Download the full version of the textbook now at textbookfull.

com

Technological Innovation for Cyber Physical

Systems 7th IFIP WG 5 5 SOCOLNET Advanced
Doctoral Conference on Computing Electrical
and Industrial Systems DoCEIS 2016 Costa de
Caparica Portugal April 11 13 2016
https://textbookfull.com/product/technological-
Proceedings 1st Edition Luis M. Camarinha-
innovation-for-cyber-physical-systems-7th-ifip-
wg-5-5-socolnet-advanced-doctoral-conference-on-
Matos
computing-electrical-and-industrial-systems-
doceis-2016-costa-de-caparica-portugal-april-11/

Explore and download more textbook at https://textbookfull.com

 IFIP AICT 470
Luis M. Camarinha-Matos
António J. Falcão
Nazanin Vafaei
Shirin Najdi
(Eds.)

Technological
Innovation for
Cyber-Physical Systems

7th IFIP WG 5.5/SOCOLNET Advanced Doctoral

Conference on Computing,
Electrical and Industrial Systems, DoCEIS 2016
Costa de Caparica, Portugal, April 11–13, 2016
Proceedings

123
IFIP Advances in Information
and Communication Technology 470

Editor-in-Chief

Kai Rannenberg, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany

Editorial Board
Foundation of Computer Science
Jacques Sakarovitch, Télécom ParisTech, France
Software: Theory and Practice
Michael Goedicke, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
Education
Arthur Tatnall, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
Information Technology Applications
Erich J. Neuhold, University of Vienna, Austria
Communication Systems
Aiko Pras, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
System Modeling and Optimization
Fredi Tröltzsch, TU Berlin, Germany
Information Systems
Jan Pries-Heje, Roskilde University, Denmark
ICT and Society
Diane Whitehouse, The Castlegate Consultancy, Malton, UK
Computer Systems Technology
Ricardo Reis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Security and Privacy Protection in Information Processing Systems
Yuko Murayama, Iwate Prefectural University, Japan
Artificial Intelligence
Ulrich Furbach, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
Human-Computer Interaction
Jan Gulliksen, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Entertainment Computing
Matthias Rauterberg, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
IFIP – The International Federation for Information Processing
IFIP was founded in 1960 under the auspices of UNESCO, following the first World
Computer Congress held in Paris the previous year. A federation for societies working
in information processing, IFIP’s aim is two-fold: to support information processing in
the countries of its members and to encourage technology transfer to developing na-
tions. As its mission statement clearly states:

IFIP is the global non-profit federation of societies of ICT professionals that aims
at achieving a worldwide professional and socially responsible development and
application of information and communication technologies.

IFIP is a non-profit-making organization, run almost solely by 2500 volunteers. It

operates through a number of technical committees and working groups, which organize
events and publications. IFIP’s events range from large international open conferences
to working conferences and local seminars.
The flagship event is the IFIP World Computer Congress, at which both invited and
contributed papers are presented. Contributed papers are rigorously refereed and the
rejection rate is high.
As with the Congress, participation in the open conferences is open to all and papers
may be invited or submitted. Again, submitted papers are stringently refereed.
The working conferences are structured differently. They are usually run by a work-
ing group and attendance is generally smaller and occasionally by invitation only. Their
purpose is to create an atmosphere conducive to innovation and development. Referee-
ing is also rigorous and papers are subjected to extensive group discussion.
Publications arising from IFIP events vary. The papers presented at the IFIP World
Computer Congress and at open conferences are published as conference proceedings,
while the results of the working conferences are often published as collections of se-
lected and edited papers.
IFIP distinguishes three types of institutional membership: Country Representative
Members, Members at Large, and Associate Members. The type of organization that
can apply for membership is a wide variety and includes national or international so-
cieties of individual computer scientists/ICT professionals, associations or federations
of such societies, government institutions/government related organizations, national or
international research institutes or consortia, universities, academies of sciences, com-
panies, national or international associations or federations of companies.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6102

Luis M. Camarinha-Matos António J. Falcão
•

Nazanin Vafaei Shirin Najdi (Eds.)

•

Technological
Innovation for
Cyber-Physical Systems
7th IFIP WG 5.5/SOCOLNET Advanced Doctoral
Conference on Computing,
Electrical and Industrial Systems, DoCEIS 2016
Costa de Caparica, Portugal, April 11–13, 2016
Proceedings

123
Editors
Luis M. Camarinha-Matos Nazanin Vafaei
NOVA University of Lisbon NOVA University of Lisbon
Monte da Caparica Monte da Caparica
Portugal Portugal
António J. Falcão Shirin Najdi
NOVA University of Lisbon NOVA University of Lisbon
Monte da Caparica Monte da Caparica
Portugal Portugal

ISSN 1868-4238 ISSN 1868-422X (electronic)

IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology
ISBN 978-3-319-31164-7 ISBN 978-3-319-31165-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-31165-4

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016932869

© IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2016

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are
believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors
give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or
omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
 Preface

