IVECO TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

10−1404
Standard GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES Page 1 / 28
Definitions and information on drawings Date 15.06.2010
All rights reserved. This standard must not be reproduced or in any way utilized by other parties without the written consent of IVECO

HANDLING ON INTERLEAF TPS ONLY

Supervisor: IVECO STD. 19-0201
Manager: IVECO STD. 19-0201

INDEX

1. PURPOSE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2

2. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2
3. GUIDELINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2
4. GRAPHIC SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 4
5. TOLERANCE PANEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 5
6. ELEMENTS WITH INFORMATION ON TOLERANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 6
7. TOLERANCE BANDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 7
8. DATUM ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 8
9. RESTRICTED REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 10
10 THEORETICALLY CORRECT DIMENSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 11
11 PROJECTED TOLERANCE BAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 11
12 CONDITION OF MAXIMUM MATERIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 12
13 DEFINITIONS OF TOLERANCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 12
14 DEFINITIONS OF TOLERANCES IN DETAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 13
14.1 Tolerance of straightness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 13
14.2 Tolerance of planarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 13
14.3 Tolerance of circularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 13
14.4 Tolerance of cylindricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 14
14.5 Shape tolerance of a line in general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 14
14.6 Shape tolerance of a surface in general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 14
14.7 Tolerance of parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 14
14.8 Tolerance of perpendicularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 16
14.9 Tolerance of inclination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 17
14.10 Tolerance of location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 18
14.11 Tolerance of concentricity and coaxiality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 19
14.12 Tolerance of symmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 20
14.13 Tolerances of circular oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 21
14.14 Tolerances of total oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 22

APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 23

Edition Date Description of Modifications Group

1 03.01.1984
2 31.10.1989 Fully revised.
3 15.06.2010 Supervisor, Manager and Standards Quoted updated.

TFO
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1 PURPOSE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION

1.1 This standard lays down the guidelines for marking symbols and information to indicate shape,
position and oscillation tolerances on technical drawings and sets out the correct geometrical definitions.
The term “geometrical tolerances”, therefore, is used in this document as a synonym for this group of
tolerances.

1.2 Geometrical tolerances must be laid down only if especially required for particular conditions of
operation, interchangeability of products and, if necessary, manufacture.

1.3 Indication of geometrical tolerances does not necessarily imply the use of a particular manufacturing,
measuring or test procedure.

2 REFERENCES

IVECO STD. 10−1012 Technical drawings − Types, dimensions and application of lines
IVECO STD. 10−1210 Technical drawings − Orthogonal projections
IVECO STD. 10−1212 Technical drawings − Criteria for drawing measurement and reference lines
IVECO STD. 10−1215 Technical drawings − Dimensioning and definition of dimensions, dimensioning
systems
IVECO STD. 10−1218 Technical drawings − Sections and measurement lines
IVECO STD. 10−1220 Technical drawings − Particular conventions for illustration
IVECO STD. 10−1405 Technical drawings − Dimensioningand indicating tolerance on profiles
IVECO STD. 10−1406 Technical drawings − Geometrical tolerances − Principle of the maximum
material
IVECO STD. 10−1407 Technical drawings − Indication of geometrical tolerances − References and
reference systems for geometrical tolerances
IVECO STD. 10−1408 Technical drawings − Graphic symbols indicating geometrical tolerances −
Proportioning and dimensions
IVECO STD. 10−1409 Technical drawings − Geometrical tolerances − Testing principles and methods.

3 GUIDELINES

3.1 Geometrical tolerance applied to an element (point, line, surface or symmetry plane) defines the
tolerance band within which this element should be (see 3.7 and 3.8).

3.2 According to the property to which the tolerance is applied and the dimensioning method, the
tolerance band can be one of the following:

− the area inside a circle;

− the area between two concentric circles;
− the area between two equidistant lines or parallel straight lines;
− the space inside a sphere;
− the space inside a cylinder;
− the space between two coaxial cylinders;
− the space between two equidistant surfaces or two parallel planes;
− the space inside a parallelepiped.
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3.3 Unless contrary and more restrictive instructions are given (e.g. with an explanatory note, see figures
8 and 9), the element subject to tolerance can have any shape and position within the tolerance band laid
down.

3.4 Unless contrary instructions, specified in points 9 and 11, are given, the tolerance is applied to the
whole length or surface of the element.

3.5 The datum element is an element in the piece that is used to fix the position of another element (see
IVECO STD. 10−1407).

3.6 Geometrical tolerances that are laid down on elements in relation to a datum element do not restrict
deviations in shape of the datum element itself. The shape of a datum element should be precise enough to
use the datum element as such. It may therefore be necessary to lay down shape tolerances on datum
elements.

3.7 The straightness or planarity of a single element subject to tolerance is correct when the distance
of each of its points from a surface of ideal geometrical shape, in contact with it, is equal to or less than the
tolerance given. Positioning of the ideal line or surface should be chosen so that the maximum distance
between the ideal element and the datum element is as short as possible.

