Chemical Kinetics - Formula Sheet

Chemical Kinetics:
Average Rate of Appearance: 𝑨 → 𝑩
∆[𝐵] [𝐵]𝐹 − [𝐵]0

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = + =
∆𝑡 𝑡𝐹 − 𝑡0
Average Rate of Disappearance:
∆[𝐴]
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = −
∆𝑡
Rate of a Chemical Reaction:
Instantaneous Rate of Appearance: 𝟐𝐴 + 𝟑𝐵 → 𝟒𝐶 + 𝟓𝐷
𝑑[𝐵] 1 ∆[𝐴] 1 ∆[𝐵] 1 ∆[𝐶] 1 ∆[𝐷]

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = + 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = − =− =+ =+
𝑑𝑡 𝟐 ∆𝑡 𝟑 ∆𝑡 𝟒 ∆𝑡 𝟓 ∆𝑡
Method of Initial Rates: Differential Rate Law Expression:
Trial [A] [B] [C] I. Rate
1 0.10 M 0.10 M 0.10 M 0.20 M/s 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]𝒙 [𝐵]𝒚 [𝐶]𝒛
2 0.20 M 0.10 M 0.10 M 0.40 M/s
3 0.10 M 0.20 M 0.10 M 0.80 M/s Finding The Order of a Reactant:
4 0.10 M 0.10 M 0.20 M 0.20 M/s
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 2 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 3
log (𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 1) log (𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 1)
Rate Constant k: 𝒙= 𝒚=
[𝐴] [𝐵]
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 log ( 2 ) log ( 3 )
𝑘= [𝐴]1 [𝐵]1
[𝐴] [𝐵]𝑦 [𝐶] 𝑧
𝑥
Overall order of the reaction:

Units of k: 𝑀1−𝑛 𝑡 −1 𝒐𝒓 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)1−𝑛 (𝐿)𝑛−1 𝑡 −1
𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝒛
Note: 𝑀 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∗ 𝐿−1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 → 𝑠, 𝑚𝑖𝑛, ℎ𝑟, 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
Unimolecular: Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction:
𝐴→𝐵 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴] 1. Temperature
2. Concentration
Bimolecular: 3. Catalyst
𝐴+𝐴 →𝐵 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]2 4. Surface Area
𝐴+𝐵 →𝐶 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴][𝐵] 5. The Nature of the Reactants
Termolecular: Reaction Mechanisms:

𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 →𝐷 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴][𝐵][𝐶]
2𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐶 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]2 [𝐵] 𝐴+𝐵 →𝐶+𝐷 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘1 [𝐴][𝐵]
3𝐴 → 𝐵 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]3 𝐷+𝐸 →𝐹+𝐵 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘2 [𝐷][𝐸]
Note: 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 → 𝐵 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 → 𝐷
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Reaction Order: Zero Order: 1st Order: 2nd Order: Nth Order: (𝒏 ≠ 𝟏)
Differential Rate Law Expression: 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]1 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]2 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘[𝐴]𝑛
Units of k: (𝑴 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙1 𝐿−1 )
𝒕 → 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (𝑠, 𝑚𝑖𝑛, ℎ𝑟, 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) 𝑀1 𝑡 −1 𝑡 −1 𝑀−1 𝑡 −1 𝑀1−𝑛 𝑡 −1
Half-Life: [𝐴]0 ln 2 1 1 2𝑛−1 − 1

𝑡1/2 = 𝑡1/2 = 𝑡1/2 = 𝑡1/2 = ∙
2𝑘 𝑘 𝑘[𝐴]0 𝑘(𝑛 − 1) [𝐴]0 𝑛−1
Integrated Rate Law: [𝐴]𝐹 = −𝑘𝑡 + [𝐴]0 ln[𝐴]𝐹 = −𝑘𝑡 + ln[𝐴]0 1 1 1 1

= +𝑘𝑡 + 𝑛−1 = 𝑘𝑡(𝑛 − 1) +
[𝐴]𝐹 [𝐴]0 [𝐴]𝐹 [𝐴]0 𝑛−1
Slope: 𝑚 = −𝑘 𝑚 = −𝑘 𝑚 = +𝑘 𝑚 = 𝑘(𝑛 − 1)
Straight-line Plot: [𝐴] 𝑣𝑠 𝑡 ln[𝐴] 𝑣𝑠 𝑡 1 1