This 2016 edition of the DoCEIS proceedings book presents a series of selected articles
produced in the context of engineering doctoral programs. The theme is on “Tech-
nological Innovation for Cyber-Physical Systems” and contributions reflect the
growing interests in research, development, and application of cyber-physical systems.
Fast progress on embedded intelligence and interconnection of systems, enabled by
advances in pervasive computing, sensing technologies, and computer networks,
including developments in the Internet of Things and cloud computing, have led to new
architectural approaches to systems engineering. By exploring the synergies between
computational and physical components, these systems leverage the emerging “net-
work effect” and induce new advanced applications.
Potential benefits can be found in all engineering fields and at all levels, e.g.,
supporting systems-of-systems, facilitating the industrial Internet and sensing enter-
prise, enabling effective smart energy grids, creating the basis for smart environments,
etc. This approach can change the way engineering systems are designed while leading
to exciting challenges for researchers and industrial practitioners.
DoCEIS is an international forum providing a platform for the presentation of
research results from PhD work, and a space for the discussion of post-graduation
studies, PhD thesis plans, and practical aspects of PhD work in these inter-related areas
of engineering, while promoting a strong multi-disciplinary dialog. As such, partici-
pants were challenged to look beyond their specific research question and relate their
work to the selected theme of the conference, namely, to identify in which ways their
research topics can benefit from, or contribute to, cyber-physical-based solutions.
A basis for innovation nowadays is to embrace the application of multi-disciplinary
and interdisciplinary approaches in the context of research. In fact, more and more
funding agencies are including this element as a key requirement in their calls for
proposals. As such, the challenge put forward by DoCEIS to its authors can be seen as
a contribution to the process of acquiring such skills, which are mandatory in the
profession of a PhD.
This seventh edition of DoCEIS, which is sponsored by SOCOLNET, IFIP, and
IEEE IES, attracted a considerable number of paper submissions from a large number
of PhD students and their supervisors from 24 countries. This book comprises the
works selected by the international Program Committee for inclusion in the main
program and covers a wide spectrum of application domains. Research results and
on-going work are presented, illustrated, and discussed in areas such as:
– Enterprise collaborative networks
– Ontologies
– Petri nets
– Manufacturing systems
– Biomedical applications
– Intelligent environments
VI Preface

– Control and fault tolerance

– Optimization and decision support
– Wireless technologies
– Energy: smart grids, renewables, management, and optimization
– Bio-energy
– Electronics
As anticipated, and confirmed by the submissions, it is shown that virtually any
research topic in this broad engineering area can either benefit from a cyber-physical
systems perspective, or be a direct contributor with models, approaches, and tech-
nologies for further development of such systems.
We expect that this book will provide readers with an inspiring set of promising
ideas and new challenges, presented in a multi-disciplinary context, and that by their
diversity these results can trigger and motivate richer research and development
directions.
We would like to thank all the authors for their contributions. We also appreciate the
efforts and dedication of the DoCEIS international Program Committee members, who
both helped with the selection of articles and contributed with valuable comments to
improve their quality.

February 2016 Luis M. Camarinha-Matos

António J. Falcão
Nazanin Vafaei
Shirin Najdi
 Organization

7th IFIP/SOCOLNET Advanced Doctoral Conference

on COMPUTING, ELECTRICAL AND
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS
2016 Costa de Caparica, Portugal, April 11–13, 2016

Conference and Program Chair

Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Portugal

Organizing Committee Co-chairs

Luis Gomes, Portugal

João Goes, Portugal
Pedro Pereira, Portugal

International Program Committee

Alan Jovic, Croatia Florin G. Filip – Romania

Alok Choudhary, UK Ghazanfar Safdar, UK
Américo Azevedo, Portugal Giuseppe Buja, Italy
Andrea Bottino, Italy Gordana Ostojic, Republic of Serbia
Angel Ortiz, Spain Hans-Jörg Kreowski, Germany
Antoni Grau, Spain Horacio Neto, Portugal
Antonio Maña, Spain Ip-Shing Fan, UK
Antonios Tsourdos, UK João Goes, Portugal
Armando Pires, Portugal João Martins, Portugal
Barbora Buhnova, Czech Republic João Paulo Pimentão, Portugal
Carlos Eduardo Pereira, Brazil Jorge Dias, Portugal
David Hutchison, UK Jose de la Rosa, Spain
Diego Gachet, Spain José Igreja, Portugal
Dimitris Mourtzis, Greece José M. Fonseca, Portugal
Enrico Vicario, Italy Juan Jose Rodriguez Andina, Spain
Enrique Romero, Spain Klaus-Dieter Thoben, Germany
Erik Bruun, Denmark Kleanthis Thramboulidis, Greece
Ezio Bartocci, Austria Laura Carnevali, Italy
Fausto P. Garcia, Spain Luigi Piegari, Italy
VIII Organization

Luis Bernardo, Portugal Pierluigi Siano, Italy

Luis Gomes, Portugal Ratko Magjarevic, Croatia
Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Portugal Ricardo Jardim-Gonçalves, Portugal
Luis Oliveira, Portugal Ricardo Rabelo, Brazil
Manuela Vieira, Portugal Rita Ribeiro, Portugal
Marcin Paprzycki, Poland Roberto Canonico, Italy
Maria Helena Fino, Portugal Rolf Drechsler, Germany
Marko Beko, Portugal Rui Aguiar, Portugal
Martin Törngren, Sweden Rui Melicio, Portugal
Michael Huebner, Germany Simon Pietro, Italy
Nik Bessis, UK Stefano Di Carlo, Italy
Noelia Correia, Portugal Sven-Volker Rehm, Germany
Nuno Paulino, Portugal Thilo Sauter, Austria
Olga Battaia, France Thomas Strasser, Austria
Paulo Miyagi, Brazil Vasos Vassiliou, Cyprus
Paulo Pinto, Portugal Vedran Bilas, Croatia
Pavel Vrba, Czech Republic Willy Picard, Poland
Pedro Pereira, Portugal Wojciech Cellary, Poland
Peter Marwedel, Germany Zoran Bosnic, Slovenia
Peter Palensky, Austria Zoran Hadzi Velkov, Macedonia

Organizing Committee (PhD Students)

Ana Paula Correia, Portugal Miguel Fernandes, Portugal

André Lourenço, Portugal Nazanin Vafei, Iran
António Falcão, Portugal Paulo Figueiras, Portugal
Artem Nazarenko, Ukraine Pedro Oliveira, Portugal
Bruno Augusti Mozzaquatro, Brazil Raquel Melo, Portugal
Esmaeil Kondori, Iran Shirin Najdi, Iran
Francisco Xavier Fonseca, Portugal Vagner Schaefer, Brazil
 Organization IX

Technical Sponsors

SoCol Society of Collaborative Networks

net

IFIP WG 5.5 COVE

Co-Operation infrastructure for Virtual Enterprises
and electronic business

IEEE−Industrial Electronics Society

Organizational Sponsors

Organized by: PhD Program on Electrical and Computer Engineering FCT-UNL.