Example:

Figure 1

Possible orientation of the line or surface: A1−B1 A2−B2 A3−B3

Corresponding distances: h1 h2 h3
In the case of figure 1: h1 < h2 < h3

Then the correct positioning of the ideal surface or line is A1− B1. The distance h1 must be equal to or less
than the tolerance laid down.
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3.8 For the definition of circularity and cylindricity, the position of the two concentric circles or coaxial
cylinders should be chosen so that the radial distance between them is the minimum possible.

Example:

A1

C1 Figure 2
C2

A2 Δr2 < Δr1

Possible position of the centres of the two concentric circles or axis of the two coaxial cylinders and their
minimum radial distance.
The centre (C1) of A1 locates two concentric circles or two coaxial cylinders.
The centre (C2) of A2 locates two concentric circles or two coaxial cylinders with minimum radial distance.
Corresponding radial distances: Δr1 Δr2
In the case of figure 2: Δr2 < Δr1
The correct position of the two concentric circles or the two coaxial cylinders is then indicated with A2.
The radial distance Δr2 must therefore be less than or equal to the tolerance laid down.

4 GRAPHIC SYMBOLS

Table I − Graphic symbols for properties subject to tolerance

Elements and tolerances Property subject to tolerance Graphic symbols Reference

Straightness 14.1

Individual elements Planarity 14.2

Shape tolerances Circularity 14.3

Cylindricity 14.4

Shape of a line in general 14.5

Individual or
joined elements Shape of a surface in general 14.6

Parallelism 14.7

Orientation tolerances Perpendicularity 14.8

Inclination 14.9

Joined elements Location 14.10

Position tolerances Concentricity and coaxiality 14.11

Symmetry 14.12

Oscillation tolerances Circular oscillation 14.13

Total oscillation 14.14

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Table II − Supplementary graphic symbols

Description Graphic symbols Reference

directly 6

Indicating an element with tolerance A

with a letter 7.4

directly
Indicating a datum element

A A
with a letter 8

Partial datum
∅2 IVECO STD.
A1 10−1407

Theoretically correct dimension 50 10

Projected tolerance band P 11

Condition of maximum material M 12

5 TOLERANCE PANEL

5.1 Information on tolerances must be written in a rectangular panel divided into two or more boxes
(figures 3, 4 and 5). The contents of these boxes, from left to right, are in the following order:

− the graphic symbol for the property subject to tolerance;

− the value of the tolerance in the unit of measurement used for linear dimensions.
This value is preceded by the sign ∅ if the tolerance band is circular or cylindrical;
− if necessary, the letter or letters representing the datum element or elements (see figures 4 and 5).

0.1 0.1 A ∅ 0.1 A C B

Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5

5.2 Any necessary notes on tolerance, e.g. “6 holes”, “4 surface” or “6 x” must be written above the panel
(see figures 6 and 7).

6 holes 6x

∅ 0.1 ∅ 0.1

Figure 6 Figure 7

5.3 Information on the shape of the element inside the tolerance must be shown near the panel and can
be joined to it with a datum line (see figures 8 and 9).

non convex

0.3 non convex 0.1 A

Figure 8 Figure 9
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5.4 If more than one geometrical tolerance must be laid down on the same element, it should be indicated
in adjacent panels (see figure 10).

0.01
0.06 B
Figure 10

6 ELEMENTS WITH INFORMATION ON TOLERANCE

The box is joined to the element subject to tolerance with a datum line ending in an arrow:

− on the outline of the element or an extension line of it (but clearly separate from the measurement line),
when the tolerance is applied to a line or surface (see figures 11 and 12);

Figure 11 Figure 12

− on the extension of the measurement line, when the tolerance is applied to the axis or median plane of the
dimensioned part (see figures from 13 to 15):

Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15

− on the axis when the tolerance is applied to the axis or median plane of all the elements having that axis or
median plane in common (see figures from 16 to 18):

Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18

NOTE: Tolerances can be applied to the outline of a cylinder or its axis, or to the symmetrical element or its
symmetry plane, according to operating requirements.
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7 TOLERANCE BANDS

7.1 The width of the tolerance band is in the direction shown by the arrow on the datum line joining the
box to the element subject to tolerance, unless the tolerance value is preceded by the symbol ∅ (see figures
19 and 20).

0.1 A 0.1 A

A A

Figure 19 Figure 20
7.2 The direction of the tolerance band is generally perpendicular to the specific geometry of the element
subject to tolerance (see figures 21 and 22).

0.1 A

A
Figure 21 Figure 22
7.3 When a different direction from that perpendicular to the specific geometry of the element is required,
this direction must be indicated (see figures 23 and 24).

0.1 A

Figure 23
Figure 24
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7.4 Individual tolerance bands that are applied to several separated elements, but with the same value,
can be indicated as shown in figures 25 and 26.

