MAT 201 - MATHEMATICAL METHODS I

LECTURE 2: REVIEW OF DIFFERENTIATION AND

INTEGRATION
LECTURE C24-1-2 :: TUE., NOV. 26, 2024 8:00 AM (WAT) - FRI.,
NOV. 29, 2024 6:00 PM (WAT)

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Prepared by Dr. Ashiribo Senapon WUSU
Email: [email protected] | Phone:
08026479471
Mathematics, Lagos State University.

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OUTLINE
Introduction
Differentiation Basics
Integration Basics
Derivatives of Common Functions
Integrals of Common Functions
Applications of Differentiation and Integration
Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION: DEFINITION
Differentiation and Integration are fundamental
concepts in calculus.
Introduced by Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibniz in the 17th century.
These concepts form the basis of calculus, a branch of
mathematics focused on rates of change and
accumulation.

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DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION OVERVIEW
Differentiation
Measures the rate at which a quantity changes.
Represents the slope of a curve at a given point.
df(x)
Denoted by dx or f ′ (x).
Integration
Involves finding the accumulation of quantities.
Represents the area under a curve.
Denoted by ∫ f (x) dx.

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IMPORTANCE IN MATHEMATICS AND REAL-WORLD
APPLICATIONS
Mathematics: Essential tools for solving complex
problems in calculus, physics, engineering, and more.
Physics: Used to model and analyze physical
phenomena, such as motion, electricity, and heat
transfer.
Engineering: Crucial in designing and optimizing
systems, structures, and processes.
Economics: Applied in modeling economic trends,
optimization problems, and financial analysis.
Biology and Medicine: Utilized for modeling biological
processes, population dynamics, and medical
research.

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DIFFERENTIATION BASICS: DEFINITION OF
DERIVATIVE
The derivative of a function measures how the output
changes with respect to changes in the input.
The derivative of a function f (x) at a point x is
denoted as f ′ (x).
Mathematically, the derivative is defined as:
f (x + h) − f (x)
′
f (x) = lim
h→0 h

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DIFFERENTIATION BASICS: NOTATION
Prime Notation: f ′ (x) is a common way to denote the
derivative of f (x).
Limit Notation: The derivative can also be expressed
using limits:
f (x + h) − f (x)
′
f (x) = lim
h→0 h

Example: If f (x) = x
2
, then f ′ (x) .
= 2x

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DIFFERENTIATION BASICS: RULES OF
DIFFERENTIATION
Constant Rule: [c]′ = 0 for any constant c.
Power Rule: [xn ]′ = nxn−1 for any real number n.
Sum/Difference Rule:
[f (x) ± g(x)] = f (x) ± g (x).
′ ′ ′

Product Rule:
[f (x) ⋅ g(x)] = f (x) ⋅ g(x) + f (x) ⋅ g (x).
′ ′ ′

′ ′ ′
f(x) f (x)⋅g(x)−f(x)⋅g (x)
Quotient Rule: [ ] =
2
, for
g(x) (g(x))

g(x) ≠ 0 .

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DIFFERENTIATION BASICS: EXAMPLE PROBLEMS

Find the derivative of f (x) = 3x

2
− 2x + 1 .
2
x +2x
Calculate h ′
(x) for h(x) =
x+1
.
If g(x) = e
x
sin(x) , determine g ′ (x) .
−
−
Solve for f ′ (x) if f (x) .
1
= √x +
2
x

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INTEGRATION BASICS: DEFINITION OF INTEGRAL
The integral is a fundamental concept in calculus.
It represents the signed area under a curve.
b
The definite integral ∫a f (x) dx measures the
accumulated quantity of f (x) from a to b.
In the indefinite integral, ∫ f (x) dx, the
antiderivative of f (x) is sought.
b
Definite integrals are denoted as ∫a .
f (x) dx

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INTEGRATION BASICS: RULES OF INTEGRATION

Power Rule: ∫ n
x dx =
n+1
1 n+1
x , where n ≠ −1 .
Substitution: u-substitution helps simplify integrals by
making a substitution.
Integration by Parts:
′
∫ uv = u ∫ v − ∫ (u ∫ v)

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INTEGRATION BASICS: EXAMPLE PROBLEMS -
POWER RULE

Evaluate ∫ 2
3x dx using the power rule.
Using the power rule, ∫ 3x2 dx = x
3
+ C , where
C is the constant of integration.

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INTEGRATION BASICS: SUBSTITUTION &
INTEGRATION BY PARTS

Evaluate ∫ xex dx using substitution.

Let u = x, then dv = ex dx. Applying integration by
parts, we get ∫ xex dx = xex − ∫ ex dx .

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DERIVATIVES OF COMMON FUNCTIONS
Polynomials: The derivative of f (x) = ax
n
is
′ (n−1)
f (x) = nax

Exponentials: The derivative of f (x) = e

x
is
′ x
f (x) = e

Logarithms: The derivative of f (x) = ln(x) is

′ 1
f (x) =
x

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TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR
DERIVATIVES
Sine function: The derivative of
f (x) = sin(x) is f (x) = cos(x)
′

Cosine function: The derivative of

f (x) = cos(x) is f (x) = − sin(x)
′

Tangent function: The derivative of

f (x) = tan(x) is f ′ (x) 2
= sec (x)

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HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
Hyperbolic sine function: The derivative of
f (x) = sinh(x) is f (x) = cosh(x)
′

Hyperbolic cosine function: The derivative of

f (x) = cosh(x) is f (x) = sinh(x)
′

Hyperbolic tangent function: The derivative of

f (x) = tanh(x) is f ′ (x) 2
= sech (x)

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INTEGRALS OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS

The integral of a constant: ∫ k dx = kx + C

Power rule: ∫ n
x dx =
1

n+1
x
n+1
+ C

Sum and difference rules:

∫ (f (x) + g(x)) dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ g(x) dx

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BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

∫ sin(x) dx = − cos(x) + C

cos(x) dx = sin(x) + C

∫ ln(x) dx = x ln(x) − x + C
x x
∫ e dx = e + C

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APPLICATIONS
Differentiation and integration are powerful
tools in mathematics.
They have wide applications in various real-
world scenarios.
Understanding these concepts is crucial for
solving problems in optimization, physics,
economics, and more.

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CONCLUSION:

Importance of Mastering
Differentiation & Integration
Foundation for Advanced Math
Calculus as a Gateway
Higher-level Mathematics
Practical Applications
Problem-solving in Various Disciplines
Engineering, Physics, Computer Science
Critical Thinking & Analytical Skills
Developing a Mathematical Mindset
Enhancing Problem-solving Skills

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