Unit 1 Notes Packet

Topic 1.1: Moles and Molar Mass

The Mole is a very large number of particles. A mole has approximately 6.022 x 10²³
particles. Moles are used in chemistry because atoms or molecules cannot be
counted directly. Chemists use moles to connect the mass of a substance to the
number of particles in that substance.

eXAMPLE: Formula: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ Formula: NaCl Formula: C Formula: CuSO₄

Formula: Ca₃(PO₄)₂
Ca: 3 X 40.08 = 120.24
P: 2 X 30.97 = 61.94
O: 8 X 16 = 128
Total Mass = 310.18 amu
Molar mass = 310.18 g/mol
Your turn!
Mole Conversions
molar mass Avogadro’s #
Mass Moles # of Particles
(g) molar mass
(mol) Avogadro’s #
(atoms or molecules)

eXAMPLE: eXAMPLE:
A chemical reaction consumes 0.85 mol carbon. A sucrose packet contains 4.0g of sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁).
A) what mass of carbon is consumed in the A) How many moles of sucrose are in this packet?
reaction?
0.85 mol C 12.011g carbon
= 10.21 g C
1 mol carbon

b) How many atoms are consumed in the reaction? b) How many molecules of sucrose are in the packet?
0.85 mol C 6.022x10²³ atoms
= 5.12x10²³
1 mol carbon atoms
Topic 1.2: Mass Spectroscopy of Elements

Example:
A sample of an unknown element was analyzed through a mass spectrometer. The spectra produced is seen below.
Identify the unknown element.
Isotope Mass Relative abundance
90 x 0.511= 46.35
91 x _____= _____
51.1% Add the
92 x _____= _____ products
17.1% together
17.4% 94 _____= _____
11.2%
2.8%
x
96 x _____= _____

0.5
Relative Abundance

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
76 77 78 80 82
Mass
 Topic 1.3: Elemental Composition of Pure Substances
Pure substances (elements and compounds) have fixed composition. This means
that a sample of water will always have one atom of oxygen for two atoms of
hydrogen. Table Sugar (sucrose, C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) will always have the ratio of 12 Carbon
to 22 hydrogen to 11 oxygen.

NO₂ H₂O NaCl N₂O₄

Elemental Composition 1N:2O
Mass (%) Composition 30.45% N
69.55% O

So we know the elemental composition of sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁), now let’s find the percent
composition. C= 12 x 12.011= ___________ C= _____________ = _______
Find total mass per
element H= 22 x 1.008= ___________ H= _____________ = _______
O= 11 x 16= ___________ O= _____________ = _______
Sum results to find total
formula mass
Total Mass: C= ______ x 100 = ______
Divide mass of each
element by total mass H= ______ x 100 = ______
O= ______ x 100 = ______
Multiply each value by
100 to find percent.
Apply what you’ve learned!

1) Find the percent composition of iron (II) sulfate, FeSO₄

2) Find the percent composition of calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂

3) Find the percent composition of hydrochloric acid, HCl

Molecular vs Empirical Formulas
Molecular Formula: the actual number of atoms of each element in a compound
Empirical Formula: the smallest number of atoms of each element in a compound
Ues the following phrase to help you remember the steps needed to go from
the percent composition to the empirical formula of a sample.
1. Percent to Mass *Remember*
2. Mass to Moles 0.5 x 2 = 1
3. Divide by Small 0.333 x 3 = 0.999 = 1
4. Multiply ‘till Whole 0.25 x 4 = 1
Example: A compound was analyzed and found to contain 13.5% Ca, 10.8% O, and 0.675% H. What is
the empirical formula of the compound?
1) % to Mass 2) Mass to Moles 3) Divide by Small 4) Multiply until Whole

Ca=

O=

H=

1) What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 28.7% K, 1.5% H, 22.8% P, and 47.0% O?