3xA
0.1
0.1
A
A A

Figure 25 Figure 26

7.5 When several separated elements must be included in the same tolerance band, the indication on
the drawing should be completed with the words “common band” over the box (see figures 27 and 28).

3xA
Common band
Common band
0.1
0.1
A A A

Figure 27 Figure 28

8 DATUM ELEMENTS

8.1 When the element subject to tolerance is related to a datum element, the latter is identified with a
capital letter. The same letter representing the datum element is also shown in the box. To indicate the datum
element a capital letter, written in a box, is linked with a black or white triangle on the datum element (see
figures 29 and 30).

A A

Figure 29 Figure 30

8.2 This triangle with the identification letter is:

− on the outline of the element or its extension (but clearly separated from the measurement line), when
the datum line is the line or surface itself (see figure 31);

Figure 31
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Date 15.06.2010

− on the extension of the measurement line, when the datum element is the symmetry axis or plane (see
figures 32 to 34).

NOTE: For reasons of space one of the arrows of the measurement line can be replaced with the reference
triangle (see figures 33 and 34).

A B A

Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34

− on the axis or median plane when the datum element is:

a) the axis or median plane of a single element (e.g. a cylinder);

b) the axis or common plane of two elements (see figure 35).

Figure 35

8.3 If the box can be directly joined to the datum element with a datum line, the datum letter can be left
out (see figures 36 and 37).

0.2
0.2

Figure 36 Figure 37

8.4 A single datum element is represented with a capital letter (see figure 38).

A common datum formed by two datum elements must be represented with two different letters separated
by a hyphen (see figure 39).
If the order of two or more datum elements is important, their letters must be indicated in different squares
of the box (see figure 40), in priority order from left to right.
Otherwise, the letters can be written in the same square (see figure 41).

A A−B A B C AB

Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41

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9 RESTRICTED REQUIREMENTS

9.1 If the tolerance is applied to a certain reduced length without a definite position, the value of this length
should be added to the value of the tolerance, and separated by a slated line.
For a surface, the same indications must be used, so that the tolerance is applied, for the specified length,
in any position and in any direction (see figure 42).

0.001/100 B

Figure 42

9.2 If both the tolerance over the whole element and a tolerance of the same type, but more restricted
on a limited length, are required, the latter should be indicated under the former, as shown in figure 43.

0.1
A
0.05/200

Figure 43
9.3 If the tolerance must be applied on a specific part of the piece, the latter must be dimensioned as in
figure 44.

0.1

Figure 44
9.4 If only a part of the datum element is required as a datum, it must be indicated as in figure 45.

0.1

Figure 45

9.5 Limits regarding the form of the element within the tolerance are described in point 5.3.
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Date 15.06.2010

10 THEORETICALLY CORRECT DIMENSIONS

If tolerances of location, shape in general or inclination are laid down for an element, the theoretical
dimensions that correctly define the position, profile or inclination should not be subject to tolerance.
These dimensions must be indicated in a box, e.g. 30 .
The corresponding actual dimensions are limited only by tolerances of location, shape in general or
inclination that are specified in a special box (see figures 46 and 47).

8 x ∅ 15 H7
B ∅0.1 A B

0.1 A
30

60°
15

A
15 30 30 30 A

Figure 46 Figure 47

11 PROJECTED TOLERANCE BAND

In some cases tolerances of orientation and position are not laid down on the element itself, but on its outside
projection. Such projected tolerance bands must be indicated with the symbol P (see figure 48).

8 x ∅ 25 H7
∅0.02 P B A
P 40

B A

225
Figure 48
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Date 15.06.2010

12 CONDITION OF MAXIMUM MATERIAL

The symbol M in the panel indicates that the value of the tolerance must refer to the condition of maximum
material, and is shown after:

− the value of the tolerance (see figure 49);

− the letter of the datum element (see figure 50);
− both (see figure 51),

if the condition of maximum material is applied, respectively, to the element subject to tolerance, the datum
element or both.

∅ 0.04 M A ∅ 0.04 A M ∅ 0.04 M A M

Figure 49 Figure 50 Figure 51

13 DEFINITIONS OF TOLERANCES

13.1 The definitions of geometrical tolerances are given in the following pages. Only errors relating to
tolerances indicated in the definitions are taken into account in the figures.

13.2 If the geometrical precision of an element must be defined for operating requirements, the tolerance
concerned must be laid down on one or more properties of this element. If the geometrical precision of an
element is defined with a certain type of tolerance, other defects in this element are in some cases
consequently limited (e.g.: straightness is limited by tolerance of parallelism). So it is seldom necessary to
represent all these properties with symbols, as the errors relating to them are included in the tolerance band
clearly defined by the drawing.
Certain other types of tolerances, on the contrary, do not restrict other defects (e.g.: tolerance of straightness
does not restrict errors in parallelism).

