The following are the basic principles of law

enforcement operation.
1. Principles of Commitment
This means that certain resources must be
committed or pledged for the purpose of planning.
Planning is not an easy task. So, necessary help is
to be taken from experts. The enterprise must be
ready to exhaust the available resources for the
achievement of a plan.
2. Principle of the Limiting Factor
A plan involves varied factors of different
importance. This principle implies that more
emphasis has to be put on that factor which is
scarce or limited in supply or extremely costly. This
will help in selecting the most favorable alternative.

3. Principle of Reflective Thinking

Planning, being an intellectual activity is based
on rational considerations. These involve reflective
thinking which signifies a problem-solving thought
process—a process by which past experiences are
superimposed on the facts of the present situation and
possible future trends. None can be a planner whose
mind is not active, who does not possess any deliberate
power and whose sense of judgment is not strong.
4. Principle of Flexibility
Though a plan is prepared after reflective
thinking, this does not mean that no departure can be
made in the course of its operation. The plan should be
so prepared that there is sufficient scope for changing
it from time to time. Changes must necessarily be
affected in the plan to take into account new
developments that may take place in the course of the
operation of the plan.
5. Principle of Contribution to E nterprise
Objectives
A major plan is prepared and it is supported
by many derivative plans. But all plans must
contribute in a positive way towards the
achievement of the enterprise objectives.
6. Principle of Efficiency
A plan should be made efficient to attain the
objectives of the enterprise at the minimum cost
and least effort. It must also achieve better results
with the minimum of unexpected happenings.
Therefore, it is to be seen that what is expected is
likely to be achieved.
7. Principle of Selection of Alternatives
Planning is basically a problem of choosing.
The essence of planning is the choice among
alternative courses of action. There is no need for
planning if there is only one way to do something.
In choosing from alternatives, the best alternative
will be that which contributes most efficiently and
effectively to the accomplishment of a desired goal.
8. Principle of Planning Premises
A plan is prepared against some foundations
or backgrounds known as ‘Planning Premises’.
There must be complete agreement among the
managers in respect of planning premises over
which the structure of the plan is to be framed.

9. Principle of Timing and Sequence of Operations

Timing and sequence of operations determine
the starting and finishing time for each piece of
work according to some definite schedule and give
practical and concrete shape and form to work
performance.
10. Principle of Securing Participation
To secure the participation of the employees
with whole-hearted cooperation in the execution of the
plan, it is necessary that the plan must be
communicated and explained to them for their full
understanding. This understanding provides the basis
for additional knowledge about new facts and matters
to the employees. This is needed for improvement in the
quality of planning.

11. Principle of Pervasiveness

Though major planning function is
entrusted to the top management, it is not restricted
to the top level only. It is a function of every
manager at every level in the organization.
12. Principle of Strategic Planning
Strategic planning is essential where there is
competition. It is prepared in the light of what the
competitors are intending to do. Planners must take
into account the strategies of the rival
organizations, otherwise the planning projection
may land them in trouble.
13. Principle of Innovation
A good system of planning should be
responsive to the opportunities for innovation.
Innovation consists of creating something new to
increase the satisfaction of the consumers. This
may also be stated as an important strategy of
business. Innovation is a necessity for sustaining
growth in this dynamic world.
14. Principle of Follow-up
In the course of the execution of a plan,
certain obstacles may crop up midway and planning
may require revision, alteration, or correction. This
is why there must be a follow-up system in the
planning process itself. This allows timely changes
in the planning and makes it more effective.
Types of Law Enforcement Plans
1. Strategic Planning.
Are designed to meet long-range (more than 5 years), overall
goals of the organization. Such a plan allows the department, usually
executive level to adapt to anticipated changes or develop a new
philosophy or model of policing. The most important aspect of this plan
is focused on external environmental factors that affect the goals and
objectives of the department and how they will be achieved. Important
environmental factors include personnel needs, population trends,
technological innovations, business trends and demand, crime problems,
and community attitudes. For example, PNP P.A.T.R.O.L. PLAN 2030
The PNP P.A.T.R.O.L. PLAN 2030 is the result of the PNP Peace and Order
Agenda for Transformation and Upholding of the Rule of Law. This strategy
endeavors for real and lasting transformation through the adaptation of the
Balanced Scorecard as a management and measurement tool to attain its vision of
becoming a highly capable, effective, and credible police service.

