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Target IIT JEE
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
Theory and Exercise Booklet
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
Theory and Exercise Booklet
CONTENT
S.No. Topic Page No.
1. Theory(MOD) 01 - 14
2. Ex. with answer key 15 - 46
3. Theory(AOD) 47 - 84
4. Ex. with answer key 85 - 149
Mathematics is very much like poetry ... what makes a good poem — a great poem — is that there is a large amount of thought expressed in very few words. In this sense formulas
i x2
like e 1 0 or
e
dx are poems...... D Albers, G Alexanderson, C Reid, More Mathematical People
First principle of differentiation
1. The derivative of a given function f at a point x = a in its domain represent the slope of the tangent at
that point, and it is defined as:
Limit f (a h)f (a) , provided the limit exists & is denoted by f (a).
h 0
h
f ( x )f (a)
i.e. f (a) = Limit
x a , provided the limit exists.
x a
2. If x and x + h belong to the domain of a function f defined by y = f(x), then
Limit f ( x h)f ( x ) if it exists, is called the Derivative of f at x & is denoted by f (x) or dy .
h 0 dx
h
f ( x h)f ( x )
i.e., f (x) = Limit
h 0
h
This method of differentiation is also called ab-initio method or first principle method.
Example # 1 : Find derivative of following functions by first principle with respect to x.
(i) f(x) = x 2 (ii) f(x) = tan x (iii) f(x) = esinx
( x h)2 x 2 2xh h 2
Solution : (i) f(x) = hlim
0 = hlim
0 = 2x.
h h
sin( x h) sin x
tan( x h) tan x
(ii) f(x) lim
= h0 lim
= h 0 cos( x h) cos x
h h
sin( x h – x )
= hlim
0 = sec2x.
h cos x. cos( x h)
e sin ( x h ) e sin x
(iii) f(x) = hlim
0
h
= hlim e sin x
e sin ( x h )sin x 1 sin( x h) sin x
0 h
sin( x h) sin x
x h x xhx
2 cos sin
lim sin( x h) sin x = esin x lim 2 2
= esin x h0 h0
h h
h sin(h / 2)
= esin x hlim
0
cos x
2 h/2 = e
sin x cos x
MOD [1]
Derivative of some elementary functions :
f(x) f(x)
1. xn nx n – 1 , (x R, n R)
2. ax ax n a , a>0
1
3. n |x|
x
1
4. logax x n a
5. sin x cos x
6. cos x – sin x
7. sec x sec x tan x
8. cosec x – cosec x cot x
9. tan x sec2 x
10. cot x – cosec2x
Basic theorems :
Sum of two differentiable functions is always differentiable.
Sum of two non-differentiable functions may be differentiable.
There are certain basic theorems in differentiation:
d
1. (f ± g) = f(x) ± g(x)
dx
d d
2. (k f(x)) = k f(x)
dx dx
d
3. (f(x) . g(x)) = f(x) g(x) + g(x) f(x)
dx
d f (x) g( x ) f ( x ) f ( x ) g( x )
4. =
dx g( x ) g2 ( x )
d
5. (f(g(x))) = f(g(x)) g(x)
dx
This rule is also called the chain rule of differentiation and can be written as
dy dy dz
= .
dx dz dx
Note that an important inference obtained from the chain rule is that
dy dy dx
=1= .
dy dx dy
dy 1
=
dx dx / dy
another way of expressing the same concept is by considering y = f(x) and x = g(y) as inverse functions
of each other.
MOD [2]
dy dx
= f(x) and = g(y)
dx dy
1
g(y) =
f ( x )
Example # 2 : Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to x.
(i) f(x) = sin( 2x 3)
x
(ii) f(x) = (iii) f(x) = x . sin x
1 x2
Solution : (i) f(x) = sin ( 2x 3)
d 1 d
f(x) = ( sin ( 2x 3) ) = . (sin (2x + 3)) (chain rule)
dx 2 sin (2x 3) dx
cos(2x 3)
=
sin (2x 3)
x (1 x 2 ) x(2 x)
(ii) f(x) = f(x) = (Quotiant rule)
1 x2 (1 x 2 )2
1 x2
=
(1 x 2 )2
(iii) f(x) = x sin x
f(x) = x. cos x + sin x (Product rule)
Example # 3 : If f(x) = sin (x + tanx), then find value of f(0).
Solution : f(x) = sin (x + tanx)
f(x) = cos (x + tanx) (1 + sec 2x) (chain rule)
Hence, f(0) = 2
Self Practice Problems :
(1) Find the derivative of following functions using first principle with respect to x.