13.3 For some tolerance bands (e.g.: straightness of a line or axis in only one direction), two methods of
graphic representation can be followed:

− with two planes parallel to each other (figure 52);

− with two straight lines parallel to each other (figure 53);

Figure 52 shows a three−dimensional representation, figure 53 its projection on a plane.

t

Figure 52 Figure 53

There are no differences in meaning between these two methods (such a tolerance limits all the errors except
those in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the arrow). In this standard the simpler method − shown in
figure 53 − is generally used.
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Date 15.06.2010

14 DEFINITIONS OF TOLERANCES IN DETAIL

Graphic
Definition of the tolerance band Information and interpretation
symbol

14.1 TOLERANCE OF STRAIGHTNESS

The tolerance band is limited by Each line of the upper surface

t
0.1
two parallel straight lines t distance parallel to the projection
apart, if the tolerance is laid down plane, in which the instruc-
in only one plane. tions are shown, must be be-
tween two parallel straight
Figure 55 lines 0.1 mm distance apart
Figure 54

Each part of the generating

0.1/200 line of the cylinder, 200 mm in
length, must be between two
parallel straight lines 0.1 mm
distance apart in a plane con-
taining the axis.
Figure 56

The tolerance band is limited by

0.1 The axis of the bar must be in-
a parallelepiped with section t1 x cluded in a parallelepiped, 0.1
t1

t2, if the tolerance is laid down in mm wide in the vertical plane,

two planes perpendicular to and 0.2 mm wide in the hori-
each other. t2 zontal plane.

0.2
Figure 57
Figure 58

The tolerance band is limited by a

t

0.8
∅

cylinder with diameter t, if the val- The axis of the cylinder

ue of the tolerance is preceded by joined to the tolerance pan-
the sign ∅. el must be within a cylindri-
cal area 0.08 mm in diame-
Figure 59 ter
Figure 60

14.2 TOLERANCE OF PLANARITY

0.08
The tolerance band is limited
The surface must be be-
t

by two parallel planes distance

tween two parallel
t apart
planes 0.08 mm distance
apart.
Figure 61 Figure 62
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Date 15.06.2010

Graphic
Definition of the tolerance band (continued) Information and interpretation (continued)
symbol

14.3 TOLERANCE OF CIRCULARITY

0.03
The tolerance band, in a given The circumference of
t
plane, is limited by two concen- each straight transverse
tric circles t distance apart. section must be be-
tween two co−planar,
concentric circumfer-
ences 0.03 mm dis-
Figure 63 tance apart.
Figure 64

0.1
The circumference of
each straight transverse
section must be between
two co−planar, concentric
circumferences 0.1 mm
distance apart.
Figure 65

14.4 TOLERANCE OF CYLINDRICITY

0.1
The tolerance band is limited by t The surface must be between
two coaxial cylinders t distance two coaxial cylinders 0.1 mm
apart. distance apart.

Figure 66 Figure 67

14.5 SHAPE TOLERANCE OF A LINE IN GENERAL

0.04 In each section parallel to the

The tolerance band is limited by two ∅ t
projection plane, the profile
enveloping lines of the circles with must be within two enveloping
diameter t, the centres of which are lines of the circles with 0.04
on a line having the correct geomet- mm diameters, the centres of
rical shape. which are on a line having the
Figure 68 Figure 69
correct geometrical profile.

14.6 SHAPE TOLERANCE OF A SURFACE IN GENERAL

The surface must be be-

0.02
tween two enveloping sur-
The tolerance band is limited faces of the spheres with
by two enveloping surfaces of 0.02 mm diameter, the
the spheres with diameter t, centres of which are on a
the centres of which are on a surface having the correct
surface having the correct geometrical shape.
geometrical shape. Sphere ∅ t

Figure 70
Figure 71
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Date 15.06.2010

Graphic
Definition of the tolerance band (continued) Information and interpretation (continued)
symbol

14.7 TOLERANCE OF PARALLELISM

14.7.1 TOLERANCE OF PARALLELISM OF A LINE IN RELATION TO A STRAIGHT DATUM LINE

The projected tolerance The axis subject to tolerance

band in a plane is limited by must be between two straight
0.1 A
two parallel straight lines t lines 0.1 mm distance apart,
distance, and parallel to the parallel to datum axis A and

t
straight datum line, if the tol- placed in the vertical plane
erance is laid down in only (see figures 73 or 74).
A
one plane. Figure 72
Figure 73

0.1 A

Figure 74

0.1 A
t The axis subject to tolerance
must be between two straight
lines 0.1 mm distance apart,
parallel to datum axis A and
placed in the horizontal plane.

Figure 75
Figure 76

0.2 A 0.1 A
The axis with toler-
The tolerance band is t2
ance must be in-
limited by a parallele- cluded in a parallele-
t1

piped with section t1 x t2 piped, 0.2 mm wide in

and parallel to the straight the horizontal direc-
datum line, if the toler- tion, and 0.1 mm.
ance is laid down in two wide in the vertical di-
planes perpendicular to A rection, parallel to da-
each other. Figure 77 tum axis A (see fig-
Figure 78 ures 78 or 79).