𝑣𝑠 𝑡 𝑣𝑠 𝑡
[𝐴] [𝐴]𝑛−1
Graph:
IRL Formula Variation:

Note: 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐
−𝑘𝑡
[𝐴]𝐹 = [𝐴]0 𝑒
[𝐴]𝐹
ln ( ) = −𝑘𝑡
[𝐴]0
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Arrhenius Equation – Slope Intercept Form:
𝐸𝑎 1
ln(𝑘) = − ( ) + ln (𝑨)
𝑹 𝑇
𝑦 = 𝒎𝑥 + 𝒃
Slope (m) and Y-Intercept (b):
𝐸𝑎
𝒎=− 𝒃 = ln(𝑨)
𝑹
The Activation Energy: (J/mol) Arrhenius Equation – Standard Form:
𝑘 𝑘2 𝐸𝑎 1 1
𝑅 ln ( 2 ) ln [ ]= − [ − ]
𝑘1 𝑘1 𝑹 𝑇2 𝑇1
𝐸𝑎 = − [ ] 𝐸𝑎 = −𝑹 ∙ 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
1 1
[𝑇 − 𝑇 ]
2 1 𝑹 = 8.3145 𝐽⁄(𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∗ 𝐾)
Temperature – Arrhenius Equation: Arrhenius Equation – The Rate Constant k:
−1 𝐸 1 1
𝑘2 − 𝑅𝑎 [𝑇 − 𝑇 ]
𝑅 ln ( )
1
𝑇2 = [ −
𝑘1
]
𝑘2 = 𝑘1 𝑒 2 1
𝑇1 𝐸𝑎
Notes: The Rate Constant k:
𝑨 → 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 𝑨𝑒 −𝐸𝑎 ⁄𝑅𝑇

𝒛 → 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝒑 → 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) Frequency Factor (A):
𝒆−𝑬𝒂⁄𝑹𝑻 → 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝒃 → 𝑌 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑨 = 𝒛𝒑 𝑨 = 𝑒𝒃 0<𝒑<1
Rate Constant (k) and Activation Energy (Ea):
𝑘2 = 𝑘1 𝑒 −(𝐸𝑎2 −𝐸𝑎1 )⁄𝑅𝑇

𝑘2
𝐸𝑎2 = 𝐸𝑎1 − 𝑅𝑇 ln ( )
𝑘1
Rate Constant (k) vs Time (t):
∆𝐸 = 𝐸𝑎𝐹 − 𝐸𝑎𝑅 𝑘2 𝑡1
=
𝑘1 𝑡2
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Chemical Kinetics - Formula Sheet

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Chemical Kinetics - Formula Sheet

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Chemical Kinetics:

Average Rate of Appearance: 𝑨 → 𝑩

∆[𝐵] [𝐵]𝐹 − [𝐵]0

Average Rate of Disappearance:

Rate of a Chemical Reaction:

Instantaneous Rate of Appearance: 𝟐𝐴 + 𝟑𝐵 → 𝟒𝐶 + 𝟓𝐷

𝑑[𝐵] 1 ∆[𝐴] 1 ∆[𝐵] 1 ∆[𝐶] 1 ∆[𝐷]

Overall order of the reaction:

Termolecular: Reaction Mechanisms:

Note: 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 → 𝐵 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 → 𝐷

Half-Life: [𝐴]0 ln 2 1 1 2𝑛−1 − 1

Integrated Rate Law: [𝐴]𝐹 = −𝑘𝑡 + [𝐴]0 ln[𝐴]𝐹 = −𝑘𝑡 + ln[𝐴]0 1 1 1 1

Straight-line Plot: [𝐴] 𝑣𝑠 𝑡 ln[𝐴] 𝑣𝑠 𝑡 1 1

IRL Formula Variation:

Slope (m) and Y-Intercept (b):

Temperature – Arrhenius Equation: Arrhenius Equation – The Rate Constant k:

Notes: The Rate Constant k:

𝑨 → 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 𝑨𝑒 −𝐸𝑎 ⁄𝑅𝑇

Rate Constant (k) and Activation Energy (Ea):

𝑘2 = 𝑘1 𝑒 −(𝐸𝑎2 −𝐸𝑎1 )⁄𝑅𝑇

Rate Constant (k) vs Time (t):

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