ 𝑥𝑖4
𝑎0 71.1 213.3 1950 19500
× 𝑎1 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖
𝑎2 190.4 761.6 2286.9 25155.9
෍ 𝑥𝑖2 ෍ 𝑥𝑖3 ෍ 𝑥𝑖4 ෍ 𝑥𝑖5 ෍ 𝑥𝑖2 𝑦𝑖 360 1800 3124.8 37497.6
507.6 3045.6 3153.6 37843.2
568.8 3412.8 4022.2 52288.6
764.4 5350.8 5272.4 73813.6
1139.2 9113.6 4919.6 68874.4
SUMMARY OF VALUES
158 ෍ 𝑦𝑖 =
331
෍ 𝑥𝑖 =

1576 3081.9
෍ 𝑥𝑖2 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 =

17450 33142.3
෍ 𝑥𝑖3 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 2𝑦𝑖 =

204712 383343.9
෍ 𝑥𝑖4 = ෍ 𝑥𝑖 3𝑦𝑖 =

2493338
෍ 𝑥𝑖5 = 𝑛= 20

31185976
෍ 𝑥𝑖6 =

A= 20 158 1576 17450 a0 331

158 1576 17450 204712 x a1 = 3081.9
1576 17450 204712 2493338 a2 33142.3
17450 204712 2493338 31185976 a3 383343.9

A-1 = 1.672424 -0.8516 0.115485 -0.00458 331

-0.8516 0.506793 -0.07357 0.003031 3081.9
0.115485 -0.07357 0.011139 -0.00047 33142.3
-0.00458 0.003031 -0.00047 2.05E-05 383343.9

FINAL ANSWER
a0 1.210804
a1 3.946086
a2 -0.37247
a3 0.015491131

Length-at-Age Data for Fish

30
y = 0.0155x3 - 0.3725x2 + 3.9461x + 1.2108
25 R² = 0.9803

20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
BEDERICO, ALYANNA MAE C.
22-09183
PSET 2

PROBLEM SET 2 : SIMPSONS RULE 1/8

1
sub intervals upper
2 4 8 1
(n) limit (b)
lower
h 0.5 0.25 0.125 0
limit (a)

n=2
xi x0 x1 x2 INTEGRAL
x 0 0.5 1
0.072232
y 0.1 0.075472 0.058824

n=4
xi x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 INTEGRAL
x 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
0.072889
y 0.1 0.086486 0.075472 0.06639 0.058824

n=8
xi x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
x 0 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75
y 0.1 0.092888 0.086486 0.080706 0.075472 0.070718 0.06639

x7 x8 INTEGRAL
0.875 1
0.075798
0.062439 0.058824

Error %error
0.004539649 5.913166
0.003883313 5.058249
0.000973749 1.268367

2
subintervals upper
2 4 8 2
(n) limit (b)
lower
h 0.5 0.25 0.125 1
limit (a)

n=2
xi x0 x1 x2 INTEGRAL
x 1 1.5 2
0.304327
y 0.5 0.307692 0.2
n=4
xi x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 INTEGRAL
x 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
0.308073
y 0.5 0.390244 0.307692 0.246154 0.2

n=8
xi x0 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
x 1 1.125 1.25 1.375 1.5 1.625 1.75
y 0.5 0.441379 0.390244 0.345946 0.307692 0.274678 0.246154

x7 x8 INTEGRAL
1.875 2
0.318307
0.221453 0.2

Error %error
0.321750554 100
0.013677149 4.250855
0.003443976 1.070387
BEDERICO, ALYANNA MAE C.
22-09183
PROBLEM SET 2

PROBLEM SET 2.4 - NUMERICAL INTEGRATION USING TRAPEZOIDAL

n=2 h = 0.5 n=4 h = 0.25 n=8 h = 0.115

x y x y x y
0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0.1
0.5 0.075472 0.25 0.086486 0.125 0.092888
1 0.058824 0.5 0.975472 0.25 0.086486
0.75 0.06639 0.375 0.080706
integral = 0.077442 1 0.058824 0.5 0.075472
0.625 0.070718
integral = 0.07694 0.75 0.06639
0.875 0.062439
1 0.058824