Visit https://textbookfull.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks, textbook
and enjoy exciting offers!
 Contents

Collaborative Networks and Marketplaces

A Decision-Support Tool to Deal with the Strategies Alignment Process

in Collaborative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Beatriz Andres, Raul Poler, Joao Rosas, and Luis Camarinha-Matos

XaaS Multi-Cloud Marketplace Architecture Enacting the Industry

4.0 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Adrián Juan-Verdejo and Bholanathsingh Surajbali

Towards a Collaborative Business Ecosystem for Elderly Care . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Thais Andrea Baldissera and Luis M. Camarinha-Matos

Ontologies and CPS

Automatic Generation of Cyber-Physical Software Applications Based

on Physical to Cyber Transformation Using Ontologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chen-Wei Yang, Valeriy Vyatkin, and Victor Dubinin

Semantic BMS: Ontology for Analysis of Building Automation

Systems Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Adam Kučera and Tomáš Pitner

Ontological Interaction Using JENA and SPARQL Applied

to Onto-AmazonTimber Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Márcio José Moutinho da Ponte, Paulo Alves Figueiras,
Ricardo Jardim-Gonçalves, and Celson Pantoja Lima

Petri Nets

Combining Data-Flows and Petri Nets for Cyber-Physical

Systems Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Fernando Pereira and Luis Gomes

Systematization of Performance Evaluation Process for Industrial

Productive Systems Considering Sustainability Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Edson H. Watanabe, Robson M. da Silva, Fabrício Junqueira,
Diolino J. Santos Filho, and Paulo E. Miyagi

Extending IOPT Nets with a Module Construct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

José Ribeiro, Fernando Melício, and Luis Gomes
XII Contents

Manufacturing Systems

Agent-Based Data Analysis Towards the Dynamic Adaptation of Industrial

Automation Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Jonas Queiroz and Paulo Leitão

Context Awareness for Flexible Manufacturing Systems Using Cyber

Physical Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Sebastian Scholze and Jose Barata

An Approach for Implementing ISA 95-Compliant Big Data Observation,

Analysis and Diagnosis Features in Industry 4.0 Vision Following
Manufacturing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Kevin Nagorny, Sebastian Scholze, José Barata,
and Armando Walter Colombo

Biomedical Applications

Development of Mixed Reality Systems to Support Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . 127

Bruno Patrão, Paulo Menezes, and Paula Castilho

Brain-Computer Interfaces by Electrical Cortex Activity: Challenges

in Creating a Cognitive System for Mobile Devices Using Steady-State
Visually Evoked Potentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Pedro Morais, Carla Quintão, and Pedro Vieira

Automatic EOG and EMG Artifact Removal Method for Sleep

Stage Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Ali Abdollahi Gharbali, José Manuel Fonseca, Shirin Najdi,
and Tohid Yousefi Rezaii

Low Cost Inertial Measurement Unit for Motion Capture

in Biomedical Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
João Lourenço, Leonardo Martins, Rui Almeida, Claudia Quaresma,
and Pedro Vieira

Intelligent Environments

Auto-Adaptive Interactive Systems for Active and Assisted

Living Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
João Quintas, Paulo Menezes, and Jorge Dias

Using Fuzzy Logic to Improve BLE Indoor Positioning System . . . . . . . . . . 169

Sérgio Onofre, Bernardo Caseiro, João Paulo Pimentão,
and Pedro Sousa
 Contents XIII

CMOS Indoor Light Energy Harvesting System for Wireless Sensing

Applications: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Carlos Carvalho and Nuno Paulino

Control and Fault Tolerance

Initial Study on Fault Tolerant Control with Actuator Failure Detection

for a Multi Motor Electric Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Bruno dos Santos and Rui Esteves Araújo

Fault Analysis of Three-Level NPC Inverters in Synchronous Reluctance

Motor Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Diogo M.B. Matos, Jorge O. Estima, and Antonio J. Marques Cardoso

Analysis of Lift Control System Strategies Under Uneven Flow

of Passengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Kyaw Kyaw Lin, Sergey Lupin, and Yuriy Vagapov

Scalar Variable Speed Motor Control for Traction Systems with Torque
and Field Orientation Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Paulo Mendonça and Duarte M. Sousa

Optimization and Decision Support

Variation-Aware Optimisation for Reconfigurable Cyber-Physical Systems . . . 237

Rui Policarpo Duarte and Christos-Savvas Bouganis

Virtual Reference Feedback Tuning of MIMO Data-Driven Model-Free

Adaptive Control Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Raul-Cristian Roman, Mircea-Bogdan Radac, Radu-Emil Precup,
and Emil M. Petriu

Normalization Techniques for Multi-Criteria Decision Making:

Analytical Hierarchy Process Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Nazanin Vafaei, Rita A. Ribeiro, and Luis M. Camarinha-Matos

Wireless Technologies

A WLS Estimator for Target Localization in a Cooperative Wireless

Sensor Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Slavisa Tomic, Marko Beko, Rui Dinis, and Milan Tuba

Effective Over-the-Air Reprogramming for Low-Power Devices

in Cyber-Physical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Ondrej Kachman and Marcel Balaz
XIV Contents

Electromagnetic Interference Impact of Wireless Power Transfer System

on Data Wireless Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Elena N. Baikova, Stanimir S. Valtchev, Rui Melício, and Vítor M. Pires

Real-Time Estimation of the Interference in Random Waypoint

Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Luis Irio and Rodolfo Oliveira

Energy - Smart Grids

Adaptive Multi-agent System for Smart Grid Regulation with Norms

and Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Thiago R.P.M. Rúbio, Henrique Lopes Cardoso, and Eugénio Oliveira

Computational Models Development and Demand Response Application

for Smart Grids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Rita Pereira, João Figueiredo, and José Carlos Quadrado

Load Forecasting in Electrical Distribution Grid of Medium Voltage . . . . . . . 340

Svetlana Chemetova, Paulo Santos, and Mário Ventim-Neves

Renewable Energy

Control and Supervision of Wind Energy Conversion Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Carla Viveiros, R. Melício, José M. Igreja, and Victor M.F. Mendes

