BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

Communication Systems (EEE/ECE F311)

Aug. 2024-Dec 2024
Sainath Bitragunta
EEE Dept., BITS Pilani
[email protected]
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

EEE/ECE F311
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Tut. No. 10 (Baseband data transmission, Matched filter,
Correlation Receiver, SEP Performance) (Sec: T3)
 Questions/Problems based on

• Transmission Bandwidth 𝑻 Computation

• Matched filter Impulse response, Output, Maximum SNR

• Two path correlation receiver

• Probability of error of BPSK, BFSK

• QPSK versus BPSK

• Symbol error probability (SEP) performance comparison

• Note: Use Euclidean distance concept

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 Problem 1
• [Transmission Bandwidth 𝑻 Computation]

Q. Consider a source that delivers binary data stream at a rate of .

Suppose that the source output data is transmitted using baseband binary
PAM that uses raised cosine pulse shaping filter.

• Compute the transmission bandwidth if the roll-off factor is

0.29 0.63 0.92

• Compute the increase in 𝑻 when increases from .

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 Recall:

• Recall: Transmission bandwidth 𝑻 𝟎 roll-off factor

• Minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Ideal Nyquist Channel)

𝟏 𝐑𝐛 𝟏
• 𝑻 𝟎 ( 𝒃 bit duration, bit rate 𝒃 )
𝟐 𝑻𝒃 𝟐 𝑻𝒃

𝟐𝑾 𝑷(𝒇) 𝑹𝒃 𝟏
𝑾 = 𝑩𝟎 = =
𝟐 𝟐𝑻𝒃

Figure. Frequency
response for
different roll-off
factors.

𝒇
𝑾

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 Hints:

• Given: 𝒃 𝟎

• Transmission bandwidth 𝑻 𝟎 roll-off factor

For , 𝑻

For 𝑻

For 𝑻

• When increases from to , 𝑻 increases by ?

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 Solution:

𝑹𝒃
• Given: 𝒃 𝟎 𝟐

• Transmission bandwidth 𝑻 𝟎 roll-off factor

For , 𝑻

For 𝑻

For 𝑻

• When increases from to , 𝑻 increases by

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 Problem 2
• [Matched filter Impulse response, Output and Max. SNR]

Q. Consider the real-valued, finite-

duration signal shown in Figure.

Answer the following.

Determine impulse response of a

filter matched to the signal.

Plot the matched filter output 𝟎

in time-domain.

Determine the peak value of the

output.

Determine maximum output signal

to noise ratio at assuming AWGN.
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 Hints :

• The impulse response of the matched filter

• 𝒐𝒑𝒕 (See figure)

(Flip & Slide)

Sketch of Matched Filter

Impulse response

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 Solution :

• The impulse response of the matched filter

• 𝒐𝒑𝒕 (See figure)

(Flip & Slide)

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 Hints :

• The corresponding output of the matched filter is given by

• 𝟎

• The output signal is shown below ( Verify ).

Peak
• The peak value of the output
occurs at
Sketch of Matched Filter
Output c • Peak value

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 Solution :

• The corresponding output of the matched filter is given by

• 𝟎 𝒐𝒑𝒕

• The output signal is shown below ( Verify ).

• The peak value of the output

Peak occurs at

𝑨𝟐 𝑻
• Peak value
𝟒

Note: Review continuous-

time (CT) convolution
• Graphical
• Analytical

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 Hints :

• Recall: AWGN has power spectral

𝑵
density (PSD) of 𝟎
𝟐

• Maximum signal-to-noise ratio at the

matched filter output

• where denotes energy of the

signal

• Verify that 𝐬 𝐭

• Maximum signal-to-noise ratio

𝑻
• 𝟐
𝒔 𝒕
𝟎

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 Solution :

• Recall: AWGN has power spectral

𝑵
density (PSD) of 𝟎
𝟐

• Maximum signal-to-noise ratio at the

matched filter output

𝟐𝑬
• where denotes energy of the
𝑵𝟎
signal

𝑨𝟐 𝑻
• Verify that 𝐬 𝐭 𝟒

• Maximum signal-to-noise ratio 𝑻

𝟐
𝒔 𝒕
𝟐𝑬 𝑨𝟐 𝑻 𝟎
• 𝑵𝟎 𝟐 𝑵𝟎

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 Problem 3
• [Two-path correlation receiver]
Q. Refer to the block diagram of two-path correlation receiver shown in
Figure (next slide).

• Let 𝟎 and 𝟏 denote the finite energy signals used to represent

bit and bit , respectively. The symbols are equiprobable.