(i) f(x) = x sin x (ii) f(x) = sin2 x
f (5 t ) f (5 t )
(2) If f(5) = 7, then find the value of tlim
0 2t
(3) Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
( x 1)
(i) (1 + 3x 2) (2x 3 – 1) (ii)
( x 2)( x 3)
1 x
(iii) 1 x 2 (iv)
1 x
(v) cos3 x sin x (vi) x ex sin x
sin x
(vii) (viii) n (sin x – cos x)
1 cos x
MOD [3]
Answers : (1) (i) x cosx + sinx (ii) 2sin x cos x
(2) 7
x 2 2x 1
(3) (i) 6x (5x 3 + x – 1) (ii)
( x 2) 2 ( x 3) 2
x 1
(iii) (iv)
1 x 2 (1 x )1/ 2 (1 x ) 3 / 2
(v) cos4 x – 3 cos2x sin2x (vi) ex ((sin x + cos x) x + sin x)
1 x cos x sin x
(vii) sec2 (viii)
2 2 sin x cos x
Derivative of inverse trigonometric functions :
1. y = sin–1 x – y and x = sin y
2 2
dx dy 1 1
= cos y = = , siny ± 1
dy dx cos y 1 sin 2 y
dy 1
= , – 1 < x < 1.
dx 1 x2
In general |cos y| = 1 sin 2 y . But here since – y |cos y| = cosy
2 2
2. y = tan–1x x = tan y and – y
2 2
dx
= sec2y = 1 + tan2 y
dy
dx dy 1
dy
= 1 + x2 = (x R)
dx 1 x2
3. y = sec–1x y [0, ] – and x = secy
2
dx dy 1
dy
= sec y tan y = sec y. tan y , tan y 0
dx
1
= , y 0, ,
| sec y. tan y | 2 2
1 1
= | sec y || tan y | =
| x | x2 1
dy 1
= x (– , – 1) (1, )
dx | x | x2 1
MOD [4]
Results for the derivative of inverse trigonometric functions can be summarized as :
f(x) f(x)
1
sin–1x ; |x| < 1
1 x2
1
cos–1x ; |x| < 1
1 x2
1
tan–1x ; xR
1 x2
1
cot –1x ; xR
1 x2
1
sec–1 x ; |x| > 1
| x | x2 1
1
cosec-1 x ; |x| > 1
| x | x2 1
Example # 4 : If f(x) = n (sin–1 x 2), then find f(x).
1 1 2x
Solution : f(x) = . . 2x =
(sin1 x 2 ) 1 ( x 2 )2 (sin 1 x 2 ) 1 x 4
Example # 5 : If f(x) = 2x sec–1x – cosec–1(x) , then find f(–2).
2x 1
Solution : f(x) = 2 sec–1(x) + +
| x | x2 1 | x | x2 1
2 1
Hence, f(–2) = 2.sec–1(– 2) – +
3 2 3
4 3
f(–2) = –
3 2
Logarithmic differentiation :
The process of taking logarithm of the function first and then differentiate is called Logarithmic
differentiation. It is often useful in situations when
(i) a function is the product or quotient of a number of functions OR
(ii) a function is of the form [f(x)] g(x) where f & g are both derivable,
dy
Example # 6 : If y = (sin x) n x, find
dx
Solution : n y = n x . n (sin x)
1 dy 1 cos x
= n (sin x) + n x.
y dx x sin x
dy n sin x
= (sin x) n x cot x n x
dx x
MOD [5]
x1/ 2 (1 2x )2 / 3 dy
Example # 7 : If y = 3/4 4/5 , then find .
( 2 3x ) (3 4 x ) dx
x1/ 2 (1 2x )2 / 3
Solution : y=
(2 3 x )3 / 4 (3 4x )4 / 5
taking loge on both side
1 2 3 4
n y = n x + n (1 – 2x) – n (2 – 3x) – n (3 – 4x)
2 3 4 5
1 dy 1 4 9 16
y dx
= – + 4 (2 3 x )
+ 5 (3 4 x )
2x 3(1 2 x)
dy 1 4 9 16
= y 2x 3 (1 2x ) 4(2 3 x ) 5 (3 4x )
dx
Implicit differentiation :
If f(x, y) = 0, is an implicit function i.e. y can't be expressed explicitly as a function of x then in order to
find dy/dx, we differentiate each term w.r.t. x regarding y as a function of x and then collect terms in
dy/dx.
dy
Example # 8 : If x 3 + y3 = 3xy, then find .
dx
Solution : Differentiating both sides w.r.t.x, we get
dy dy
3x 2 + 3y2 = 3x + 3y
dx dx
dy y x2
= 2
dx y x
Note that above result holds only for points where y 2 – x 0
dy
Example # 9 : If x y + yx = 2 then find
dx
Solution : u+v=2
du dv
+ =0 ........(i)
dx dx
where u = x y & v = yx
n u = y n x & n v = x n y
1 du y dy 1 dv x dy
= + n x & = n y +
u dx x dx v dx y dx
du y dy dv x dy
= x y n x & = yx n y y dx
dx x dx dx
Now, equation (i) becomes
y dy x dy
x y n x + y x n y
x dx y dx = 0.
x y y
y n y x .
dy x
=–
dx y x
x n x y x .
y
MOD [6]
Self Practice Problems
(4) Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
1 x
(i) y = sec–1 (x 2) (ii) y = tan–1
1 x
x
1 x
(iii) y = 1 (iv) y = ex
x
(v) y = (ln x)x + (x)sin x
dy
(5) Find if
dx
(i) y = cos (x + y) (ii) x 2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3
(iii) x = y n (x – y)
dy n x
(6) If x y = ex – y, then prove that = .
dx (1 n x)2
x a dy x
(7) If = log , then prove that =2– .