integral = 0.076814

n INTEGRAL TV ERROR relative % e

2 0.077442 0.076772 0.00067 0.872507018
4 0.07694 0.076772 0.000168 0.218968723
8 0.076814 0.076772 4.21E-05 0.054795441
 n=2 h = 0.5 n=4 h = 0.25 n=8 h = 0.125
x y x y x y
1 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.5
1.5 0.307692 1.25 0.390244 1.125 0.441379
2 0.2 1.5 0.307692 1.25 0.390244
1.75 0.246154 1.375 0.345946
integral = 0.328846154 2 0.2 1.5 0.307692
1.625 0.274678
integral = 0.323522514 1.75 0.246154
1.875 0.221453
2 0.2

intergral = 0.322193339

n INTEGRAL TV ERROR relative % e

2 0.328846 0.321751 0.007096 2.20531084
4 0.323523 0.321751 0.001772 0.550724793
8 0.322193 0.321751 0.000443 0.137617454
BEDERICO, ALYANNA MAE C.
22-09183
PROBLEM SET 2

PROBLEM SET 2.5 - NUMERICAL INTEGRATION USING SIMPSONS 1/3

n=2 h = 0.5 n=4 h = 0.25 n=8 h = 0.125

x y x y x y
0 0.1 0 0.1 0 0.1
0.5 0.075472 0.25 0.086486 0.125 0.092888
1 0.058824 0.5 0.075472 0.25 0.086486
0.75 0.06639 0.375 0.080706
integral = 0.076785 1 0.058824 0.5 0.075472
0.625 0.070718
integral = 0.076773 0.75 0.06639
0.875 0.062439
1 0.058824

integral = 0.076772

n INTEGRAL TV ERROR RELATIVE % E

2 0.076785 0.076772 1.32E-05 0.017145
4 0.076773 0.076772 8.60E-07 0.001123
8 0.076772 0.076772 5.45E-08 7.10E-05
 n=2 h = 0.5 n=4 h = 0.25 n=8 h = 0.125
x y x y x y
1 0.5 1 0.5 1 0.5
1.5 0.307692 1.25 0.390244 1.125 0.441379
2 0.2 1.5 0.307692 1.25 0.390244
1.75 0.246154 1.375 0.345946
integral = 0.321794872 2 0.2 1.5 0.307692
1.625 0.274678
integral = 0.321747967 1.75 0.246154
1.875 0.221453
2 0.2

integral = 0.321750281

n INTEGRAL TV ERROR RELATIVE % E

2 0.321795 0.321751 4.43E-05 0.013773961
4 0.321748 0.321751 -2.6E-06 -0.00080389
8 0.32175 0.321751 -2.7E-07 -8.49924E-05
BEDERICO, ALYANNA MAE C.
22-09183
PSET 2
PROBLEM SET 2.1 - NEWTON-GREGORY INTERPOLATION

x f(x) 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ∆𝑓 𝑥 ∆2 𝑓 𝑥 ∆3 𝑓 𝑥 ∆4 𝑓 𝑥
-4 541 -4 541
-2 55 -486
0 1 -2 55 432
2 -53 -54 -432
4 -155 0 1 0 384
6 31 -54 -48
8 1225 2 -53 -48 384
-102 336
Find f(x) at x = -1 4 -155 288 384
186 720
6 31 1008
1194
8 1225

x = -2 = x0
x = 0 = x1
x = -1 = xp

FORMULAS
ℎ = 𝑥1 − 𝑥0
𝑥𝑝 − 𝑥0
𝑝=
ℎ

VALUES SOLUTIONS
h= 2 ℎ = 0 − (−2)
p= 0.5 −1 − −2
𝑝=
f0 = 55 2
∆f0 = -54
∆2 f0 = 0 0.5 0.5 − 1 0.5 0.5 − 1 0.5 − 2
𝑓𝑝 = −54 + 0.5 −54 + 0 + −48
1×2 1×2×3
∆3 f0 = -48
∆4 f0 = 384 0.5 0.5 − 1 0.5 − 2 0.5 − 3 0.5 0.5 − 1 0.5 − 2 0.5 − 3 0.5
+ 384 +
1×2×3×4 1×2×3×4×5
FINAL ANSWER
𝑓𝑝 = −55 + −29.16 + 0 + −3 + −15 + 0.02734375
Therefore, at x = -1,
𝑓𝑓𝑝𝑝 =
=−102.1326563
−102.1326563
f(x) = -102.1326563