LAB 0

BASIC CONCEPTS

Activity 0.1 - GeoGebra Interface

Aim :

To familiarise the GeoGebra interface and toolbar

Activity 0.2 - Graph of a function

Aim :

To introduce the Slider tool, Trace and Input Box. Also we get a clear

idea about the graph of a function f as the set of points (x, f (x)).

Procedure :

• Create a slider a with increment 1.

• Plot the points A(a, a2).

• Change the value of the slider and observe the movement of A.

• Change the increment of the slider to 0.01.

• Observe the movement of the point.

• Trace the point A.

• Observe the curve traced. What dose it represent ?

Answer:

It is the graph of the function

• Create an input box for the point A.

• Change the definition of A as (a, a3).

• Observe the curve traced. What dose it represent ?

Answer :

It is the graph of the function

• What should be the definition of A so that the curve represents the

graph of the function ?

Answer :

It is the graph of the function

Activity 0.3 - Standard Functions

Aim :

To familiarise the use of input bar by drawing the graphs of some

standard functions.

Procedure :

• Draw the graphs of standard functions using inputs. Observe the graph

of each function and find its domain and range.

Sl.No. Function Domain Range

1 x R R

2 x2 R

3 |x| R

4 x3 R R

5 √x R

6 [x] R Z

7 1/x R – {0} R – {0}

8 Signum Function R {-1, 0, 1}

• Input ceil(x).

• Observe the graph of the function, compare the graph of this function

with the graph of the floor function. Define this function.

 Answer:

The graph of Ceiling function is obtained by shifting the graph

of the greatest integer function (Floor function) upwards by one unit.

Ceil function is defined as the least integer which is not less

than x

Activity 0.4 - Domain and Range

We discuss the domain and range of when n is a natural

number, and the behaviour of the graph as n increases.

Procedure :

• Create an integer slider n.

• Draw the graph of

• Observe the graph of the function and find the domain and range for

different values of .

n Function Domain Range

1 x R R

2 x2 R

3 x3 R R

What happens to the graph of the function between −1 and 1 as

becomes larger and larger ? Why ?

Answer:

As n increases, portion of the graph in (-1, 1) approaches more

and more close to the x axis. This is because of the reason that if x belongs

to (-1, 1) , approaches to 0 as increases to infinity

=====L=====
 LAB 1 – VALUE OF FUNCTIONS

Aim :

• To construct an applet to establish geometrically the correspondence of

a number and its image under a function

• To use this applet to find the images of numbers under various

functions.

• To use an applet to visualise the comparison of a function with an

input-output machine

Concepts :

• Image of a number a under a function f is denoted by f (a)

• Graph of the function f is the collection of points (a, f (a))

Activity 1.1 – Functions

Procedure

• Draw the graph of

• Create a number slider a with increment 0.01

• Plot the points A(a, 0), B(a, f (a)), C(0, f (a))

• Draw the segments AB and BC

• Show the coordinates of A,B and C

• Drag the point A along and observe the movement of C on the

• Observe a relationship between the x cordinate of A and y cordinate of

Observations
Sl No Square of a Number Value

1 (2.3) 2 5.29

2 (−1.8) 2 3.24

3 (0.9) 2 0.81

4 (2.9) 2 8.41

Activity 1.2 - Values of functions

Procedure

• Open the Activity 1.1 and save as Activity 1.2

• Create an input box for f and change the function using it

• Create an input box for slider also

• Change the functions accordingly using input box and write the

approximate values corrected to 3 decimal places of the following

Answer

Function

Input (x)

Value of f(x) 1.4422 1.3416 1.5874 1.4953 0.1554

• Change the function to , and observe how the point C moves

as the point A approaches the origin from either side.

Observation

As the point A approaches to , the point C tends to and

the point A approaches to , the point C tends to .

• Change the function to , and observe the movement of C

according to A.

Observation

C moves from integer to integer

Activity 1.3 - Function Machine

Procedure

• Using input boxes change the function and the input number

Change the function to and find the values of the following

Answer

Sl No Square root of a Number Value

1 1.4142

2 1.3416

3 0.8165

What happens if we give a negative number as the input ?

Here, we study about real functions. So if we give a negative number

as the input, system says

Change the function to and find the values of the following

Answer

(i)

(ii)

(iii) 1.2247

• What happens if input is 0?

Answer

=====L=====
 LAB 2 – SHIFTING OF GRAPHS

Aim :

• To imagine the graph of functions which are obtained by translation

and reflection of the graphs of standard functions and hence to find their

domain and range.