xy xy dx y
2 1
Answers : (4) (i) (ii)
4
x x 1 1 x2
x
1 1 1 x
(iii) 1 n 1 (iv) x x. e x (nx + 1)
x x 1 x
1 sin x
(v) n (nx ) nx (n x)x + x sinx cos x nx
x
1/ 3
sin( x y ) y y( x 2 y )
(5) (i) 1 sin( x y ) (ii) – (iii)
x x( x y ) y 2
Differentiation using substitution :
In certain situations as mentioned below, substitution simplifies differentiation. For each of the following
expression, appropriate substitution is as follows
(i) x2 a2 x = a tan , where << or x = a cot , where 0 < <
2 2
(ii) a2 x2 x = a sin , where or x = a cos , where 0
2 2
(iii) x 2 a2 x = a sec , where [0 –
2
or x = a cosec , where , – {0}
2 2
xa
(iv) x = a cos , where 0
ax
MOD [7]
1 x 2 1
Example # 10 : Differentiate y = tan–1 with respect to x.
x
Solution : Let x = tan , where , – {0}
2 2
| sec | 1
y = tan–1 | sec | sec ,
tan 2 2
1 cos
y = tan–1
sin
y = tan–1 tan
2
1
y= tan (tan x ) x for x ,
2 2 2
1 dy 1
y= tan–1 x =
2 dx 2(1 x 2 )
dy 1 x 1 x
Example # 11 : Find , where y = tan–1 .
dx 1 x 1 x
Solution : Let x = cos , where [0, ]
1 cos 1 cos
y = tan–1
1 cos 1 cos
2 cos 2 sin
2 2
y = tan–1
2 cos 2 sin
2 2
1 cos 2 cos but for 0, , 2 cos 2 cos
2 2 2 2 2
1 tan
2
y = tan–1 y= – as –
1 tan 4 2 4 4 2 4
2
1 dy 1
y= – cos–1x =
4 2 dx 2 1 x2
2x
Example # 12 : If f(x) = sin–1 , then find
1 x2
1
(i) f(2) (ii) f (iii) f(1)
2
MOD [8]
Solution : x = tan , where – <<
2 2
y = sin–1 (sin 2)
2 ,
2
2 2 tan 1 x x 1
1
2 tan x 1 x 1
y = 2 , 2 f(x) =
2 2 ( 2 tan 1 x ) x 1
( 2) , 2
2
2
2
x 1
1 x
2
2
1 x 1
f(x) = 1 x
2
x 1
1 x 2
2 1 8
(i) f(2) = – (ii) f =
5 2
5
(iii) f(1+) = – 1 and f(1–) = + 1
f(1) does not exist.
Aliter
Above problem can also be solved without any substution also, but in a little tedious way.
2x
f(x) = sin–1
1 x2
1 2{(1 x 2 ) 2x 2 }
f(x) = .
4x 2 (1 x 2 )2
1
(1 x 2 )2
(1 x 2 ) 2(1 x 2 )
= .
(1 x 2 )2 (1 x 2 )2
2 (1 x 2 )
f(x) = .
2
(1 x ) | 1 x2 |
2
2
, |x|1
thus 1
f(x) = 2 x
, |x|1
1 x 2
1 y 2 = a(x – y), then prove that
dy 1 y2
Example # 13 : If 1 x 2 + = .
dx 1 x2
Solution : Put x = sin where – and
2 2
y = sin where – .
2 2
cos + cos = a (sin – sin)
2cos cos = 2a cos sin
2 2 2 2
MOD [9]
cot =a
2
– = 2 cot –1 (a) or – + 2 cot –1a
sin–1 x – sin–1 y = 2 cot –1a or – + 2 cot –1a
differentiating w.r.t to x.
1 1 dy
– =0
1 x 2
1 y 2 dx
dy 1 y2
=
dx 1 x2
Aliter
Using implicit differentiation
x y dy dy
2 – 2 = a 1
1 x 1 y dx dx
x
a
y dy x dy 1 x2
a =a+ =
1 y2 dx 1 x2 dx
a
y
1 y2
1 x2 1 y2 x
dy xy 1 x2
=
dx 1 x 2 1 y2 y
xy 1 y 2
dy (1 x 2 ) (1 x 2 )(1 y 2 ) x 2 xy 1 y2 1 (1 x 2 )(1 y 2 ) xy 1 y2
= . = .
dx (1 x 2 )(1 y 2 ) (1 y 2 ) xy y 2 1 x2 1 (1 x 2 )(1 y 2 ) xy 1 x2
dy 1 y2
= Hence proved
dx 1 x2
Parametric differentiation :
dy dy / d
If y = f() & x = g() where is a parameter, then .
dx dx / d
dy
Example # 14 : If x= a cos3t and y = a sin3t, then find the value of .
dx
dy dy / dt 3a sin 2 t cos t
Solution : = = = – tan t
dx dx / dt 3a cos 2 t sin t
dy
Example # 15 : If y = a cos t and x = a (t – sint), then find the value of at t = .
dx 2
dy a sin t dy
Solution : = dx
= – 1.
dx a(1 cos t ) t
2
MOD [10]
Derivative of one function with respect to another :
dy dy / dx f ' (x)
Let y = f(x); z = g(x) then .
dz dz / dx g'(x)
Example # 16 : Find derivative of y = n x with respect to z = ex.
dy dy / dx 1
Solution : = =
dz dz / dx xex
Self Practice Problems :
dy
(8) Find when
dx
(i) x = a (cos t + t sin t) and y = a (sin t – t cos t)
1 t 2 2t
(ii) x = a 2
and y=b
1 t 1 t2
x2
dy 2xa2
(9) If y = sin–1 , then prove that = .