0.2 A

0.1 A

Figure 79
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Graphic
Definition of the tolerance band (continued) Information and interpretation (continued)
symbol

14.7.1 Tolerance of parallelism of a line in relation to a straight datum line (end)

0.03 A
The axis subject to toler-
The tolerance band is lim-
ance must be included in
ited by a cylinder t in diam-

t
a cylindrical area 0.03

∅
eter, parallel to the straight
mm in diameter, parallel
datum line, if the value of
to datum axis A (straight
the tolerance is preceded
datum line).
by the symbol ∅.
A
Figure 80

Figure 81

14.7.2 Tolerance of parallelism of a line in relation to a datum surface

0.01 B The axis of the hole must

be between two planes
0.01 mm distance apart,
The tolerance band is
and parallel to datum sur-
limited by two parallel
face B.
planes t distance apart,
and parallel to the da-
t

tum surface. B

Figure 82

Figure 83

14.7.3 Tolerance of parallelism of a surface in relation to a straight datum line

The tolerance band is lim- The surface with toler-

0.1 C C
ited by two parallel planes ance must be between
t

t distance apart, and paral- two planes 0.1 mm dis-

lel to the straight datum tance apart, and parallel
line. to axis C of the hole.

Figure 84 Figure 85
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Graphic
Definition of the tolerance band (continued) Information and interpretation (continued)
symbol

14.7.4 Tolerance of parallelism of a surface in relation to a datum surface

The tolerance band is limited 0.01 D

The surface with tolerance must
by two parallel planes t dis-

t
be between two parallel planes
tance apart, and parallel to the
with 0.01 mm distance apart,
datum surface.
and parallel to datum surface D.
D

Figure 86 Figure 87

0.01/100 A All points of the surface with

tolerance, in any position with-
in a length of 100 mm, must be
between two planes with 0.01
mm distance apart and parallel
A
to datum surface A.

Figure 88

14.8 TOLERANCE OF PERPENDICULARITY

14.8.1 Tolerance of perpendicularity of a line in relation to a straight datum line

When the tolerance band is

projected onto a plane, it is t 0.06 A The axis of the cylinder
limited by two parallel straight joined to the tolerance pan-
lines t distance apart and per- el must be between two
pendicular to the datum parallel planes 0.1 mm dis-
plane, if the tolerance is laid tance apart, and perpendic-
down on only one plane. A ular to the datum surface.
Figure 89 Figure 90

14.8.2 Tolerance of perpendicularity of a line in relation to a datum surface

When the tolerance band The axis of the cylinder

is projected onto a plane, t joined to the tolerance panel
0.1
it is limited by two parallel must be between two parallel
straight lines t distance planes 0.1 mm distance
apart and perpendicular apart, and perpendicular to
to the datum plane, if the the datum surface.
tolerance is laid down on
only one plane. Figure 91 Figure 92

The tolerance band is lim- t2 The axis of the cyl-

t1
ited by a parallelepiped inder must be with-
with section t1 x t2, per- 0.2 0.1
in a parallelepiped
pendicular to the datum area with section
plane, if the tolerance is 0.1 mm x 0.2 mm,
laid down in two directions perpendicular to
perpendicular to each oth- the datum surface.
er. Figure 94
Figure 93

∅ The axis of the cylinder

The tolerance band is limited joined to the tolerance
t 0.01 A
by a cylinder with diameter t, panel must be within a
perpendicular to the datum cylindrical area 0.01
plane, if the value of the toler- mm in diameter, per-
ance is preceded by the sym- pendicular to datum
A
bol ∅. surface A.
Figure 95 Figure 96
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Definition of the tolerance band (continued) Information and interpretation (continued)
symbol

14.8.3 Tolerance of perpendicularity of a surface in relation to a straight datum line

The surface of the piece

The tolerance band is limited A
with tolerance must be be-
by two parallel planes t dis- 0.08 A
tween two parallel planes
tance apart, and perpendicu- t
0.08 mm distance apart,
lar to the straight datum line.
and perpendicular to axis A
(straight datum line).
Figure 97 Figure 98

14.8.4 Tolerance of perpendicularity of a surface in relation to a datum surface

The tolerance band is limited

0.08 A
by two parallel planes with t t The surface with tolerance
distance apart, and perpendic- must be between two paral-
ular to the datum surface. lel planes 0.08 mm distance
apart, and perpendicular to
A
datum surface A.
Figure 99 Figure 100

14.9 TOLERANCE OF INCLINATION

14.9.1 Tolerance of inclination of a line in relation to a straight datum line

a) Line and straight datum line t The axis of the

0.08 A−B
on the same plane. hole must be be-
When the tolerance band is tween two paral-
projected onto a plane, it is °
60
lel planes 0.08
A B
limited by two parallel straight mm distance
lines t distance apart, and in- apart, and in-
clined by the angle specified clined at 60° in
in relation to a straight datum relation to hori-
line. zontal axis A−B
Figure 101 (straight datum
Figure 102 line).