Concepts :

• Graph of a function

Activity 2.1 - Shifting of graphs: f (x) + a

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of

• Create a number slider a with increment 0.1

• Draw the graph of

• Observe how the graph of g(x) changes according to a

Observations :

Graph shift vertically

• Create input boxes for editing function and slider a

• Do the above observations for different functions such as |x|, [x], x 3 etc.

• Discuss the domain and range of the above functions and write your

findings of the above observations

Answer
Function Domain Range

i)|x| R

ii) [x] R Z

iii) x3 R R
Activity 2.2 - Shifting of graphs: f (x + a)

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of

• Create a number slider a with increment 0.1

• Draw the graph of

• Observe how the graph of g(x) changes according to a

Observations

Graph shift horizontally

• Create input boxes for editing function and slider a

Generalise the above observations with different functions such as

|x|, [x], x3 etc.

Answer

Function Domain Range

i)|x| R

ii) [x] R Z

iii) x3 R R

Activity 2.3 - Reflection of a graph: −f (x)

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of

• Draw the graph of

• Compare the graphs of f (x) and g(x)

f (x) and g(x) are reflections about

• Create an input box for f and change the function to the following

i) x 2 + 2 ii) x 2 − 1 iii) |x| − 1 iv) |x − 1| v) [x] vi) x 2 + 2x + 1 vii)

• Compare the graphs of f and g in each case. Write your findings

Observations :
Function Domain Range Reflection Domain Range

i) x 2 + 2 R R

ii) x 2 − 1 R R

iii) |x| − 1 R R

iv) |x − 1| R R

v) [x] R Z R Z

vi) x 2 + 2x + 1 R R

vii) R – {0} R – {0} R – {0} R – {0}

Activity 2.4 - Reflection of a graph: f (−x)

• Draw the graph of

• Draw the graph of

• Compare the graphs of f (x) and g(x)

f (x) and g(x) are reflections about

• Create an input box for f and change the function to the following

i) ii) [x] iii) |x| iv) v) (x − 2) 2

• Compare the graphs of f and g in each case. Write your findings

Observations :
Function Domain Range Reflection Domain Range

i) R – {0} R – {0} R – {0} R - {0}

ii) [x] R Z R Z

iii) |x| R R

iv) R R

v) (x − 2) 2 R R
• What is the speciality of the graphs of odd and even functions?

Answer

For even functions reflection is

• Identify odd and even functions discussed in this activity

Answer

Even function

iii) |x|

iv)

Odd function

i)

ii) [x]

=====L=====
 LAB 08 – STRAIGHT LINES

Aim :

• To establish the role of coefficients and constant in the general equation

of a straight line

• To explore geometrically the Normal form of a straight line

• To explore geometrically a family of straight lines

Concepts:

• General equation of a straight line

• Family of straight lines

• Normal form of a straight line

Activity 8.1 General Form of Straight Lines

Procedure :

• Create three sliders a, b and c

• Draw the line ax + by + c = 0

• Change the values of a, b and c

What happens to the line if

(i) a = 0 (ii) b = 0 (iii) c = 0 (iv) a = b (v) a = -b

Answer:

(i) If a = 0, the line is parallel to x - axis

(ii) If b = 0, the line is parallel to y - axis

(iii) If c = 0, the line passes through the origin

(iv) If a = b, the line is perpendicular to the line y = x

(v) If a = -b, the line is parallel to the line y = x

Make the following changes and observe the corresponding changes in the

line (Trace option of the line may be used).

1. Change a alone

2. Change b alone

3. Change c alone

Answer:

1. If change a alone, line rotate about a point on y – axis.

2. If change b alone, line rotate about a point on x – axis.

3. If change c alone, line move parallel to the original line.

Activity 8.3 Normal Form

• To find the normal form of a line geometrically, draw the line and the

perpendicular from the origin to the line(use Perpendicular Line tool).

• Mark the point of intersection of the perpendicular with the line.

• Hide the perpendicular line and draw a line segment from the origin to

the line.

• Show the length of the perpendicular and the angle made by it with the

positive direction of the x axis.

• Create an input box for the line.

Using this applet, write the normal form of the following lines.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
Answer:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Write the equation of the lines in normal form for different values of

ω and p (p is the distance of the line from the origin and ω is the angle

made by the normal with the positive direction of x axis). Verify your

answer using the above applet

Answer:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Activity 8.4 Shifting of Origin

Procedure:

• Using the applet, ML 8.4

About the applet:

• You can click and drag at the origin to shift the axes.

• You can change the curve and the origin using corresponding input

boxes

• You can see the transformed equation using check box.