Review of Novel Topologies for PV Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Elena Makovenko, Oleksandr Husev, Carlos Roncero-Clemente,
and Enrique Romero-Cadaval

Contributions to the Design of a Water Pumped Storage System in an

Isolated Power System with High Penetration of Wind Energy . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Antonio Setas Lopes, Rui Castro, and Carlos Silva

Offshore Wind Energy Conversion System Connected to the Electric Grid:

Modeling and Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Mafalda Seixas, Rui Melício, and Victor M.F. Mendes

Energy Systems

Independent Energy Storage Power Limitations for Secured Power

System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Hussein H. Abdeltawab and Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed

Greenhouse with Sustainable Energy for IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

Filipe T. Oliveira, Ségio A. Leitão, Adelino S. Nabais, Rita M. Ascenso,
and João R. Galvão
 Contents XV

Decentralised Coordination of Intelligent Autonomous Batteries . . . . . . . . . . 425

Evgeny Nefedov and Valeriy Vyatkin

Energy Management

Impacts of Energy Market Prices Variation in Aggregator’s Portfolio . . . . . . 437

Eduardo Eusébio, Jorge A.M. Sousa, and Mário Ventim Neves

Impact of Self-consumption and Storage in Low Voltage Distribution

Networks: An Economic Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Fernando M. Camilo, Rui Castro, M.E. Almeida, and V. Fernão Pires

Demand Side Management Energy Management System

for Distributed Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Filipe A. Barata, José M. Igreja, and Rui Neves-Silva

Optimization in Energy Management

Optimal Wind Bidding Strategies in Day-Ahead Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

Isaias L.R. Gomes, Hugo M.I. Pousinho, Rui Melício,
and Victor M.F. Mendes

GA-ANN Short-Term Electricity Load Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Joaquim L. Viegas, Susana M. Vieira, Rui Melício, Victor M.F. Mendes,
and João M.C. Sousa

Optimal Bidding Strategies of Wind-Thermal Power Producers . . . . . . . . . . . 494

R. Laia, H.M.I. Pousinho, R. Melício, and V.M.F. Mendes

Bio-energy

Wastewaters Reuse for Energy Crops Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Jorge Costa, Bruno Barbosa, and Ana Luisa Fernando

Removal of Chromium and Aluminum from Aqueous Solutions

Using Refuse Derived Char . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Catarina Nobre, Margarida Gonçalves, Dieimes Resende,
Cândida Vilarinho, and Benilde Mendes

Bioremediation of Agro-industrial Effluents Using Chlorella Microalgae . . . . 523

Catarina Viegas, Margarida Gonçalves, Liliana Soares,
and Benilde Mendes

Flexible and Transparent Oxide Electronics

Oxide TFTs on Flexible Substrates for Designing and Fabricating

Analog-to-Digital Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Ana Correia, João Goes, and Pedro Barquinha
XVI Contents

Electrochemical Transistor Based on Tungsten Oxide with Optoelectronic

Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Paul Grey, Luís Pereira, Sónia Pereira, Pedro Barquinha, Inês Cunha,
Rodrigo Martins, and Elvira Fortunato

TCAD Simulation of Amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc Oxide Thin-Film

Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
Jorge Martins, Pedro Barquinha, and João Goes

Electrochemically Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Extracellular

Cell Signal Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Sanaz Asgarifar, Henrique L. Gomes, Ana Mestre,
Pedro Inácio, J. Bragança, Jérôme Borme, George Machado Jr.,
Fátima Cerqueira, and Pedro Alpuim

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Collaborative Networks
and Marketplaces
 A Decision-Support Tool to Deal with the Strategies
Alignment Process in Collaborative Networks

Beatriz Andres1 ✉ , Raul Poler1, Joao Rosas2,3, and Luis Camarinha-Matos2,3

( )

1
Research Centre on Production Management and Engineering (CIGIP),
Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Calle Alarcón, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
{bandres,rpoler}@cigip.upv.es
2
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
{jrosas,cam}@uninova.pt
3
Centre of Technology and Systems, Uninova Institute, Caparica, Portugal

Abstract. The alignment of strategies among the enterprises that belong to

collaborative networks is of increasing importance due to the influence on the
networks operation success in the long term. This paper proposes a Decision-
Support Tool for Strategies Alignment (DST-SA) to support SMEs in the selec‐
tion of strategies that allow higher levels of alignment amongst all the strategies
formulated by each partner. The DST-SA includes a mathematical model, a
simulation software, and a programmed application, to address the strategies
alignment process from a collaborative perspective. The result of the DST-SA is
the identification of the strategies that are aligned and the proper time to activate
these strategies with the main aim of obtaining higher levels of network perform‐
ance.

Keywords: Collaborative networks · Strategies alignment · Decision-support tool

1 Formulation of the Research Question and Its Motivation

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are currently more conscious about the benefits
of participating in Collaborative Networks (CN), due to higher levels of competitive‐
ness, agility, responsiveness, and adaptability that are acquired through collaboration.
These characteristics allow them to rapidly face the market evolutions and the dynam‐
icity induced by the globalization process. On the other hand, the participation of SMEs
in CN has a number of associated challenges, which derive from the lack of resources
and capabilities, and the limitations associated to cultural barriers. Generally speaking,
European SMEs do not currently have access to advanced collaborative decision-support
tools due to their limited resources.
In general, a CN consists of heterogeneous and autonomous partners [1], each one
defining its own objectives and formulating its own business strategies. In this context,
a wide variety of strategies can be formulated by each of the enterprises that belong to
the CN, with the aim of reaching their defined objectives. Therefore, contradictions
between the strategies formulated by one enterprise and the objectives defined by another

© IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2016

Published by Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016. All Rights Reserved
L. Camarinha-Matos et al. (Eds.): DoCEIS 2016, IFIP AICT 470, pp. 3–10, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31165-4_1
4 B. Andres et al.