4
x a
4
dx x4 a4
2x dy 2
(10) If y = tan–1
2 , then prove that = (| x | 1)
1 x dx 1 x2
du 1 u2
(11) If u = sin (m cos–1x) and v = cos (m sin–1 x), then prove that = .
dv 1 v 2
( t 2 1)b
Answer : (8) (i) tan t (ii)
2at
Higher order derivatives :
Let a function y = f(x) be defined on an open interval (a, b). It’s derivative, if it exists in (a, b) is a certain
function f (x) [or (dy/dx) or y ] & is called the first derivative of y w. r. t. x.
If it happens that the first derivative has a derivative in (a, b) then this derivative is called the second
derivative of y w. r. t. x & is denoted by f (x) or (d2y/dx 2) or y . While the first derivative denotes slope
of the graph, the second derivative denotes it's concavity.
d3 y d d2 y
Similarly, the 3rd order derivative of y w. r. t. x, if it exists, is defined by
dx 3 dx dx 2 , it is also
denoted by f (x) or y .
It must be carefully noted that in case of parametric functions
dy dy / dt d2 y d2 y / dt 2 d2 y d dy / dt
although = but rather =
dx dx / dt 2 2 2 2 dx dx / dt
dx dx / dt dx
which on applying chain rule can be resolved as
MOD [11]
dx d2 y dy d2 x
. .
dt dt 2 dt dt 2
d2 y d dy / dt dt d2 y dt
2 = . = 2 .
dx dt dx / dt dx dx 2 dx dx
dt
dx d2 y dy d2 x
. 2 .
d2 y dt dt dt dt 2
= 3
dx 2 dx
dt
Example # 17 : If y = x 3 n x, then find yand y
1
Solution : y = 3x 2 n x + x 3 = 3x 2 n x + x 2
x
1
y = 6x n x + 3x 2 . + 2x = 6x n x + 5x
x
y = 6 n x + 11
x
1
Example # 18 : If y = , then find y(1)
x
Solution : Now taking loge both sides, we get
n y = – x n x when x = 1, then y = 1
n y = – x n x
y
= – (1 + n x) y = – y (1 + n x) ......(i)
y
again diff. w.r.t. to x,
1 y
y = – y(1 + n x) – y . y = y (1 + n x)2 – (using (i))
x x
y(1) = 0
d2 y
Example # 19 : If x = t + 1 and y = t 2 + t 3, then find .
dx 2
dy dx
Solution : = 2t + 3t 2 ; =1
dt dt
dy
= 2t + 3t 2
dx
d2 y d dt
2 = (2t + 3t 2) .
dx dt dx
d2 y
= 2 + 6t.
dx 2
MOD [12]
Example # 20 : Find second order derivative of y= sin x with respect to z = e x.
dy dy / dx cos x
Solution : = =
dz dz / dx ex
d2 y d cos x d2 y d cos x dx
= = .
dz 2 dz e x dx 2 dx e x dz
e x sin x cos x e x 1
= .
(e x )2 ex
d2 y (sin x cos x )
=–
dz 2
e2x
Example # 21 : y = f(x) and x =g(y) are inverse functions of each other, then express g(y) and g(y) in terms
of derivative of f(x).
dy dx
Solution : = f(x) and dy
= g(y)
dx
1
g(y) = ...........(i)
f ( x )
again differentiating w.r.t. to y
d 1
g(y) = dy
f ( x )
d 1 dx
= .
dx f ( x ) dy
f ( x )
=– . g(y)
f ( x )2
f ( x )
g(y) = – .........(ii)
f ( x )3
which can also be remembered as
d2 y
2
d x dx 2
2 =– 3 .
dy dy
dx
Example # 22 : y = sin (sinx) then prove that y + (tanx) y + y cos2x = 0
Solution : Such expression can be easily proved using implicit differentiation
y = cos (sin x) cos x
sec x.y = cos (sin x)
again differentiating w.r.t x, we get
secx y + y sec x tan x = – sin (sin x) cos x
y + y tan x = – y cos2 x
y +(tanx) y + y cos2x = 0
Self Practice Problems :
n x d2 y
(12) If y = , then find the value of .
x dx 2
MOD [13]
d2 y
(13) Prove that y = x + tan x satisfies the differential equation cos 2 x – 2y + 2x = 0.
dx 2
d2 y
(14) If x = a (cos + sin ) and y = a(sin – cos), then find the value of .
dx 2
(15) Find the second order derivative of nx with respect to sin x.
d2 y dy
(16) If y = e– x (A cos x + B sin x), then prove that +2. + 2y = 0.