• Shift the origin, parallel to the x axis or y axis and observe the changes

in the new equation of the circle.

Answer:

If we shift the origin, parallel to the x axis, changes only in x

coordinates. If we shift the origin, parallel to the y axis, changes only in y

coordinates.

• What should be the new origin to get the transformed equation as

. Guess the answer and check it.

Answer:

(3, 3)

• Find the transformed equation, if the origin is shifted to the point (1, 3).

Check the answer

Answer:

=====L=====
 LAB 13 - LIMITS

Aim :

• To explore geometrically the concept of the limit of a function at a point.

Concepts :

• Value of a function at a point

• Graph of a function

Activity 13.1 Geometrical Interpretation of Limits

Procedure:

Use the Applet ML 13.1

Initial settings

• a=2

•h=1

• Show the name of the points

Gradually change the value of h from 1 to 0. Observe the movements of

the points. What happens to and as A and B approaches P ?

Answer :

As A and B approaches P, and approaches to

Show the values of the points. Set h = 1 and gradually bring it to 0.

Observe the values. What happens to the x coordinates of the points A

and B ? What happens to the y coordinates of and ?

Answer :

x coordinates of A increases, but x coordinates of B decreases.

y coordinates of increases, but y coordinates of decreases.

What happens to the points A, B, and when h = 0 ?

Answer :

When h = 0, A and B coincides with P

When h = 0, and coincides with

Activity 13.2 Limit of Rational Functions

Procedure :

• In the applet ML 13.1, change the function to

• Move the slider h from 1 to 0

What is the limit of this function at x = 2

Answer :

Limit of at x = 2 is 4.

What happens to the points and when h = 0

Answer :

When h = 0, and disappears.

Activity 13.3 Limit of Piecewise Functions

Procedure :

Using the applet ML 13.1, discuss the limit of the following functions

What happens to as x approaches to 2 from left and right?

Answer :

As ,

As ,

Limit does not exist at x = 2

Answer :

As ,

As ,

Therefore,
Discuss the existence of limit for the following functions

Answer :

As ,

As ,

Limit does not exist at x = 0

Answer :

As ,

As ,
Limit does not exist at x = 0

Answer :
As ,

As ,

Limit does not exist at x = 0

Answer :

As ,

As ,

Limit does not exist at x = 1

=====L=====
 LAB 18 - FUNCTIONS

Aim :

• To visualise one to one and onto function geometrically.

• To restrict the domain and co-domain of functions so as to make it a

bijection.

• To visualise composition of two functions geometrically.

Concepts :

• One to one and onto functions

Activity 18.1 - One to One and Onto Functions – 1

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of

• Create a slider a and plot the point (0, a)

• Draw a line through the point and perpendicular to the y axis.

• Plot the points of intersection of the line with the curve.

• If for any value of a, the line meets the curve at more than one point,

can we say whether the function one to one or not. Why ?

Answer:

Not one to one. Different element has same image.

• If for all values of a, the line meets the curve at atleast one point, can

we say whether the function onto or not. Why ?

Answer:

Yes. Range and Codomain are same.

• Using above applet, say whether the function defined above is

one to one or onto.

 Answer:

No.

• Keeping above ideas in mind, one can say whether a function is one to

one or onto, by observing its graph, even without drawing the horizontal

line.

Save the file as Activity 18.1

Activity 18.2 - One to One and Onto Functions - 2

• Draw the graphs of the following functions defined from and

say whether they are one to one or onto. Find the range of the function in

each case.

Answer:

Function One-one Onto Range Domain Codomain

(i) No No R R

(ii) No Yes R R R

(iii) No No R R

• The following functions are defined from a subset of the set of real

numbers. Say whether they are one to one or onto. Find their range.

i)

ii)

iii)

Function One-one Onto Range Domain Codomain

(i) Yes Yes

(ii) Yes No

(iii) Yes No

• What is the peculiarity of the range of an onto function

Answer:

Range and codomain are same

Activity 18.3 - Bijective Functions

• Draw the graph of the function defined by

Is it one-one or onto ?

Answer:

Not one – one, not onto

• Redefine the function by restricting its domain so that it becomes one-

one.

Answer:

Domain =

• Redefine the function by restricting its co-domain so that it becomes

onto

Answer:

Codomain =

• So the function is a bijection.

• Draw the graph of the above function.

(Use input command if(x >= 0, x2 + 1) or if(x >= 0, f ) or Function(f, 0,

infinity))
• If we define then also it becomes a bijection.

Draw the graph of this function.