enterprise of the network could appear, resulting in potential conflicts and selfish behav‐
iours. Lets describe an intuitive example considering two enterprises that acquire the
role of manufacturer and distributor. Each one defines two objectives and two strategies.
The manufacturer, Obj1Mnf: Reduce the production cost by 10 %, Obj2Mnf: Reduce fluc‐
tuations in production, Str1Mnf: Use lower quality packaging, Str2Mnf: Establish a collab‐
orative production planning; and the Distributor: Obj1Dis: Increase the net demand by
10 % in an exclusive market, Obj2Dis: Sell all the stock next to expire, Str1Dis: Promote
the image of an exclusive product, Str2Dis: Acquire a decision support system in the
forecast demand process. Using a logical reasoning, a misalignment is observed when
activating Str1Mnf due to it has negative influences with the Obj1Dis, whilst Str2Mnf posi‐
tively influences all the objectives defined by the distributor. This is an intuitive example
but when a large amount of enterprises face the decision-making of selecting business
strategies the problem increases in difficulty to be solved, specially when considering
the CN context.
It is therefore important to study the strategies alignment process, and provide
collaborative enterprises with support to proper selection of strategies in order to avoid
the activation of misaligned strategies among the CN partners. The main aim of such
process is to reduce the lack of coherence and concordance in the pool of strategies
activated by each of the enterprises belonging to the CN. The activation of a proper
combination of well-aligned strategies reduces the emergence of conflicts within the
CN, ensuring its sustainability and convenient operation in the long term.
Despite the importance of the concept of alignment in the CN operation, there is a
gap in the literature of adequate methods to formally represent and solve the strategies
alignment process. More specifically, there is a lack of approaches that consider (i) the
whole set of strategies formulated by the network partners, and (ii) the influence that
each of these strategies exert on the wide diversity of objectives defined by each enter‐
prise. Besides this, and to the best of our knowledge, it does not exist any decision
support tool that guides the selection of strategies based on the alignment characteristic.
Motivated by this situation, the following research questions are addressed:
1. What would be an adequate decision support tool to guide enterprises in the selection
of strategies?
2. Amongst all strategies formulated by each enterprise belonging to a CN, which
strategies should be selected for achieving high levels of alignment?
The strategies alignment process involves modelling the impacts that such strategies,
once activated, have on the objectives [2]. The heterogeneity and autonomy that char‐
acterises the CN enterprises and the multiplicity of the information exchanges related
with the formulated strategies and the defined objectives, requires new approaches to
cope with the complexity of the process. Consequently, SMEs need a decision support
tool to help them achieving a global view of the strategies and objectives with the aim
to respond faster and more efficiently to potential contradictions and misalignments. As
such, a Decision-Support Tool is proposed to deal with the Strategies Alignment process
in CN (DST-SA). DST-SA provides an affordable tool to SMEs with the aim of helping
them to reach high levels of alignment among the activated strategies, thus contributing
to increase their competitiveness in the global economy.
 A Decision-Support Tool to Deal with the Strategies Alignment Process 5

The remaining of this paper includes identifying in which ways the research in
business strategies alignment can benefit from cyber-physical systems (Sect. 2). In
Sect. 3, a brief state of the art on the strategies alignment process is provided. The
research contribution and innovation, regarding the proposed DST-SA tool, is described
in Sect. 4. Finally, in Sect. 5 the conclusions of the work, some discussion, and further
research lines are introduced.

2 Cyber Physical Systems

The integration of computing, communication, and control technologies has led to

developments in intelligent sensors and a great level of integration between the software
and the physical world [3]. The term Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) was devised by Lee
[4] motivated by the relevance of the interactions between computation and physical
worlds, encouraging real-time information extraction, transmission and analysis for
intelligent monitoring, decision-making and control [3]. In this context, CPS, and more
specifically the Internet of Things (IoT), are opening a new dimension for innovation,
higher levels of integration in enterprise networks, and consequently challenging their
business strategies. With CPS, enterprises have much wider and fast access to real-world
information, contributing to the notion of “sensing enterprise”. This allows enterprises
to anticipate future decisions by using multidimensional data, captured through physical
and virtual objects, and generating added value information [5]. Enriching enterprises’
awareness through intelligent, interconnected, and interoperable smart components and
devices, empowers enterprises systems, making them responsive in real time to events
related with business strategies.
In the context of decision making for the selection of aligned business strategies, the
access to relevant information, among the collaborative partners, is a decisive issue. The
use of devices embedded in the enterprises’ business environment provides access to
larger amounts of information in the decision-making process. Furthermore, access to
real time information allows enterprises to be more agile when they need to make
adjustments in business strategies, in case a misalignment appears.
The consideration of CPS requires new approaches to strategies alignment. On one
hand they need to be developed taking into account this “new referential”; and on the
other hand additional requirements and complexity related with the decision making for
the selection of strategies, considering a collaborative perspective, increase the need to
make the right decisions (high quality decisions) for the whole of the CN partners. As
such, there is a need for (i) proper modelling of the relevant variables contained in the
strategies alignment process, as well as their interdependencies and influences, and
(ii) a decision support tool to help in identifying and assessing strategies alignment
process.

3 State of the Art

Different models, guidelines, methods, and tools have been proposed in the literature to
address the business strategies alignment process. Nevertheless, the conducted analysis
revealed that the contributions, provided so far, refer to the alignment of particular
Visit https://textbookfull.com
now to explore a rich
collection of eBooks, textbook
and enjoy exciting offers!
6 B. Andres et al.

network strategies, such as supply strategies [6, 7], marketing strategies [8], or product
design strategies [9]. Despite the importance of the alignment process, namely in terms
of avoiding partnership conflicts, to the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of
approaches modelling the alignment of the different strategies formulated by individual
and heterogeneous enterprises belonging to the CN. Therefore, a holistic approach that
allows modelling the influences that all strategies formulated by all partners have on the
wide diversity of defined objectives is needed. In order to fill this gap, an integrated
approach to holistically model the strategies alignment process has been previously
proposed [2, 10, 11]. The strategies alignment model (SAM) [10] deals with the strat‐
egies and objectives regardless of their nature and type, considering a CN context.
Taking this baseline, a novel decision-support tool is proposed in this paper, which aims
at supporting enterprises in the automatic construction of the SAM and allow SMEs to
succeed in the establishment of sustainable long-term collaborative relationships using
the business strategies alignment mechanism.