• Let 𝒃 denote the energy of 𝟎 or 𝟏 and 𝒃 denotes the bit

duration. The correlation coefficient is defined as

𝒃
𝒃
•

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  Problem 3 (Contd.,)
• Assuming additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel model, derive
the bit error probability (BEP) of the correlation receiver. Assume binary
hypotheses:
(transmission of symbol ‘
(transmission of symbol ‘1

Path 1

Path 2

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 Problem 3 (Contd.,)

• Suppose that two finite energy signals 𝟎 and 𝟏 are defined in the
interval 𝒃.

• The signals 𝟎 and 𝟏 for binary PSK (BPSK) are given by

• The signals 𝟎 and 𝟏 for binary FSK (BFSK) are given by

• Using the BEP expression, determine BEP of BPSK and BFSK.

𝟏 𝟏
• Note: For BPSK signals, 𝒄 𝑻𝒃
. For BFSK signals, 𝟎 𝟏 𝑻𝒃
.

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 Hints :

• The receiver output y is given by

Path 1

Path 2

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 Solution :

• The receiver output y (random variable) is given by

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 Hints:
• Note that the received signal is sum of transmitted signal plus noise
Since has zero mean, we have

𝟐
𝒄 𝒃
• Similarly verify that 𝒃

• The random variable has the same variance, regardless of whether bit
1 or bit 0 was transmitted.

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 Solution:
• Note that the received signal is sum of transmitted signal plus noise
Since has zero mean, we have

𝟐
𝒄 𝒃
• Similarly verify that 𝒃

• The random variable has the same variance, regardless of whether bit
1 or bit 0 was transmitted.

(see Appendix)
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 Hints:
• We have the following Gaussian probability density functions (pdfs):
𝟐
𝟎 (mean) 𝟎 (variance)
• 𝟎 and

• 𝟏

• The probability of error (BEP) 𝟎 𝟏

𝒕𝟐
𝟏
• Verify that 𝒆 𝒙
𝟐 (std. Gaussian pdf-based)
𝟐𝝅

• Receiver’s BEP performance depends on ρ and signal to noise ratio.

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 Solution:
• We have the following Gaussian probability density functions (pdfs):
𝟐
𝟎 (mean) 𝟎 (variance)
• 𝟎 𝒃 𝟎 𝒃 and

• 𝟏 𝒃 𝟎 𝒃

• The probability of error (BEP) 𝟎 𝟏

𝒕𝟐
𝝁𝟎 𝟏
• Verify that 𝒆 𝒙
𝟐 (std. Gaussian pdf based)
𝝈𝟎 𝟐𝝅

• Receiver’s BEP performance depends on ρ and signal to noise ratio.

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 Hints :
• For we proved that

• For BPSK signals (antipodal), we can show that .

• BEP of BPSK modulation

• If 𝟎 and 𝟏 are spaced sufficiently apart, the BFSK signals 𝟎 and

𝟏 are orthogonal signals with .

BEP of BFSK modulation

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 Solution :
• For we have

• For BPSK signals (antipodal), we can show that .

𝟐𝑬𝒃
• BEP of BPSK modulation
𝑵𝟎

• If 𝟎 and 𝟏 are spaced sufficiently apart, the BFSK signals 𝟎 and

𝟏 are orthogonal signals with .

𝑬𝒃
BEP of BFSK modulation
𝑵𝟎

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 Problem 4
• [QPSK versus BPSK: SEP Performance]

Q. Refer to the BPSK and QPSK constellations.

Suppose the average energy per symbol is compute the value of

Compere their SEP performance using Euclidean distance measure.

𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝒎𝒊𝒏

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 Hints

• BPSK: Given that average energy per symbol is

• 𝒔

• QPSK: Given that average energy per symbol is

• 𝒔

𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝒎𝒊𝒏

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 Solution

• BPSK: Given that average energy per symbol is

𝒃𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝟐
• 𝒔 𝟐

• QPSK: Given that average energy per symbol is

𝟖𝒃𝟐 𝟐 𝟏
• 𝒔 𝟒 𝟐

𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝒎𝒊𝒏

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 Solution

• BPSK: Verify that 𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
• QPSK: 𝒎𝒊𝒏 distance between and
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

• Verify that 𝒎𝒊𝒏

• Since 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒊𝒏 BPSK shows ----?--- performance

𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝒎𝒊𝒏

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 Solution

• BPSK: Verify that 𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
• QPSK: 𝒎𝒊𝒏 distance between and
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

• Verify that 𝒎𝒊𝒏

(SEP)
• Since 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒎𝒊𝒏 BPSK shows better performance

𝒎𝒊𝒏

𝒎𝒊𝒏

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EEE/ECE F311, Communication
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Appendix (Prob. 3):
Consider

We have

We also have

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 Appendix (Prob. 3):
𝒃

𝒃 𝒃

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 Appendix (Prob. 3):

• For AWGN, the ACF

𝟎
• 𝟎

• Simplifying further, we get

𝒃

Similarly, verify that

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