dx 2 dx
2n x 3 sec 3 x sin x cos x
Answers : (12) (14) (15)
x 3
a x 2 cos3 x
Derivative of a determinant :
f(x) g( x ) h( x )
l( x ) m( x ) n( x )
If F(x) = , where f, g, h, l, m, n, u, v, w are differentiable functions of x, then
u( x ) v( x ) w( x )
f ' ( x ) g' ( x ) h' ( x ) f(x) g( x ) h( x ) f(x) g( x ) h( x)
l( x ) m( x ) n( x ) l' ( x ) m' ( x ) n' ( x ) l( x ) m( x) n( x)
F (x) = + +
u( x ) v( x ) w( x ) u( x ) v( x ) w( x ) u' ( x ) v' ( x) w ' ( x )
L’ hospital’s rule :
If f(x) & g(x) are functions of x such that:
(i) Limit f(x) = = Limit g(x)
x a x a
OR
(ii) Limit f(x) = 0 = Limit g(x), both f(x) and g(x) are continuous at x = a, both f(x) and
x a x a
g(x) are differentiable at x = a and both f (x) and g (x) are continuous at x = a,
f( x) f ' (x)
then Limit = Limit
x a g( x ) x a g' ( x )
MOD [14]
Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]
dy
1. Find if (x2 + y2)2 = xy..
dx
x dy
2. If y = log tan , show that – sec x = 0
4 2 dx
2
3. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x : log x 1 x .
dy
4 If xy + y2 = tan x + y, find.
dx
Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]
d2 y x2
5. Find when y = log ex .
dx 2
1 sin 2x dy
6. If y = , show that + sec2 x = 0.
1 sin 2x dx 4
7. Differentiate log sin x 2 1 w.r.t. x.
1 x
8. Differentiate cot–1 w.r.t. x
1 x
3 dy
9. If y = (sinx – cosx)(sinx – cosx),
<x< , then find .
4 4 dx
Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions: [04 Mark Each]
dy
10. Find if y = xx + xa + ax.
dx
dy
11. y = xsin x + (sin x)x, find .
dx
d2 y dy
12. If y = tan–1 x, show that (1 + x2) 2 + 2x =0
dx dx
d2 y
13. If y = A cos n x + B sin n x, show that + n2 y = 0.
dx 2
14. Differentiate esin x + (tan x)x w.r.t. x.
5 x 12 1 – x 2
–1 dy
15. If y = sin 13 , find dx .
d2 y dy
16. If y = 4e3x + 3e4x, prove that 2
–7 + 12y = 0.
dx dx
d2 y dy
17. If y = ex sin x, prove that 2 – 2 dx + 2y = 0
dx
dy
18. Find , if y = (cos x)x + (sin x)1/x .
dx
1 t2 2t dy
19. If x = a
2 and y = 2 , find .
1 – t 1– t dx
MOD [15]
20. Differentiate xx sin–1 x w.r.t. x.
dy b
21. If x = a sin 2t(1 + cos 2t) and y = b cos 2t (1 – cos 2t), show that dx at t = .
4
a
–1 d2 y dy
22. If y = e a sin x
, –1 x 1, then show that (1 – x2) 2 –x – a2y = 0.
dx dx
d2 y dy
23. If y = cosec–1 x, x > 1, then show that x(x2 – 1) 2 + (2x2 – 1) = 0.
dx dx
x2 1 dy
24. If y = (log x)cos x + 2
, find .
x –1 dx
25. Differentiate the following function w.r.t. x : y = (sin x)x + sin–1 x.
d2 y dy
26. If y = (cot–1x)2, then show that (x2 + 1)2 2 + 2x(x2 + 1) = 2.
dx dx
Type (IV) : Very Long Answer Type Questions: [06 Mark Each]
d y 2
27. If x = 2 cos – cos2 and y = 2sin – sin2, find 2
dx
2
2
d y
28. If x = 3 sin t – sin 3t, y = 3 cos t – cot 3t, find 2 at t =
dx 3
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : First principle, Basic theorem
A-1. Find the derivative of following functions with respect to x by the first principle (ab – initio method).
(i) f(x) = sin x 2 (ii) f(x) = e2x + 3
A–2. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x .
5 x
(i) x 2/3 + 7e – + 7 tan x (ii) x 2. n x. ex (iii) n tan
x 4 2
sinx xcosx 1 cos x
(iv) (v) tan tan 1 ,0<x<
xsinx cosx 1 cos x
1 xn
A–3. It is known for x 1 that 1 + x + x 2 +....+x n–1 = , hence find the sum of the series
1 x
S = 1 + 2x + 3x 2 + ....+ (n + 1) x n.
A–4. If for f(x) = x 2 + x + 12. f(4) = 15 and f(2) = 11, then find and .
A–5. If f(x) 2 n (x 2) x 2 + 4x + 1, then find the solution set of the inequality f (x) 0.
Section (B) : Parametric and Implicit functions
dy
B–1. Find dx if :
1 t
(i) x = a cost n tan 2 and y = a sin t. (ii) x = sint cos 2t and y = cost cos 2t
2 2
1 1 dy x
B–2. If x = t + and y = t – , then prove that dx y .
t t
MOD [16]
dy
B–3. Find , when x and y are connected by the following relations
dx
(i) ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 +2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (ii) xy + xe–y + y . ex = x 2
x dy
B–4. If y = , then find
x dx
a
x
b
a .......... .....
Section (C) : Logarithmic functions, Inverse trigonometric functions
C–1. Differentiate the given functions w.r.t.x
(i) (n x)cos x (ii) x x – 2sinx (iii) y = (x n x)n n x
.
..
