GOLLIS UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Name : Sidiik mohamed aden

ID: 22135

Electrical engineering

Lumen method

The quantity of light reaching a certain surface is usually the main consideration in
designing

lighting system.

This quantity of light is specified by luminance Measured in lux, and as this level varies

Across the working plane, an average figure is used.

The lumen method is used to determine the number of lamps that should be installed for a

given area or room.

Calculating for the Lumen Method

The method is a commonly used technique of lighting design, which is valid, if the light
fittings

(Luminaries) is to be mounted overhead in a regular pattern.

The luminous flux output (Lumens) of each lamp needs to be known as well as details of
the

luminaries and the room surfaces.

Usually the luminance is already specified e.g. office 500lux, kitchen 300lux, the

designer chooses suitable luminaries and then wishes to know how many are

required. The Number of lamps is given by the formula

Were:

N= number of lamp required

E= illumnance level required

A= area at working plan high (m2)

F= average luminous flux from each lamp (1m)

Uf = utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of luminair and the room surfaces

Mf = maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration

and dirt

Ground system:

Grounding system, also known as earthing system is a critical strategy in electrical low
voltage installations, designed to enhance safety by providing a path for electrical current
to return to the ground In the event of a fault. Grounding helps prevent electric shocks and
protects equipment from damage caused by surges or lightning strikes. It also helps in
enhancing safety and reliability, driving its performance, stabilizing voltage levels, ensuring
that electrical devices operate within their specified limits. Grounding system requires
several important components some of them being:

I. Grounding Electrode Conductor

Ground system:

Grounding system, also known as earthing system is a critical strategy in electrical low
voltage installations, designed to enhance safety by providing a path for electrical current
to return to the ground in the event of a fault. Grounding helps prevent electric shocks and
protects equipment from damage caused by surges or lightning strikes. It also helps in
enhancing safety and reliability, driving its performance, stabilizing voltage levels, ensuring
that electrical devices operate within their specified limits. Grounding system requires
several important components some of them being:

I. Grounding Electrode Conductor

II. Ground Bus Bar

III. Bonding Conductors

IV. Grounding System (Grid)

V. Ground Fault Protection Devices

VI. Grounding Electrode

Effective grounding is achieved by adhering to standards and regulations, such as the
National Electrical Code (NEC) or International Electro technical Commission (IEC)
standards, which specify the requirements for grounding conductors, bonding, and
grounding electrode systems. By implementing a robust grounding system, electrical
installations can achieve enhanced safety, reliability, and efficiency.

Residual Current Device

A residual current device (RCD) is a safety device assigned to ensure a safety against
electrical shocks. It detects the difference in live and neutral wires and disconnects the
circuit if imbalances are being detected.

Types

RCDs come in different types and models each meant to protect against a specific current:

i. AC type: Designed for general use, it trips for residual alternating current (AC).

ii. Type A: Designed for equipment with electronic components, this type trips for
residual AC and pulsating direct current (DC).

iii. Type B: A specialist RCD for three-phase applications, this type trips for residual AC,
pulsating DC, smooth DC, and higher frequency current.

iv. Type F: Designed for equipment with frequency-controlled speed drives, this type
trips for residual AC, high frequency AC, and pulsating DC.

v. Type S: This type trips for alternating current with time delay and is used for fire
protection.

The type of RCD to use depends on the type of residual current that needs to be detected.
For example, Type A RCDs are used for single phase class 1 electronic loads, while Type B
RCDs are used for electric vehicle chargers and solar photovoltaic systems.

Working principle:

RCDs operate by continuously monitoring the balance of electric current flowing through
the live and neutral wires. Under normal conditions, the current in both wires should be
equal. If an imbalance occurs, such as when a person contacts a live wire, causing current
to leak to the ground, the RCD detects this difference and trips the circuit breaker, cutting
off the electricity supply within milliseconds to prevent electric shock protection by
tripping for alternating current with a time delay.

II. Ground Bus Bar

III. Bonding Conductors
 IV. Grounding System (Grid)
V. Ground Fault Protection Devices
VI. Grounding Electrode

Effective grounding is achieved by adhering to standards and regulations, such as the

National Electrical Code (NEC) or International Electro technical Commission (IEC)
standards, which specify the requirements for grounding conductors, bonding, and
grounding electrode systems. By implementing a robust grounding system, electrical
installations can achieve enhanced safety, reliability, and efficiency.

i. sidual AC and pulsating direct current (DC).

ii. Type B: A specialist RCD for three-phase applications, this type trips for residual
AC, pulsating DC, smooth DC, and higher frequency current.

iii. Type F: Designed for equipment with frequency-controlled speed drives, this
type trips for residual AC, high frequency AC, and pulsating DC.

iv. Type S: This type trips for alternating current with time delay and is used for fire
protection.

The type of RCD to use depends on the type of residual current that needs to be detected.
For example, Type A RCDs are used for single phase class 1 electronic loads, while Type B
RCDs are used for electric vehicle chargers and solar photovoltaic systems.

Working principle:

RCDs operate by continuously monitoring the balance of electric current flowing through
the live and neutral wires. Under normal conditions, the current in both wires should be
equal. If an imbalance occurs, such as when a person contacts a live wire, causing current
to leak to the ground, the RCD detects this difference and trips the circuit breaker, cutting
off the electricity supply within milliseconds to prevent electric shock protection by
tripping for alternating current with a time delay.

TT System

TT, or Terre-Terre, systems are electrical systems where the loads being supplied are
connected to ground electrodes that are independent of ground electrodes connected to
the source [1]. TT systems tend to not require continuous monitoring (with the exception of
any RCDs, or residual current devices, connected to the ECPs). One deficit of the TT system
is the high loop impedance, which causes high step voltages and leakage currents,
meaning RCDs are required for the usage of this system.

What is an RCD?

A Residual Current Device (RCD) is a safety device designed to protect people from electric
shocks and reduce the risk of electrical fires. It works by detecting imbalances in the
electrical current flowing through a circuit and quickly disconnecting the power when a
fault is detected

Function of use Here are some tips for using a residual current device (RCD)

An insert provides both an output (and “send”) and an input (or “return”) on a single ¼-inch
TRS (Tip/Ring/Sleeve) jack that’s internally wired as a pair of connections.

• Press the button: Press the button on the RCD until it clicks, then release. Red bars
should

• appear in the indicator window. Press the button again lightly. Connect the appliance:
Connect the appliance to the RCD plug.
• Test the RCD: Use the RCD’s test button to check that it trips correctly and within the
required

• Time. A general rule of thumb is to test RCDs every six months, but workplaces should
test them more frequently. Choose the right RCD: There are different types of RCDs, each
best suited to different

• Applications. For example, a Type B RCD is a specialist RCD for three phase applications
like solar photo voltaic systems and electric vehicle chargers.