• Restrict domain and co-domain of the following functions so that they

becomes bijections.

Answer:

Functions Domain Co-domain

i)

ii)

iii)

• For each of above functions find one more domain which make them

one to one. Draw the corresponding graphs.

Answer:

Functions Domain Co-domain

i)

ii)

iii)

=====L=====
 LAB 19 – INVERTIBLE FUNCTIONS

Aim :

• To explore invertible functions.

Concepts :

• Bijective functions.

• Inverse of a function.

Activity 19.1 - Inverse of a Function – 1.

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of

• Create a slider a.

• Plot the point A(0, a).

• Draw the line passing through A and parallel to x-axis

• Plot the point of intersection C with x-axis

• Hide the lines and draw the line segments AB and BC .

• Show the co-ordinates of C.

Using this applet, how can we find an approximate value of for a

given value of a ?

Answer

In the graph take the value a in slider, then x -

cordinates of C is

Find the approximate value of the following:

1.

2.
 Activity 19.2 - Inverse of a Function - 2.

• Using the given applet select suitable functions and find appropriate

values of the following:

Sl.No. Function Value

1. 1.5874

2. 3.3219

3. 0.4472

Activity 19.3 - Inverse of a Function - 3.

Procedure :

• Find the inverse of the function

• Draw the graphs of and

• Draw the line

∗ Compare the graphs of and with respect to the above line.

What do you observe ?

Answer

and are symmetric w.r.t the line or is the

reflection of on the line

∗ If we know the graph of function f, how can we draw the rough sketch

of the graph of f −1

Answer

Create an input box for f.

Draw the graph of the function as and find its reflection on the

line . Does it represent the graph of a function ? Why?

 Answer

No, it is not a function.

• To get the graph of inverse of a function ,restrict the domain of the

function -if needed-in order to make it one to one,draw the graph of the

function in the restricted domain and find the reflection on the line

• Find the inverse of the following functions algebraically and draw their

graphs. Draw the graph of the given function and find its reflection on the

line . Verify whether it coincides with the graph of the inverse. Find

the domain and range of the given function.

Sl.No. Domain Range

1.

3.

=====L=====
 LAB 24 - CONTINUITY

Aim :

• To explore the concept of continuity of a function at a point

Concepts:

• Limit of a function at a point

• Continuity at a point

Activity 24.1 Continuity from graph

Procedure:

Use the applet ML 24.1

Continuity at a point

• Change the function in the applet ML 24.1

Discuss its limit at x = 2

Answer :

Hence, limit does not exist

Show the point Q, Using slider x move the point, observe its movement.

What happens to it when x crosses 2 ?

Answer :
When x crosses the point Q there is a jump from 4 to 5.
Discuss the continuity of f

Answer :
The function is not continuous at x = 2
• Change the function in the applet ML 24.1

Discuss its limit at x = 2

Answer :

Hence, limit exists

Observe the movement of Q as x crosses 2

Answer :
When x crosses the point Q there is a jump from 4 to the value of the
function .
Discuss the continuity of f

Answer :
The function is not continuous at x = 2
• Discuss the continuity of the following functions

Answer :

The point Q jumps from to when passes through the

point zero. The function is not continuous at x = 0.

Answer :
 The point Q jumps from to then to when passes
through the point 2. The function is not continuous at x = 2.

Activity 24.2 The function

Procedure:

• Change the function in the applet ML 24.1

• Observe the movement of Q as x approaches 0

Answer :
As x approaches 0, the point Q oscillates between -1 and +1. It does
not converge a particular value.
• Discuss the existence of the limit and continuity of the function at x = 0
Answer :
Limit does not exist at x = 0. Function is not continuous at x = 0.
• Change the function in the applet ML 24.1

• Observe the movement of Q as x approaches 0, what is the difference

from the previous case, Why it is so ?

Answer :
As x approaches 0, the point Q tends to zero on left side and right
side. Here the point Q converges to zero.
• Discuss the existence of the limit and continuity of the function at x = 0
Answer :

Here, limit exists and the function is continuous at x = 0.

• Change the function in the applet ML 24.1

Answer :

Here, limit exists and the function is continuous at x = 0.

Activity 24.3
Procedure:

• Create a slider k with Min=-5 and Max=10.

• Construct the function

Find the value of k so that the function becomes continuous.

Answer :
k = 9/5 (1.8)
• Create an input box for the function
Find the value of k, so that the following functions are continuous.