..
ax dy y 2 loge y
C–2. If y = a x , then prove that .
dx x(1 y loge x loge y )
dy
C–3. Find in each of the following cases:
dx
4x 2 3x 1 x 2
(i) y= tan–1 + tan–1 1 , (0 < x < 1)
1 5x 2 3 2x , (0 < x < 1) (ii) y = sin 1 x2
1 x
(iii) y = sin–1 , (– 1 < x < 1)
2
Section (D) : Substitution, one function w.r.t. other function
D–1. Differentiate
1 2x 1 x 2 1
(i) tan 1
1 2x w.r.t. 1 4x 2 (ii) tan–1 x with respect to tan–1(x)
Section (E) : Higher order derivatives, Miscellaneous
2
dy d2 y
E–1. (i) If ey (x + 1) = 1, show that .
2 =
dx dx
d2 y dy
(ii) If y = sin (2 sin–1 x), show that (1 – x 2) =x – 4y..
dx 2 dx
d2 y dy
E–2. If y = A e kt cos (p t + c), then prove that +2k + n2 y = 0, where n2 = p2 + k2.
dt 2 dt
x b b
a x b x b d
E–3. If 1 = and 2 = are given, then prove that = 32
a a x a x dx 1
5.sinx 7sin2x 3sin3x a x x a
E–4. (i) Evaluate Limit
x 0 tanx x
(ii) If Limit
x a
1 , then find ‘a’.
x x a a
E–5. Evaluate the following
1/ x 2 1
Limit tanx Limit
(i) x 0 (ii) x 0 (cos ec x) nx
x
E–6. Evaluate Limit log tan2 x (tan2 2 x)
x 0
H( x ).g(1)g( x).H(1)
E–7. If H (1) = 1, g (1) = 2; H(1) = 1, g(1) = 2, then find Limit
x 1 sin( x 1)
MOD [17]
PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
Section (A) : First principle, Basic theorem
2
dy
A–1. If f(x) = 2x 2 1 and y = f(x ), then dx at x = 1 is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) – 2 (D) –1
A–2. If f(x) = logx (n x), then f (x) at x = e is equal to
(A) 1/e (B) e (C) 1 (D) zero
Section (B) : Parametric and Implicit functions
dy dx
B–1. Let y = x 3 – 8x + 7 and x = f(t). If = 2 and x = 3 at t = 0, then at t = 0 is given by
dt dt
19 2
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) none of these
2 19
3
1 t 32 dy dy
B–2. If x = ,y= + , then x is equal to
t3 2 t2 t dx dx
(A) 0 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) 2
dy
B–3. If sin (xy) + cos (xy) = 0 then is equal to
dx
y y x x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
x x y y
d2 y
B–4. If x = at 2, y = 2at, then is equal to
dx 2
1 1 1 1
(A) – 2 (B) 2 (C) – 3 (D) –
t 2at t 2at 3
Section (C) : Logarithmic functions, Inverse trigonometric functions
dy 5
C–1. If y = cos–1 (cosx), then at x = is equal to
dx 4
1 1
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) (D) –
2 2
x2 dy
C–2. If y = x then is equal to
dx
2 2 2 1
(A) 2 n x. xx (B) (2 n x + 1). xx (C) (2 n x + 1). x x (D) none of these
C–3. If f(x) = |x||sinx| , then f (/4) is equal to
1/ 2 2 4 2 2 1/ 2 2 4 2 2
n n
(A) (B)
4 2 4 2
1/ 2 2
2 2
1/ 2 2 2 2
(C) n (D) n
4 2
4 4 2 4
x2 1 x2 1 dy
C–4. If y = sin1 2 + sec 1
2 , x > 1, then is equal to
x 1 x 1 dx
x x2
(A) 4 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) 1
x 1 x 1
MOD [18]
dy
C–5.* If 2x + 2y = 2x + y , then is equal to
dx
2y
(A) x (B)
1
(C) 1 2y (D)
2x 1 2y
2 1 2x 2 y
2 x
1
Section (D) : Substitution, one function w.r.t. other function
D–1. If y = x – x 2 , then the derivative of y 2 w.r.t. x 2 is
(A) 2x 2 + 3x – 1 (B) 2x 2 – 3x + 1 (C) 2x 2 + 3x + 1 (D) none of these
t 1
D–2.* The differential coefficient of sin-1 w.r.t. cos-1 is
1 t2 1 t2
(A) 1 t > 0 (B) – 1 t < 0 (C) 1 t R (D) none of these
D–3.* If x = cos t, y = loget then
dy 2 dy 4
(A) =– at t = (B) 2 at t =
dx 2 dx 2
dy 144 dy 12
(C) 2 at t = (D) at t =
dx 6 dx 6
Section (E) : Higher order derivatives, Miscellaneous
E–1. If y = f(x) is an odd differentiable function defined on (–, ) such that f(3) = –2, then f(–3) is equal to
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) – 2 (D) 0
E–2. Let f(x) be a polynomial in x. Then the second derivative of f(e x) w.r.t. x is
(A) f (ex). ex + f (ex) (B) f (ex). e2x + f (ex). e2x
x 2x
(C) f (e ) e (D) f (ex). e2x + f (ex). ex
f g h
f g h
E–3. If f(x), g(x), h(x) are polynomials in x of degree 2 and F(x) = , then F(x) is equal to
f g h
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) f(x) . g(x) . h(x)
E–4.* If f(x) = | (x – 4) (x – 5) |, then f(x) is equal to
(A) –2x + 9, for all x R (B) 2x – 9 if x 5
(C) –2x + 9 if 4 < x < 5 (D) not defined for x = 4, 5
E–5.* The functions u = ex sin x; v = ex cos x satisfy the equation
du dv d2u
(A) v u = u2 + v 2 (B) = 2v
dx dx dx 2
d2 v du dv
(C) 2 = 2u (D) + = 2v
dx dx dx
PART - III : ASSERTION / REASONING
d 1
1. Statement - 1 For x < 0, (n | x |) = .
dx x
d
Statement - 2 For x < 0, | x | = – x |x| = – 1
dx
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
(E) Statement-1 and Statement-2 both are False.
