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Unit 2 Vocabulary

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40 views2 pages

Unit 2 Vocabulary

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wperry42
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Unit 2 Vocabulary

Compound Structure and Properties


Topic 2.1: Types of Chemical Bonds
Dipole Moment
Electronegativity: the tendency for an atom of a given
chemical element to attract shared electrons when forming
chemical bond.
Bond Polarity: the distribution of electric charge across a
chemical bond between two atoms. Ionic
Non-polar: the charge is evenly distributed across the
bond
Polar: the charge is unevenly distributed across the bond.
The more electronegative atom will have a partial
Covalent Metallic
negative charge and the other will have a partial positive
charge.
Ionic Bond: Type of bond formed from the electrostatic
attraction between oppositely charged ions (metal and
non-metal).
Covalent Bond: Type of bond that results from the sharing of
an electron pair between atoms (two non-metals).
Metallic Bond: arises from the electrostatic attractive force
between conduction electrons and positively charged metal
ions.

Topic 2.2: Intramolecular Force and Potential Energy


Potential Energy Curve: Illustrates the forces between two atoms as a function of distance
in covalent bonding.
Topic 2.3: Structure of Ionic Solids
Crystal Lattice: structural arrangement of atoms or ions inside an ionic solid.
Conductors: materials or substances which allow electricity to flow through them

Topic 2.4: Structure of Metals and Alloys


Ductile: the ability of a material to be stretched, pulled, or drawn into a thin wire or thread
without breaking.
Malleable: ability for a metal or metal alloy to be formed into a variety of shapes.
Alloys: substance formed from the combination of two or more metals.
Interstitial Alloy: Formed between atoms with different sized radii; the smaller atoms fill the
spaces between the larger atoms.
Substitutional Alloy: Formed between atoms with similar radii; one atom substitutes
another in the lattice
Interstitial Alloy Substitutional Alloy
Element Atomic Radius Fe Fe Fe Fe Cu Cu Cu Zn Element Atomic Radius
Iron (Fe) 126 pm Copper (Cu) 128 pm
Fe Fe Fe Fe Cu Zn Cu Cu
Carbon (C) 70 pm Zinc (Zn) 139 pm

Fe Fe Fe Fe Cu Cu Zn Cu
Topic 2.5: Lewis Diagrams
Lewis Structure: Diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as
the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.
Lone Pairs: A pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent
bond and is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair.
Diatomic Elements: An element that is never found by itself in nature (H₂, N₂, F₂, O₂, I₂, Cl₂, Br₂)
Octet Rule: The tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell.

Topic 2.6: Resonance and Formal Charge


Formal Charge: the difference between the number of valence electrons of an atom in a
neutral free state and the number assigned to the atom.
FC = V - N - B/2 where
FC= Formal Charge V= # of valence electrons N= Non-bonding valence electrons
and B= # of Electrons shared in bonds
Resonance Structure: A set of two or more Lewis Structures that collectively describe the
electronic bonding of a single polytomic species. The actual structure of the polyatomic ion
is a combination of the resonance structures.

Topic 2.7: VSEPR and Bond Hybridization


VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory): A model used in chemistry to predict
the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their
central atoms.
Negative electron domains (bond and lone pairs) repel each other
Electron domains will arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize repulsion
Electron domains count equally- lone pairs/single/double/triple bonds are all
equivalent
The geometry of molecules depends on the number of electron domains
Hybridization: Happens when atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals suitable for the
pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds.
sp hybridization: 2 electron domains
sp² hybridization: 3 electron domains
sp³ hybridization: 4 electron domains
Sigma (σ ) Bond: A bond formed by the overlap of orbitals in an end-to-end fashin with the
electron density concentrated between the nuclei of the bonding atoms.
Pi (𝜋) Bond: A bond formed by the overlap of orbitals in a side-to-side fashin with the
electron density concentrated above and below the plane of the nuclei of the bonding
atoms.
Single bond: one sigma bond
Double bond: one sigma bond, one pi bond
Triple bond: one sigma bond, two pi bonds

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