4 Research Contribution and Innovation in DST-SA

The research contribution of this paper extends previous work of Andres and Poler
[2, 10–12] in which a model to represent the influences between the defined business
objectives and the strategies formulated by each of the networked partners, as well as
an associated method, the System Dynamics (SD) [13], are proposed to solve the strat‐
egies alignment process. The main aim is to identify the set of strategies to activate,
while guaranteeing their alignment. Hereafter, and in order to facilitate the under‐
standing of DST-SA, these works are briefly described. The Strategies Alignment Model
(SAM) proposes a mathematical representation of the influences and relations between
either the improvement or worsening of KPIs when a set of strategies are activated.
Potential misalignments among the strategies are identified by the SAM implementation.
Thus, its application leads to obtain the set of aligned strategies that positively influence
the majority of the objectives defined by the networked partners. The optimization
function of SAM focuses on the network level, so that the identified strategies maximise
the positive influences (or minimize the negative influences) on the defined KPIs. The
decision variables used in SAM for the maximisation function are (i) the number of units
of the strategy (u_stris) to be activated, and (ii) the time when the strategies have to be
activated (ti_stris). The SD [13] is the method selected to solve the SAM, as it allows
representing the causal influences between the strategies and the objectives achievement
(through KPIs), within the complex system formed by the enterprises of a CN. The SD
method classifies the parameters of SAM using the stock variables, flow variables, and
auxiliary variables [11].
The Decision-Making Tool for the Strategies Alignment (DST-SA) is proposed for
solving SAM through a SD simulation approach. The DST-SA is based on a performance
measurement schema that allows estimating, from a quantitative perspective, the value
influences that an activated strategy has on the KPIs used to measure each objective
defined by each CN enterprise. A simulation tool is thus included in DST-SA to auto‐
matically solve the proposed model, assessing and supporting the strategies alignment
 A Decision-Support Tool to Deal with the Strategies Alignment Process 7

process. AnyLogic simulation software [14] was selected as a support component of

DST-SA, since it allows representing, in SD, the elements of SAM. The optimisation
package included in the simulation software allows to automatically solve SAM and
obtain the solution of the decision variables (u_stris, ti_stris) that maximize the network’s
performance [11]. Moreover, DST-SA includes a component to automatically generate
the model introduced in [2, 12] for the strategies alignment process under a SD approach.
The manual modelling of the SAM [2, 10], under SD simulation [11] could be
feasible with a small number of enterprises. However, when the modeller faces a network
with a high number of enterprises, each one defining several KPIs and formulating a
high number of strategies, the amount of parameters, auxiliary variables, flow variables,
and stock variables defined in SAM tend to increase exponentially. This results in the
increase of the size of the problem to be modelled, which becomes difficult to handle
manually. In order to avoid such tedious task, DST-SA includes a component that auto‐
matically generates the SAM for the simulation software: the Strategies Alignment
model GENerator (SAGEN). DST-SA also includes a database with all data required
for building the SAM in SAGEN and feed the SAM to the SD simulation software.
For the design of SAGEN component, the authors assume that models built in
AnyLogic SD simulation software have the property of being read in XML language
(Extensible Markup Language) with a specific schema. SAGEN allows building an
XML file, containing the structured schema of SAM in SD notation, representing the
enterprises, objectives, strategies and the influences between them. In order to reproduce
the SAM specific schema in SD, the structure of an XML file created by AnyLogic is
analysed. An example of the XML notation used to represent the Flow and Stock vari‐
ables in SAM is depicted in Table 1.

Table 1. XML Schemas to define Flow and Stock Variables

From a technical point of view, Lazarus [15] has been used as an Integrated Develop‐
ment Environment (IDE) for the SAGEN development. Lazarus is an open source and free
alternative to Delphi, developed as open source project from Free Pascal. Therefore, Pascal
programing language was used to build SAGEN, due to its simplicity and easiness to
expand the SAGEN component for its use in other domains. The obtained XML file
8 B. Andres et al.

contains all variables and data required to feed the SAM, which is readable by AnyLogic
simulation software (see Fig. 1). Besides generating XML code, SAGEN offers a user-
friendly interface that allows the enterprises to enter the data required to feed the SAM
(Fig. 2). The procedure followed in SAGEN is: (i) introduce all the required data to feed the
SAM through the interface, (ii) the data is stored in a Microsoft Access Database using a
OCDBConnection, (iii) the procedures described in Lazarus IDE allow to create XML file
with all the elements to build both the flow diagram of the SAM (simulation experiment)
in SD, and the optimization experiment to be opened in the AnyLogic simulation soft‐
ware. SAGEN creates a structured positioning of all objects that form the SAM, increasing
the readability and understanding of the model. Figure 3 includes an example of two enter‐
prises, each one formulating two strategies and defining two KPIs.
Summarising, the proposed DST-SA consists of the SAM, the SD-based simulation
software, and the SAGEN component to automatically generate the SAM in a format
accepted by the Anylogic simulation software. With DST-SA, enterprises will be able
to build, solve, and assess the strategies alignment process from a collaborative perspec‐
tive. The network enterprises collaboratively make the decision of identifying the
aligned strategies to be activated, and the time frame when to activate them so that the
performance of the network is maximised.

Fig. 1. XML file: strategies alignment simulation model in XML language

Fig. 2. SAGEN component interface

 A Decision-Support Tool to Deal with the Strategies Alignment Process 9

Fig. 3. SAM simulation experiment built with SAGEN

The DST-SA supports the decision-making regarding the selection of those strategies
that exert positive influences on the majority of the defined objectives (being the negative
influences minimized), and deals with misalignments, reducing potential conflicts.