This strategic plan is the PNP Roadmap comprised of four (4) perspectives and
seven (7) strategic objectives:
a) Resource Management. Optimize the use of financial and logistical resources.
b) Learning and growth. Develop competent, motivated, values-oriented, and
disciplined Police Personnel
c) Process Excellence. Improve Crime Prevention; Improve Crime Solutions; and
improve community safety awareness through community-oriented and human
rights-based policing.
d) Community. A safer place to live, work, and do business.
1.1. Steps in the Strategic Planning Process
1. Defining the mission of the organization.
2. Developing organizational objectives
3. Assessing organization resources, risks, and opportunities.
4. Formulating Strategies
5. Implementing Strategies
6. Monitoring and adapting strategic plans

2. Intermediate/Medium-Term Planning. It relates to plans that determine quantity

and quality efforts and accomplishments. It refers to the process of determining the
contribution of efforts that can make or provide allocated resources. This plan is
usually between one (1) to three (3) years. For example, 1) Master Plan Saklolo
(Disaster Management Master Plan) and 2) Master Plan Banat (Anti-illegal Drugs
Master Plan).
3. Tactical Planning. These are the procedures for coping with specific situations at
known locations. Included in these categories are plans for dealing with an attack
against a building with an alarm system and an attack against the police
headquarters by lawless elements. This plan is implemented within a year or less
than 1 year and is usually done at the ground level of the organization.

3.1. Stages of Tactical Planning

A. Identify major tasks to achieve strategic goals.

B. Assign person responsible for the task and prepare a specific plan.
C. Allocate resources.
D. Set performance standards for each task.
4. Operational Planning. These are plans for the operations of the patrol,
investigation, traffic, juvenile, and vice control divisions. The use of rational design
or pattern for all departmental undertakings rather than relying on chance. The
preparation and development of procedures and techniques in accomplishing each of
the primary tasks and functions. This is accomplished by first-level supervisors.
c. Policing Models
Policing models are various approaches and strategies that law enforcement
agencies use to maintain public safety, enforce laws, and prevent crime. Different
policing models have evolved in response to changing societal needs, crime patterns, and
community expectations.

c.1 Types of Policing Models

1. Traditional Policing Model.
This policing model refers to a crime management approach in which police officers
respond only to reported criminal activities. It applies as a response strategy to crime alerts.
This model allows police officers to work closely with detectives. Evidence gathered from a
crime scene is used to prepare a report, which a detective uses to carry out investigations. Once
the report reaches a detective, police officers return to carrying out their usual patrols (Dowell,
2009. The lack of crime prevention efforts leaves police officers to operate on a demand and
supply-system. They only work when there is a reported criminal activity. Their workload
depends on the number of crimes reported.
2. Problem Oriented or Problem-Solving Policing Model.
Unlike the traditional model, this model lays a lot of emphasis on efforts geared toward
preventing crime. This model allows police officers to work on identifying and analyzing crimes in their
area of operation (Fritsch, Liederbach, & Taylor, 2008. Their analysis develops strategies that are used to
give effective responses whenever the identified crimes are reported.

Problem-solving policing uses the SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment) model of
problem-solving
The SARA model has four stages.
1. Scanning – identifying and prioritizing potential crime and disorder problems.
2. Analysis – analysis of potential problems by gathering information and intelligence to
identify underlying causes.
3. Response – development and implementation of tailored activities to address the causes of
the problem identified in the analysis phase.
4. Assessment – measurement of the impact of the response, to test if it had the desired effect
and to make changes to the response if required.
3. Community Oriented Policing Model.
This style of policing emphasizes the need for police officers to engage community
members in preventing and eliminating crime. Police officers often interact with people
everywhere they work. The interactions develop out of the fact that community members rely on
police officers to provide security, ensure order, and provide response services during
emergencies. On the other hand, police officers also rely on community members to report
criminal activities (Stevenson, 2008)

4. Intelligence Led Policing Model.

The intelligence led policing model is a style of policing where police officers rely on
assessing and managing risks by identifying crime patterns. Police officers who use this model
in law enforcement are called intelligence officers (Dowell, 2009). This policing model is
slightly different from the others because the course of operations is dependent on police
officers and not the crime. With all the other policing models, the nature of the crime
committed often provides a guide for police officers who conduct investigations. Intelligence-led
policing does not focus a lot on crime, but instead focuses more on surveillance and having
informants who feed the police officers with information that shows the development of crime
patterns under assessment (Fritsch et al, 2008a).
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Reporters:
Waña, Mark Christian
Felicano, Axel Jake
Manuel, Jason
Liban, Othello Luvell
Alvaro, Reynark