KINSHIP- Is a social and cultural construct that describes the relationships between people based on

blood, marriage, or adoption.

Consanguineal kinship
This type of kinship is based on blood and genetics, and includes direct blood relatives like parents and
children (lineal kinship) and siblings (collateral kinship).
Affinal kinship
This type of kinship is based on marriage and contract, and includes in-laws.
Fictive or social kinship
This type of kinship is based on community or religion, and includes godparents and godchildren.
Conformity
It is the acceptance of the cultural goals and means of attaining those goals.
Deviance
The fact or state of diverging from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior.
Retreatism
It involves the rejection of both the cultural goals and the traditional means of achieving those goals.
Social Ostracism
Being ignored by others who are in one’s presence.
Contemporary societies are characterized by technological innovation, globalization, and increasing
human interconnection.
Social inequality reflects innate differences between individuals varying abilities and efforts. Someone
may be possesses extraordinary intelligence and skills to achieve their wealth and status.
Factors affecting the social change
Physical Environment
Human life is closely destined with the geographical condition of a place. People entirely depend on their
environment, to work, and even looking for food in dealing everyday life situation. Rising and falling of
civilisations greatly influenced geographical conditions.
Biological Factor
Demographic factor is concerned with the size and structure of human population. Social structure of a
society is closely related with changes in the size, composition and distribution of population.
Cultural Factor
It is a fact that there is a connection between our beliefs and social institutions, our values and social
relationships. Values, beliefs, ideas are the basic elements of a culture.
Ideational Factor
Among the cultural factors affecting social change in modern times, the development of science thought
have contributed a lot to the development of modern outlook. We no longer obey many customs or
habits purely because they have the age-old tradition.
Economic Factor
the most far-reaching is the impact of industrialisation. It has revolutionised the whole way of life,
institutions, organizations, and community life.
Political Factor
State is the most powerful organization which regulates the social relationships. It has the power to
legislate new laws, repeal old ones to bring social change in the society. In many societies the political
leadership control the economy.
Social stratification
It refers to a society’s ranking of its people into socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income,
race, education and power. Social stratification has been part of all societies which took place in various
part of the world.

States come in a variety of forms that vary on who holds power, how positions of leadership are
obtained, and how authority is maintained.
a) Authoritarian Government
Authoritarian governments differ in who holds power and in how control they assume over those
who govern.
Monarchy
is a form of government in which supreme power is absolutely lodged with an individual, who is the
head of the state, often for life or until abdication. The person who heads a monarchy is called a
monarch.
Totalitarianism
is a political system that strives to regulate nearly every aspect of public and private life. It
theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual
life to the authority of the state.
b) Oligarchic Government
An oligarchy is a form of government in which power effectively rests with a small-elite segment of
society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony. An oligarchy does not
have one clear ruler, but several powerful people who rule.
c) Democratic Government
Democracy is a form of government in which the right to governs is held by the majority of citizens
within a country or a state, all citizens have equal access to power and that all citizens enjoy
universally recognized freedoms and liberties.
Non-state Institutions- are people and/ or organization that participate in international affairs and
relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation.

a. Banks- Bank is a financial institution licensed to provide several financial services to different
types of customers. Banks are in operation mainly for their deposits and lending functions. Customers
are allowed to deposit their money to banks which grow through an interest rate.
b. Corporations - It is a form of business operation that declares the business as a separate entity
guided by a group of officers known as the Board of Directors. They were created by individuals,
stockholders or shareholders, with the purpose of operating for profit.
c. Cooperatives- Cooperatives are people-centers enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for
their members to realize their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations.
d. Trade Unions/Labor Unions -Trade Unions are organizations formed by workers from related
fields that work for common interest of its members. They help workers in issues like fairness of pay,
good working environment, hours of work and benefits.
e. Transnational Advocacy Groups - Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs) play an increasingly
important role in international and regional politics and have contributed to changing policies of
multilateral organizations and states.
f. Development Agencies -Development Agencies have been established to develop the cooperation
between the public sector, private sector, and civil society.

EDUCATION is essential for every society and individual. It is life itself but not a preparation for life.
Man has various qualities. These qualities of the individual should be developed for the
improvement of the country.
Educational Institution- refers to the established normative system of providing and receiving
education and training. The schools and centers for skills training and development are the
organizations responsible for this institutional function and purpose.
1. Knowledge Acquisition – schools lay down the foundations for structured learning and providing
students with a range of learning tools, materials, and interactive learning experience.
2. Skills Development – schools bring out from the students their hidden potentials, skills, and
talents that are developed through sport and training, and participation in co-curricular and
extracurricular activities.
3. Values Formation- schools mold the character of students by imbibing in them the values
integrated in the courses or subjects that they take up, as well as the core values that the school
promotes though disciple and habit.
4. Socialization- schools offer a new environment, a second home, a second family with peer
groups, a second parents with teachers.
5. Life Preparation – schools prepare the student for a life of independence, self- reliance, and
competence for an occupation or a job. Students learn about task responsibilities and hardship in the
pursuit of goals.
TYPES OF EDUCATION
Republic Act No. 9155 known as the Governance of Basic Education Act of 2001 defines the three
types of education in the Philippines.
Formal Education- systematic and deliberate process of hierarchically structured and sequential
learning corresponding to the general concept of elementary and secondary level of schooling.
Non- Formal Education- any organized, systematic educational activity carried outside the
framework of the formal system to provide selected type of learning to a segment of the population
e.g. ALS.
Informal Education – lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and accumulates
knowledge, skills, attitudes, and insights from daily experiences at home, at play, and from life itself
e.g. Zumba/fitness class, sports, etc
Functional Theory stresses the functions that education serves in fulfilling a society’s various needs.
Perhaps the most important function of education is socialization.
Social integration. For a society to work, functionalists say, people must subscribe to a common set
of beliefs and values. As we saw, the development of such common views was a goal of the system of
free, compulsory education that developed in the nineteenth century.
Social and cultural innovation is a fourth function of education. Our scientists cannot make
important scientific discoveries and our artists and thinkers cannot come up with great works of art,
poetry, and prose unless they have first been educated in the many subjects they need to know for
their chosen path.
The Conflict Theory emphasizes that education reinforces inequality in the larger society.

The The Symbolic theory focuses on social interaction in the classroom, on school playgrounds, and
at other school-related venues. Social interaction contributes to gender-role socialization, and
teachers’ expectations may affect their students’ performance.