The axis of the

b) Line and straight datum hole, projected
line on different planes. 0.08 A−B onto a plane
t
If a given line and the containing the
Straight datum
straight datum line are not line
A B
60° datum axis,
in the same plane, the toler- must be be-
ance band is applied to the tween two par-
projection of the line on the allel straight
plane containing the datum lines 0.08 mm
line, parallel to the line. distance apart
Examined
and inclined at
Projected line 60° in relation
line Figure 104 to horizontal
axis A−B
Figure 103 (straight datum
line).
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Definition of the tolerance band (continued) Information and interpretation (continued)
symbol

14.9.2 Tolerance of inclination of a line in relation to a datum surface

When the tolerance band is proj- t

ected onto a plane, it is limited by 0.08 A The axis of the hole must
two parallel straight lines t dis- °
60 be between two parallel
tance apart, and inclined by the planes 0.08 mm distance
angle specified in relation to a apart, and inclined at 80°
datum surface. in relation to surface A
A (datum surface).

Figure 105 Figure 106

14.9.3 Tolerance of inclination of a surface in relation to a straight datum line

The inclined surface must

The tolerance band is limited 0.1 A
be between two parallel
by two parallel planes t dis- A planes 0.1 mm distance
tance apart and inclined by
apart, and inclined at 75°
the angle specified in relation
in relation to axis A
to a straight datum line. t
(straight datum line).
7 °
5
Figure 107
Figure 108

14.9.4 Tolerance of inclination of a surface in relation to a datum surface

0.08 A
The inclined surface must be
The tolerance band is limited between two parallel planes
by two parallel planes t dis- 0.08 mm distance apart, and
°
40
tance apart, and inclined by t inclined at 40° in relation to
the angle specified in relation surface a (datum surface).
to a datum surface. A

Figure 109
Figure 110

14.10 TOLERANCE OF LOCATION

14.10.1 Tolerance of location of a point

0.3 The actual intersection point

The tolerance band is limited t must be within a circle 0.3
by a circle with diameter t, mm in diameter, the centre of
the centre of which is in the which coincides with the
68

theoretically correct position theoretically correct position

of a given point. 100 of a given intersection point.

Figure 111
Figure 112
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Definition of the tolerance band (continued) Information and interpretation (continued)
symbol

14.10.2 Tolerance of location of a line

Each of the lines must

The tolerance band is limited by A be between two parallel
t
two parallel straight lines t distance straight lines 0.05 mm
3x
apart, symmetrical to the theoreti- distance apart, sym-
0.05 A
cally correct position of a given line, metrical to the theoreti-
if the tolerance is laid down in only cally correct position of
one direction. 20 B B the lines in relation to
surface A (datum
Figure 113
Figure 114 plane).

8 holes Each of the axis of the

The tolerance band is limited t2 0.05 eight holes must be
by a parallelepiped with section within a parallelepiped
t1 x t2, the axis of which is in area, 0.05 mm wide in
the theoretically correct posi- 8 holes
the horizontal plane

30
tion of a given line, if the toler- 0.2
and 0.2 mm wide in
ance is laid down in two direc- the vertical plane, the
tions perpendicular to each oth- 30 axis of which is in the
er. 15 30 30 30 theoretically correct
Figure 115 position of a given
Figure 116 hole.

A 0.08 A B
The tolerance band is limited The axis of the hole must
by a cylinder with diameter t, be within a cylinder 0.08
the axis of which is in the t
mm in diameter, the axis
68

theoretically correct position of which is in the theoret-

of a given line, if the value of ically correct position of a
the tolerance is preceded by 100
B given hole in relation to
the symbol ∅. surfaces A and B (refer-
Figure 117 Figure 118 ence planes).

8x
Each of the axis of the
0.1
eight holes must be
within a cylinder 0.1
30

mm in diameter, the
axis of which is in the
30

theoretically correct
15 30 30 30 position of a given
hole.
Figure 119

14.10.3 Tolerance of location of a plane surface or median plane

The inclined surface

The tolerance band is limited by
35 A must be within two par-
two parallel planes t distance
allel planes 0.05 mm
apart, symmetrical to the theoreti-
cally correct position of a given °
105 B
distance apart, sym-
t metrical to the theoreti-
surface.
cally correct position of
0.05 A B a given plane in rela-
tion to surface A (da-
tum plane) and the axis
Figure 120 of datum cylinder B
Figure 121 (straight datum line).
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Definition of the tolerance band (continued) Information and interpretation (continued)
symbol

14.11 TOLERANCE OF CONCENTRICITY AND COAXIALITY

14.11.1 Tolerance of concentricity of a point

The centre of the

circle, whose di-
The tolerance band is limited t mension is indi-
by a circle t in diameter, the cated beside the
centre of which coincides with tolerance panel,
the datum point. must be within a
A 0.1 A circle 0.01 mm in
Figure 122 diameter, concen-
tric to datum
circle A.
Figure 123

14.11.2 Tolerance of coaxiality of an axis

0.08 A−B
The tolerance band is limited The axis of the cylinder,
by a cylinder t in diameter, A B the dimension of which
t

the axis of which coincides is indicated beside the

with the datum axis, if the tolerance panel, must be
value of the tolerance is pre- within a cylindrical area
ceded by the symbol ∅. 0.08 mm in diameter,
Figure 124 coaxial to reference axis
Figure 125 A−B.

