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TUTORIAL 6 introduction to probability

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2 views

TUTORIAL 6 introduction to probability

Uploaded by

Anesu.Munhuweyi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES


HCF104/HDS104 — TUTORIAL 7/GS Maridza

1. There are 3 arrangements of the word DAD, namely DAD, ADD, and DDA. How many
arrangements are there of the word PROBABILITY?
2. Show that for every event A, 0 ≤ P (A) ≤ 1 and P (∅) = 0.
3. Prove that if A′ is the complement of A, then P (A′ ) = 1 − P (A).
4. A single die is tossed once. Find the probability of a 3 or 6 turning up.
5. A ball is drawn at random from a box containing 8 red balls, 17 white balls, and 9 blue balls.
Determine the probability that it is
(i) white, (ii) not blue, (iii) red or blue, (iv) neither white nor red.
6. A card is picked from a deck of 52 playing cards, without replacement, and then another one
is picked. What is the probability of picking (i) two red cards, (ii) one of each colour.
7. A die is loaded in such a way that each odd number is twice likely to occur as each even
number. Find P (G), where G is the event that a number greater than 3 occurs on a single
roll of the die.
8. Events X and Y are such that P (X | Y ) = 0.4, P (Y | X) = 0.25, P (X ∩ Y ) = 0.12
(i) Calculate the value of P (Y ).
(ii) Give a reason why X and Y are not independent.
(iii) Calculate the value of P (X ∩ Y ′ ).
9. M and N are two events such that P (M | N ) = 0.3, P (N ) = 0.25, P (M ) = 0.1. Find
(i) P (N | M ) (ii) P (M ∩ N ) (iii) P (M ∪ N )
10. Two dice are rolled.
A = {‘sum of two dice equals 3 ’}
B = {‘sum of two dice equals 7’}
C = {‘at least one of the dice shows a 1 ’}
(a) What is P (A | C)?
(b) What is P (B | C)?
(c) Are A and C independent? What about B and C?
11. From a batch of 100 items of which 20 are defective, exactly two items are chosen, one at a
time without replacement. Calculate the probabilities that:
(a) the first item chosen is defective
(b) both items chosen are defective
(c) the second item chosen is defective.

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12. A diagnostic test has a probability 0.95 of giving a positive result when applied to a person
suffering from a COVID19, and a probability 0.10 of giving a (false) positive when applied to
a non-sufferer. It is estimated that 0.5% of the population are sufferers. Suppose that the test
is now administered to a person about whom we have no relevant information relating to the
disease (apart from the fact that he/she comes from this population). Calculate the following
probabilities:

(a) that the test result will be positive;


(b) that, given a positive result, the person is a sufferer;
(c) that, given a negative result, the person is a non-sufferer;
(d) that the person will be misclassified.

13. Machines A and B produce 10% and 90% respectively of the production of a component
intended for the motor industry. From experience, it is known that the probability that
machine A produces a defective component is 0.01 while the probability that machine B
produces a defective component is 0.05. If a component is selected at random from a day‘s
production and is found to be defective, find the probability that it was made by
(a) machine A
(b) machine B.

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