5 Conclusions and Further Work

In this paper we have presented a decision support tool called DST-SA to help in the selec‐
tion of aligned business strategies in a CN context. The tool rests on three pillars: the strat‐
egies alignment model (SAM) based on SD, the simulation software (AnyLogic), and
application component (SAGEN) that automatically generates the SD model for the simu‐
lation software. DST-SA allows considering from a holistic perspective all the strategies
formulated by each of the network partners and the influences that their activation would
have on each of the performance objectives defined at the enterprises level. The SAGEN
module significantly facilitates the collaborative process of strategies alignment, so that the
construction of the model in the SD simulation software is automated. The SAM embedded
in the DST-SA aims at maximising the network performance. Thus, not all CN partners
necessarily experience an improvement in their performance level, being possible that part
of the partners improve their performance at the expense of a loss of other partners.
However, in the global context of the CN, the performance will be improved, contributing
to its sustainability, and thus, also improving the long-term relationships among the collab‐
orative partners.
The utilization of the DST-SA will serve (i) to show SMEs how they are currently
making decisions when selecting the strategies to activate, (ii) to show SMEs how to
collaboratively make decisions with the main aim of selecting aligned strategies, (iii) to
train companies in the decision-making process so that they collaboratively perform the
selection of aligned strategies. DST-SA allows decision makers to get a new vision of the
problem of selecting strategies, from a global perspective within the CN. Hence, decision-
makers do not only consider the achievement of the objectives of their company, but also
take into account the influences that strategies have on the objectives of other network
partners. Future research includes the assessment of DST-SA in real CNs, considering
various network sizes and industrial sectors and performing a sensitivity analysis to
10 B. Andres et al.

estimate the robustness of the tool to perturbations in objectives and strategies. The
development of a methodology to guide SMEs in the strategies alignment process must
be performed; for assessing of the strategies selection considering decentralised
scenarios, and fostering negotiation processes.

Acknowledgments. This work was supported in part by Programa Val i + d para investigadores
en formación (ACIF) and Uninova-CTS through FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia) -
PEST program UID/EEA/00066/2013 (Impactor project).

References

1. Camarinha-Matos, L.M., Afsarmanesh, H.: Collaborative networks: a new scientific

discipline. J. Intell. Manuf. 16(4–5), 439–452 (2005)
2. Andres, B., Poler, R.: Dealing with the alignment of strategies within the collaborative
networked partners. In: Camarinha-Matos, L.M., Baldissera, T.A., Di Orio, G., Marques, F.
(eds.) DoCEIS 2015. IFIP AICT, vol. 450, pp. 13–21. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)
3. Yue, X., Cai, H., Yan, H., Zou, C., Zhou, K.: Cloud-assisted industrial cyber-physical
systems: an insight. Microprocess. Microsyst. 39(8), 1262–1270 (2015)
4. Lee, E.A.: Cyber-physical systems—are computing foundations adequate? In: NSF Workshop on
Cyber-Physical Systems: Research Motivation, Techniques and Roadmap, pp. 1–9 (2006)
5. Camarinha-Matos, L.M., Goes, J., Gomes, L., Martins, J.: Contributing to the internet of
things. In: Camarinha-Matos, L.M., Tomic, S., Graça, P. (eds.) DoCEIS 2013. IFIP AICT,
vol. 394, pp. 3–12. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)
6. Cousins, P.D.: The alignment of appropriate firm and supply strategies for competitive
advantage. Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag. 25(5), 403–428 (2005)
7. Ashayeri, J., Selen, W.: Global sourcing strategy alignment using business intelligence: a
conceptual framework. Int. J. Procure. Manag. 1(3), 342–358 (2008)
8. Green, K.W., Whitten, D., Inman, R.A.: Aligning marketing strategies throughout the supply
chain to enhance performance. Ind. Mark. Manag. 41(6), 1008–1018 (2012)
9. Dell’Era, C., Verganti, R.: Collaborative strategies in design-intensive industries: knowledge
diversity and innovation. Long Range Plann. 43(1), 123–141 (2010)
10. Andres, B., Poler, R.: Improving the collaborative network performance through the
activation of compatible strategies. Int. J. Eng. Manag. Econ. 5(1/2), 35–47 (2015)
11. Andres, B., Poler, R., Sanchis, R.: Collaborative strategies alignment to enhance the collaborative
network agility and resilience. In: Camarinha-Matos, L.M., Benaben, F., Picard, W. (eds.)
PRO-VE 2015. IFIP AICT, vol. 463, pp. 88–99. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). doi:
10.1007/978-3-319-24141-8_8
12. Andres, B., Poler, R.: Modelling the strategies alignment process in the collaborative network
context. In: ICIEOM-CIO-IIIE International Conference on Engineering Systems and
Networks: The Way Ahead for Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (2015)
13. Forrester, J.W.: Industrial Dynamics. MIT Press, Cambridge (1961)
14. AnyLogic: AnyLogic. http://www.anylogic.com/. (Accessed from February 2015)
15. Lazarus Free Pascal: Lazarus. http://www.lazarus-ide.org/. (Accessed from February 2015)
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
left in one of my cans. I’ll give her some.”
The kind milkman got out of his wagon, and with some milk in the
top of one of his big cans, brought it over to Blackie. The black cat
was not afraid of him, for he spoke so kindly to her.
“Here, pussy!” said the man. “Here is some milk for you. What
shall I put it in? Ah, here is an empty sardine tin, that will hold it
nicely.” He poured the milk in the tin. Oh! how good that milk did
taste to hungry and thirsty Blackie! She just purred, she was so
thankful to that man.
He watched her drink the milk, and patted her on the back, even
rubbing her under the ears a little, and Blackie liked that.
“If you’re here to-morrow I’ll give you more milk,” said the man.
Blackie wished he could speak her kind of talk, so she might ask him
where Mabel, Arthur and the rest of the family had gone, but she
could not do that.
“Well, I feel a little better,” said Blackie to herself, as she licked the
milk off her whiskers with her red tongue. “I can sleep to-night I
hope.”
Blackie curled up under the stoop and got ready to go to sleep. It
was not yet night but soon would be. Now and then Blackie heard
the dog in the next yard barking, and once another dog came
snooping around the stoop where the black cat was hiding. But
Blackie arched up her back, made her tail big, and hissed like a
snake.
“Wuff!” barked the dog, as he ran away. “Wuff! Wow!”
“Well, I learned how to scare dogs even if I can’t jump fences as
well as Speckle can,” thought Blackie. “Now I won’t be so afraid of
the dog next door. Maybe I can scare him, and, if I can, life will be
easier for me and Speckle, so I will have learned something by
having run away and been a lost cat.”
Blackie went to sleep for a while, but suddenly she was awakened
by a strange sound. Some one was running up the steps over her as
she lay under the porch. Then she heard voices.
“Oh, Mabel!” cried a boy. “Aren’t you glad to be home again?”
“I guess so, Arthur,” answered a little girl. “But it was nice in the
country on our vacation. Oh, if only we had Blackie back I would be
happy.”
“So would I. I looked for her in the country, but I didn’t see her.
Look, the people next door aren’t home yet.”
“Wait a minute, children, and Daddy will open the door for us,”
said a lady’s voice.
Blackie was wide awake now.
“Why—why—!” exclaimed the black cat. “The folks have come
home! That is Mabel and Arthur! I wonder where they have been?
Oh, how glad I am! Now I am all right.”
Blackie heard the front door of the house open. Then she heard
the children run inside.
“Here is where I surprise them,” thought the black cat.
Out from under the stoop crawled Blackie. Up the steps she went,
and in through the open front door. She could hear the children in
the kitchen now, getting drinks of water, and Blackie walked toward
them, hoping there was something to eat in the house.
The gas was lighted in the kitchen. Mabel and Arthur stood near
the sink, drinking. The little girl was the first to spy Blackie, who
walked in, her tail held up straight like a fishing pole.
“Why—why!” cried Mabel, rubbing her eyes to make sure she was
wide awake. “Why, look, Arthur! There’s Blackie!”
“Blackie? Where?”
“Right here. Oh, Blackie, you’ve come back to us; haven’t you?
Oh, how glad I am!” and Mabel caught Blackie up in her arms.
“Oh, you dear Blackie!” cried Arthur, rubbing the cat on the head.
“Where have you been all this while, and where did you come from?
Oh, how glad I am, and happy.”
“Purrr-r-r-r!” said Blackie, and that was her way of saying that she,
too, was happy.
“Look, mother!” cried Mabel. “Blackie is back!”
“You don’t mean it!” said the lady. “Why, isn’t that strange!”
“She ran away just before we went on our summer vacation,” said
Arthur, “and now when we come back she is here to meet us.”
Then Blackie understood. The house had been closed because the
folks were away in the country for a vacation. And she had reached
home the very day they came back. Wasn’t Blackie a lucky cat?
 Blackie walked in, her tail held up straight like a
fishing pole.