14.12 TOLERANCE OF SYMMETRY

14.12.1 Tolerance of symmetry of a median plane

The tolerance band is lim- The median plane of the

ited by two parallel planes t A 0.08 A spline must be between
t

distance apart, and sym- two parallel planes 0.08

metrical to the axis or me- mm distance apart, and
dian datum plane. symmetrical to the me-
dian plane of datum ele-
Figure 126 ment A.
Figure 127
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Definition of the tolerance band (continued) Information and interpretation (continued)
symbol

14.12.2 TOLERANCE OF SYMMETRY OF A LINE OR AXIS

When the tolerance band

is projected onto a plane, t
0.08 A−B The axis of the hole must
it is limited by two parallel
A B be between two parallel
straight lines or two paral-
planes 0.08 mm distance
lel planes t distance apart,
apart, symmetrical to the
symmetrical to the datum Figure 128 median plane common to
axis (or plane), if the toler-
datum splines A and B.
ance is laid down in only Figure 129
one direction.

The axis of the

hole must be in-
C cluded in a paral-
0.1 C−D lelepiped area,
t2
The tolerance band is limited 0.05 A−B 0.1 mm wide in
by a parallelepiped with sec- the horizontal di-
tion t1 x t2, the axis of which rection, and 0.05
coincides with the datum A mm wide in the
D B
axis, if the tolerance is laid vertical direction,
down in two directions per- the axis of which
pendicular to each other. coincides with da-
Figure 131
Figure 130 tum axis A−B and
C−D, obtained
from intersection
of the common
median planes.

14.13 TOLERANCES OF CIRCULAR OSCILLATION

14.13.1 Tolerance of radial circular oscillation

The tolerance band is lim- Surface subject to tolerance 0.1 A−B

ited, in every measurement Radial oscillation must
Measurement plane not be above 0.1 mm in
plane perpendicular to the
axis, by two concentric any measurement
t

circles t distance apart, the plane, during a com-

centre of which coincides plete rotation around
with the datum axis. A B
datum axis A−B.

Figure 133

0.2 A

Figure 132

Radial oscillation of the

sector with tolerance must
A
not be above 0.2 mm in
Figure 134 any measurement plane,
during its rotation around
Although tolerance of oscillation is
0.2 A the axis of hole A (datum
normally applied to complete rotations
axis).
around the axis, it can also be applied
to only one part of the rotation.

Figure 135
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Definition of the tolerance band (continued) Information and interpretation (continued)
symbol

14.13.2 Tolerance of axial circular oscillation

For every radial position, the

tolerance band is limited by two 0.1 D
Axial oscillation must not
circumferences t distance apart
be above 0.1 mm on any
and situated on the measure-
measurement position,
ment cylinder, the axis of which
during a complete rota-
is the datum axis. D tion around datum axis D.
Figure 137
Measurement cylinder

t
Figure 136

14.13.3 Tolerance of circular oscillation in all directions

On every measurement cone the 0.1 C Oscillation in the direc-

axis of which is the datum axis, the tion of the arrow on every
tolerance band is limited by two measurement cone must
circles t distance apart. not be above 0.1 mm,
during a complete rota-
Measurement cone
C tion around datum axis
t

C.

Figure 139 Oscillation in the direction

perpendicular to the tan-
gent of a curved surface
0.1 C
must not be above 0.1
mm on every measure-
ment cone, during a com-
Figure 138 plete rotation around da-
tum axis C.
C

Figure 140

14.13.4 Tolerance of circular oscillation in a specified direction

The tolerance band is limited, on every measurement cone Oscillation in the speci-
0.1 C
having a specified angle and axis coinciding with the datum fied direction must not
axis, by two circles t distance apart. be above 0.1 mm on ev-
ery measurement cone,
during a complete rota-
tion around axis C.
C

Figure 141
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Definition of the tolerance band (end) Information and interpretation (end)
symbol

14.14 TOLERANCES OF TOTAL OSCILLATION

14.14.1 Tolerance of total radial oscillation

The tolerance band is limited 0.1 A−B

Total radial oscillation must
by two coaxial cylinders t dis- not be above 0.1 mm on ev-
tance apart, the axis of which ery point of the specified
coincide with the datum axis. surface, during several rota-
tions around datum axis A−
B with relative axial shifting
between the piece and the
A B measurement instrument.
Figure 142
Shifting must be along a line
Figure 143 having an outline with a per-
fect theoretical shape and in
the correct position com-
pared with the datum axis.