Answer :
k = 3/4 (0.75)

Answer :
k=6
=====L=====
 LAB 26 – INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS

Aim:

• To explore increasing and decreasing functions geometrically

Concepts:

• Increasing and decreasing function

• Derivative of a function and slope of tangent at a point on a curve

Activity 26.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 1

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of the function

• Create a slider a with Min = -5 and Max = 5.

• Plot the points A(a, f (a) and B(0, f (a). Join AB.

• Gradually change the value of the slider from -5 to 5 and observe the

movement of the point B.

Describe the motion of B as a increases from−∞ to ∞

Answer :

From −∞ to -1, B is moving upwards

From −1 to 2, B is moving downwards

From 2 to ∞, B is moving upwards

Find the intervals in which the function f is strictly increasing / strictly

decreasing.

Answer :

On (−∞, -1), f(x) is strictly increasing

 On (−1, 2), f(x) is strictly decreasing

On (2, ∞), f(x) is strictly increasing

Observe the graphs of the following functions and find the intervals in

which they are strictly increasing / strictly decreasing. (You can do it by

mere observation of the graphs. In the case of trigonometric functions

change the markings on x axis in terms of π).

1.

2.

3.

4.

Answer :

1. Function is strictly increasing on (−∞, 2) and strictly decreasing

on (2, ∞)

2. Function is strictly increasing on and and strictly

decreasing on

3. Function is always increasing

4. Function is always increasing

Activity 26.2 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 2

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of the function discussed in the above

activity
• Create a slider a and plot the point A(a, f (a)

• Draw the tangent to the curve at A and find its slope.

Find the intervals in which the slope of the tangent is positive / negative.

Answer :

On (−∞, -1), slope is positive

On (1, 2), slope is negative

On (2, ∞), slope is positive

• Do the activity with the function

Answer :

On (−∞, 0), slope is negative

On (0, ∞), slope is negative

Therefore, is a decreasing function.

Find the relation between the sign of and the intervals in which the

function is strictly increasing / strictly decreasing

Answer :

is positive, then function is strictly increasing.

is negative, then function is strictly decreasing.

Activity 26.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions 3

Procedure :

• Draw the graph of the function

• Draw the graph of

• Plot the points at which the graph of meets the x axis.

Show the coordinates of these points.

Find the intervals in which the function is strictly increasing / strictly

decreasing.

Answer :

On (−∞, - 0.5) and (1.25, ∞) f(x) is strictly increasing.

On (−0.5, 1.25), f(x) is strictly decreasing.

Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly

increasing / strictly decreasing.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Answer :

1. On (−∞, - 0.5) and (1.25, ∞) f(x) is strictly increasing.

On (−0.5, 1.25), f(x) is strictly decreasing.

2. On and f(x) is strictly increasing.

On f(x) is strictly decreasing.

3. On (−∞, 1), f(x) is strictly decreasing.

On (1, ∞), f(x) is strictly increasing.

4. It is an increasing function.

=====L=====
 LAB 32 – APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

Aim :

To find the area enclosed by curves using definite integrals.

Concept :

Definite integrals

Activity 31.1 – Area bounded by x – axis

Procedure :

• Create two number sliders a and b and input boxes for them.

• Draw the graph of the function

• Find the area enclosed by the curve

[For this set a = 0 , b = 2]

Answer :

2.6667 Sq. Unit

Find the area enclosed by the curve ,

i) x = -1 and x = 3

Answer :

9.3333 Sq. Unit

ii) x = -5 and x = 0

Answer :

41.6667 Sq. Unit

Create an input box for the function

i) Find the area enclosed by the curve

Answer :

1.3333 Sq. Unit

Find the required area and complete the following:

Sl. No. Enclosed region Area (Sq. Unit)

1. 4.6667

2. 39.6992

3. 12.5664

4. 2

Activity 31.2 – Area of a region which is above and below x – axis

Procedure :

• Find the area enclosed by the curve

• Open the applet activity 32.1. Set

What is the value of ? . Give reason

Answer :

0 Sq. Unit.

Area above x axis = area below x axis

What is the area of the portion below the x axis?

[To find this find the points of intersection A and B of the curve with the

x axis and give the input command Integral(f,x(A),x(B)]

Answer :

6.9282 Sq. Unit.

What is the area of the portion above the x axis?

Answer :

6.9282 Sq. Unit.

Find the total area of the region

Answer :

13.8564 Sq. Unit.

Find the required area and complete the following :

Sl. No. Enclosed region Area (Sq. Unit)

1. 4

2. 6.8

3. 4

4. 4.3333

If the area enclosed by the curve and the line is divided

in the ratio 1 : 7 by the line . Then find the value of a ?

Answer :

a=3

=====L=====