2) Barium carbonate, a white powder used in paints, enamels, and ceramics, has the following composition: Ba,
69.58%; C, 6.090%; O, 24.32%. What is its empirical formula?
Topic 1.4: Composition of Mixtures
Elemental analysis: Elemental composition of a mixture can be used to determine the relative amounts
of the pure substances (elements or compounds) that compose it.
Only one type of More than one type
substance present of substance present
Matter

One type of More than one Uniform Irregular

atom type of atom Composition composition

Practice Problems
1) A student analyzes a 2.00g sample of a mixture of copper, Cu, and aluminum, Al, by
reacting the copper with nitric acid, HNO₃ as represented by the equation below. The
student determines that the reaction produces 0.010 mol Cu(NO₃)₂. Assuming that all of the
copper in the mixture reacted completely, what was the percent of Cu by mass in the
2.00 g sample of the mixture?
a. 16%
b. 32%
c. 64%
d. 96%

2) A 5.0g sample of a mixture of CaCO₃ and SiO₂ contains 1.5g of Ca. What is the percent
of CaCO₃ in the mixture?
Topic 1.5: Atomic Structure and Electron Configurations
Review of Atomic Structure
-
-

+
- +
+
+
-

Electron Configuration of nitrogen 1s²2s²2p³

 Practice Problems
Full Electron Noble Gas
Symbol (#e⁻) Orbital Diagram
Configuration Abbreviation

O (8)

Ca (20)

Fe (26)

Br (35)

Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s Law states that like charges repel and opposite charges attract, with a force proportional to the magnitude
of the charges and inversely proportional to the square distance between them. Coulomb’s Law is the main explanation
for the periodic trends we will discuss in the next section.
F= electrostatic force

F= kq₁q₂ q₁= charge on particle 1

q₂= charge on particle 1
r² r= distance between particles

Ionization Energy
IOnization Energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom. Coulomb’s law explains the trend of
ionization energy seen on the periodic table.
Electrons further away from the
nucleus require less energy to
remove.
r= F
Electrons closer to the nucleus
require more energy to remove. r= F

Large jumps indicate the

valence electrons have
run out and the electron
being removed is in an
inner shell closer to the
nucleus.
Topic 1.6: Photoelectron Spectroscopy

PES of Aluminum
Y-Axis: The 2p⁶
height of the
peak Relative # of Electrons Peak height
corresponds to determines the
the relative number of
number of
1s² 2s² 3s² electrons
electrons in
that subshell 3p¹

Binding Energy (MJ/mol)

X-Axis: The position of the peak indicates the relative
energy needed to remove a specific relectron from the
corresponding subshell. peaks further along the x-axis
represents electrons that are farther from the nucleus.

Practice Problem

The complete photoelectron spectrum of an unknown element is given here.

a) Draw an X above the peak that corresponds to the orbital with electrons that are, on average,
closest to the nucleus. Justify your answer in terms of Coulomb’s law.

b) Based on the spectrum, write the complete electron configuration of the element.

c) On the graph, draw the peak(s) corresponding to the valence electrons of the element that has
one more proton than the unknown element has.
 Topic 1.7: Periodic Trends

Trends are not explanations!

If a question asks to explain why potassium (K) has a larger radius than sodium (Na), do NOT say
“because the atomic radius increases going down a group”. You will be awarded 0 points!

Use Coulomb’s law to explain each periodic trend.

Atomic Radius Ionization Energy

Electronegativiy Electron affinity

 Practice Problems
In terms of atomic structure, explain why the
atomic radius of gallium is smaller than
calcium.

Answer the following questions on elements of the

periodic table:
1) Which element has the smallest atomic radius:
nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur?

2)Which element has the larger ionization energy

beryllium or magnesium?

3)Which element has the highest electron affinity

(most negative) germanium or selenium?

A student claims that the first ionization energy

for Fluorine (F) is greater than that of bromine
{Br). Do you agree with the student’s claim?
Explain why or why not in terms of atomic
structure and Coulomb’s Law.
 Topic 1.8: Valence Electrons and Ionic Compounds
+1
1 +2 +3 -3 -2 -1 8
2 3 4 5 6 7

Valence Electrons: the outermost electrons

Are used to detrmine the likelihood that 2 elements will form a bond.
Lewis Structures (future section)

Ion Charges
Typical charges of atoms are determined by their location on the periodic table and
number of valence electrons.

Practice Problems
1) Element X has the electron configuration below. What is the formula for the compound formed
between element X and chlorine?
1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p¹

2) A student claims that a compound with sodium and fluorine and a compound with sodium and oxygen
will have the same formula. Do you agree? Explain why or why not.