MOD [19]
d d
2. Statement - 1 {tan– 1 (sec x + tan x)} = {cot – 1 (cosec x + cot x)}, x 0 , .
dx dx 4
Statement - 2 sec2 x – tan2 x = 1 = cosec2 x – cot2 x.
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
(E) Statement-1 and Statement-2 both are False.
d2 y d2 x
3_. Statement - 1 Let f : [0, ) [0, ) be a function defined by y = f(x) = x2, then 2
dy 2 = 1.
dx
3
d2 y d2 x dy
Statement - 2 – ·
dx 2 dy 2 dx
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
(E) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is False
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
dPn
1. If Pn is the sum of a GP upto n terms. Show that (1 – r) = n . Pn–1 – (n – 1) Pn .
dr
n
f 1 (1) f 2 (1) f n (1)
2. If f(x) = x , then find the value of f(1) + + +...... + , where f r (x) denotes the rth derivative
1! 2! n!
of f(x) w.r.t. x
d3 y 8.b
3. If x = a t3 and y = b t 2, where t is a parameter, then prove that =
dx 3
27a 3 .t 7
c1 c 2x c3x2
4. If y = 1 + x c + + , then show that
1 ( x – c 1 )( x – c 2 ) ( x – c1 )( x – c 2 )( x – c 3 )
dy y c1 c2 c3
=
dx x c1 x c 2 x c 3 x
x x x sin x 1 x 1 x 1 x
5. If cos . cos 2 . cos 3 .... = , then find the value of 2 sec2 + 4 sec2 2 + 6 sec2 3 +...
2 2 2 x 2 2 2 2 2 2
x d2 y dy
6. Show that the substitution z = In tan changes the equation 2
2 + cot x dx + 4y cosec x = 0 to
2 dx
(d2y/dz2) + 4y = 0.
X Y
s t Z
7. If Y = sX and Z = tX all variables being functions of x, prove that X Y Z = X3
s t
X Y Z
MOD [20]
d2 y
y ( x1)2 ( y1)2
8. If ex + y = xy, then show that 2 = 2 3 .
dx x ( y1)
a sinx bx cx 2 x 3
9. If Limit exists and is finite, then find the values of a, b, c and the limit.
x 0 2x 2. n(1 x ) 2x 3 x 4
d2 y dy
10. If y = x n ((ax)–1 + a–1), prove that x (x + 1) 2 +x = y 1.
dx dx
F" f " g" 2c F f g
11. If F(x) = f(x). g(x) and f (x). g (x) = c, prove that F f g f g and F f g .
12. If be a repeated root of a quadratic equation f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x), C(x) be the polynomials of degree
A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
3, 4 and 5 respectively, then show that A( ) B( ) C( ) is divisible by f(x), where dash denotes the
A' ( ) B' ( ) C' ( )
derivative.
PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Single choice type
d2 y dy
1. If y = (sin–1 x)2 + (cos–1 x)2, then (1 – x 2) 2
x is equal to
dx dx
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 0
tan 1 x
2. Derivative of 1
1 w.r.t. tan x is:
1 tan x
1 1 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D)
(1 tan 1 x)2
1
1 tan x 1 tan x 1 2
dy
3. If x 1 y + y 1 x = 0, then is equal to
dx
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
(1 x)2 (1 x)2 1 x 2 (1 x)
4. Let ef(x) = n x. If g(x) is the inverse function of f(x), then g (x) equals to:
x
(A) ex (B) ex + x (C) e xe (D) ex + ln x
dy 1
5. If y = sin1 x 1 x x 1 x 2 and dx = + p, then p is equal to
2 x (1 x)
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) sin1 x (D)
1 x 1 x2
x10
6. Let g is the inverse function of f and f (x) = . If g(2) = a, then g (2) is equal to
1 x 2
a 1 a 2 a 10 1 a 10
(A) (B) (C) (D)
210 a10 1 a2 a2
MOD [21]
dy
7. If ax 2 + 2 hxy + by2 = 0, then is equal to
dx
y x x
(A) (B) (D) (D) None of these
x y y
d 1 x2 x 4
8. If = ax + b, then the value of 'a' and 'b' are respectively
dx 1 x x2
(A) 2 and 1 (B) 2 and 1 (C) 2 and 1 (D) None of these
cos x x 1
f (x)
9. Let f(x) = 2 sin x x 2 2x . Then Limit
x0 is equal to
x
tan x x 1
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
dn
10. If u = ax + b, then (f(ax + b)) is equal to
dx n
dn dn dn
n
dn
n
(A) (f(u)) (B) a n (f(u)) (C) a (f(u)) (D) a (f(u))
du n du du n dx n
d 2x
11. If y = x + ex , then is equal to
dy 2
ex ex 1
(A) ex (B) (C) (D)