14.14.2 Tolerance of total axial oscillation

Total axial oscillation

The tolerance band is limited by t 0.1 D must not be above
two parallel planes t distance
0.1 mm on any point
apart, and perpendicular to the
of the specified sur-
datum axis.
face, during several
rotations around da-
tum axis D with rela-
D tive radial shifting be-
tween the piece and
Figure 144 the measurement in-
Figure 145 strument. Shifting
must be along a line
having an outline with
a perfect theoretical
shape and in the cor-
rect position com-
pared with the datum
axis.
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APPENDIX

RELATION BETWEEN OLD AND NEW TERMINOLOGY − TERMS SUBSTITUTED, SYNONYMS AND
SPECIFIC GEOMETRICAL ERRORS

A1 IN GENERAL

In the requirements of tolerances or the limits of geometrical errors on given products, terms with a different
basis to those given in section 14 were previously used, in UNI standards as well.
This appendix has the aim of showing which of the previous terms are to be retained as preferable, and which
are to be substituted by those in this standard (see A 2); as well as those considered as synonyms (see A
3), and those used only for the limited requirements of specific configurations of geometrical errors (see A
4).

A2 TERMINOLOGY OF TOLERANCES AND/OR GEOMETRICAL ERRORS SUBSTITUTED

Order Term according

Term substituted Notes
No. to I.S. 10−1404
A 2.1 Out of square; squaring tolerance Tolerance of per-
Maximum deviation of the orthogonal projection of a transverse edge along a pendicularity (see
longitudinal edge. 14.8.1)
Out of square
Out of square
Out of square
°

Out of square
°

°
Out of square

A 2.2 Camber Tolerance of

Maximum deviation between a longitudinal edge (of metal sheet) and a straightness (see
surface plate on it. 14.1, figure 55)

Checking plate
Camber
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Order Term according

Term substituted Notes
No. to I.S. 10−1404
A 2.3 Bending, straightening, bowing
Maximum deviation between the actual axis and the theoretical axis of a piece Tolerance of
(or section of a piece) measured in only one plane. straightness (see
14.1)

Bending Bending
Straightening

Bowing

A 2.4 Convexity and concavity Tolerance of par-

Thickness variation between the measurement points (L) on a section of the allelism (see
piece, perpendicular to the datum line.
14.7.1)
Convexity

Concavity

A 2.5 Eccentricity Eccentricity so defined

Tolerance of con- corresponds to half the
Half the difference between the maximum and minimum thickness of the
same section. centricity (see tolerance of concentricity
S max * S min 14.11.1) defined in 14.11.1. The
Eccentricity + tolerance of concentricity
2
is actually equal to the dif-
ference between the max-
imum and minimum thick-
ness of a same section.

Expressed in a percentage, difference between the maximum and minimum

thickness of a same section, divided by the nominal thickness and multiplied
by 100.
S max * S min
Eccentricity % + 100
S
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Order Term according

Term substituted Notes
No. to I.S. 10−1404
A 2.6 Triangularity, with three lobes Triangularity is a particu-
Tolerance of circu- lar defect of circularity. It
larity (see 14.3) can be checked with
three probes or by mea-
suring circularity. The limit
error of triangularity must
be laid down by means of
the tolerance of circular-

Triangularity
ity.

A3 SYNONYMS

A 3.1 TOLERANCE OF ROUNDNESS IN ROTATION

This term should be considered as a synonym of the term “Tolerance of radial circular oscillation” (see section
14.13.1).

A 3.2 SWAY (errors or tolerance of sway)

This term is a synonym of the term “Tolerance of axial circular oscillation” (see 14.13.2).

A4 TERMINOLOGY OF SPECIAL CONFIGURATIONS OF GEOMETRICAL ERRORS

A 4.1 SWELL (errors of swell)

Half the difference between the maximum and minimum diameter of a cylindrical surface.

A 4.2 WAVING (waviness error)

Percentage ratio between height h of a waved line and its length l

100 h
l

(Distortion of the edges or central part of the piece in a horizontal plane, which has the form of a wave in a
plane perpendicular to that on which the piece is set).

l
h

NOTE: Waviness is a particular error of planarity that can be classified within tolerance of planarity
(see 14.2).
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A 4.3 WARPING (errors of warping)

Spiral (or helical) distortion in the direction of the longitudinal axis (warping around the axis) of the piece.
It is expressed as a percentage of length or in degrees in relation to a measured length.

NOTE: The term “distortion” should no longer be used to indicate this geometrical error.

α
h

α
h

QUOTED STANDARDS

IVECO STD.:
10−1012
10−1210
10−1212
10−1215
10−1218
10−1220
10−1405
10−1406
10−1407
10−1408
10−1409
19−0201.