Well, you can just imagine how glad Arthur and Mabel were to see
Blackie. They took turns holding her and petting her, and when their
father came in, a little later, with the bags and bundles from the
train, he, too, patted Blackie.
“My, but how thin and poor Blackie has grown,” said Mabel’s
mother. “She must have had a mighty hard time while she was on
her vacation.”
“Oh, mother! Cats don’t have a vacation!” laughed Arthur.
 “Well, I guess Blackie did,” said the lady. “She must have had
many adventures.”
And Blackie had, as you can tell by this book. Of course Blackie
herself could not tell about her own adventures, as she can not write
or talk our language, so I have written them down for her.
Blackie was given a fine supper and then she washed herself and
went to sleep on her own soft cushion again. And oh! how good it
felt after her nights of sleeping under haystacks, and among boxes
and barrels!
In a few days Blackie began to get fat again and soon she was like
herself. She even dared get up on the fence and make faces at the
dog next door, and he was so surprised at seeing how brave Blackie
was that he forgot to bark.
Blackie was lonesome for Speckle, the other cat, as she wanted to
tell him some of her adventures, but he was not home, nor were the
people who lived in the house. But one day Blackie heard a noise in
the next yard. She heard a door in the house open.
“Oh, perhaps that is Speckle coming back!” Blackie thought.
She gave a jump, and easily went over the fence, and there,
surely enough, in the yard, was Speckle.
“Why, how well you jumped that fence!” said Speckle.
“Yes, I learned that on my journey when I was lost and had so
many adventures,” cried Blackie.
“That’s right, you did go away,” said Speckle. “I had forgotten.”
“Where have you been?” asked Blackie.
“Oh, off in the country on a vacation with my folks,” answered the
other cat. “I had a fine time, too. Did you?”
“Well, no, not all the while,” Blackie answered. “But I think the trip
did me good. I met Dido, a dancing bear, Tum Tum, the jolly
elephant, and Flop Ear, the rabbit!”
 “My! You did have some time!” mewed Speckle. “You must tell me
about your adventures.”
And Blackie did, especially about Flop Ear. And as that little chap
had many things happen to him I am going to put them in a book so
you may read them. It will be called: “Flop Ear, the Funny Rabbit;
His Many Adventures.”
“Yes, you certainly had quite a time,” spoke Speckle, as Blackie
finished telling him of her journey.
“And I learned how to scare dogs, too, as well as how to jump
fences,” said Blackie. “Come on over and I’ll show you how to scare
that dog next door when he barks at us.”
And the two cats went up on the fence and made funny faces at
the dog, which so surprised him that he crept in his kennel-house,
and did not even growl.
So having brought Blackie safely home again, I will tell her good-
by for all of you.

THE END

Transcriber’s Notes:
Punctuation and spelling inaccuracies were silently corrected.
Archaic and variable spelling has been preserved.
Variations in hyphenation and compound words have been
preserved.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BLACKIE, A LOST
CAT: HER MANY ADVENTURES ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying
copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of
Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™
concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following
the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use
of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything
for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund
from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law
in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated
with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this
agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached
full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the
terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears,
or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning
of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.