3 2 x 2
1 e x
1 e x
1e
2x 1 dy
12. If y = f 2
and f (x) = sin x, then is equal to
x 1 dx
(A)
1 x x2 2x 1
sin (B)
2 1 x x2 sin 2x 1
2
x 2 1 2 2 2
1 x 2
1 x x 1
1 x x2 2x 1
(C) 2 sin (D) None of these
1 x 2 x 2 1
1 dy
13. If 8 f(x) + 6 f = x + 5 and y = x 2 f(x), then at x = –1 is equal to
x dx
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) – (D) None of these
14 14
d 3 d 2y
14. If y2 = P(x) is a polynomial of degree 3, then 2 y . 2 is equal to
dx dx
(A) P (x) + P (x) (B) P (x). P (x) (C) P (x). P (x) (D) a constant
More than one choice type
y dy
15. If x 2 y 2 = et where t = sin–1 , then is equal to
x y2
2 dx
xy xy yx xy
(A) (B) (C) (D)
xy xy yx 2x y
MOD [22]
fn 1 ( x ) d
16. If f n (x) = e for all n N and f o (x) = x, then {f (x)} is equal to
dx n
d
(A) f n (x). {f (x)} (B) f n (x). f n 1 (x)
dx n 1
(C) f n (x). f n 1 (x)........ f 2 (x). f 1 (x) (D) none of these
17. If f is twice differentiable such that f(x) = –f(x) and f(x) = g(x). If h(x) is a twice differentiable function
such that h(x) = (f(x))2 + (g(x))2 . If h(0) = 2, h(1) = 4, then the equation y = h(x) represents
(A) a curve of degree 2 (B) a curve passing through the origin
(C) a straight line with slope 2 (D) a straight line with y intercept equal to 2.
cos x x 2
sin x x 2
cos x x 2
If f(x) = sin x x cos x x
2 2 2
18. sin x x , then
2
sin 2x 0 sin 2x
(A) f(2) = 0 (B) f (1/2) = 0 (C) f (1) = – 2 (D) f (0) = 4
19. If f(x) = (ax + b) sin x + (cx + d) cos x, then the values of a, b, c and d such that f(x) = x cos x for all
x are
(A) a = d = 1 (B) b = 0 (C) c = 0 (D) b = c
1 x2 1 dy
20. y = cos–1 , then is equal to
2 1 x 2 dx
1 1 1 1
(A) , x R (B) 2
, x0 (C) 2
,x0 (D) ,x0
2
2(1 x ) 2 (1 x ) 2 (1 x ) 2(1 x 2 )
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN
1. Match the column
Column – Column –
(A) If y = cos–1 (cos x), then y at x = 5 is equal to (p) –1
x
(B) For the function f(x) = n tan (q) 0
4 2
dy
if = sec x + p, then p is equal to
dx
1 x 1
(C) The derivative of tan–1 at x = – 1 is (r)
1 x 2
n x
(D) The derivative of at x = – 1 is (s) 1
x
2. Match the Column
Column – Column –
dy
(A) If f(x) = 3 x 2 6 and y = f(x3), then at x = 1, = (p) –2
dx
(B) If f be a differentiable function such that
f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ; x, y R, then f(e) + f(1/e) = (q) –1
(C) If f be a twice differentiable function such that f(x) = –f(x) (r) 0
and f(x) = g(x), If h(x) = (f(x))2 + (g(x))2 & h(5) = 9, then h(10) =
dy
(D) y = tan–1 (cot x) + cot–1(tan x), < x < , then = (s) 9
2 dx
MOD [23]
PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Comprehension # 1
f 2 ( x h) f 2 ( x )
Let the derivative of f(x) be defined as D * f(x) = Lim
h0
, where f 2 (x) = {f (x)}2.
h
1. If u = f(x), v = g(x), then the value of D* (u . v) is
(A) (D* u) v + (D* v) u (B) u2 D* v + v 2 D* u (C) D*u + D* v (D) uvD* (u + v)
u
2. If u = f(x), v = g(x), then the value of D* is
v
u2D * v v 2D * u uD * v v D * u v 2D * u u2 D * v vD * u u D * v
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D)
v 4
v v 4
v2
3. The value of D* c, where c is constant, is
(A) non-zero constant (B) 2 (C) does not exist (D) zero
Comprehension # 2
Consider the implicit equation x2 + 5xy + y2 – 2x + y – 6 = 0 ..........(i)
dy
4. The value of at (1, 1) is
dx
5 5 8 8
(A) (B) – (C) (D) –
8 8 5 5
2
d y
5. The value of at (1, 1) is
dx 2
111 111 256 256
(A) (B) – (C) (D) –
256 256 111 111
6. The equation of normal to the conic (i) at (1, 1) is
(A) 5x – 8y – 3 = 0 (B) 8y – 5x – 3 = 0 (C) 8x – 5y – 3 = 0 (D) 8x – 5y + 3 = 0
PART - I : IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
1. If x 2 + y2 = 1, then: [IIT-JEE 2000, Scr, (1, 0), 35]
(A) y y 2 (y)2 + 1 = 0 (B) y y+ (y)2 + 1 = 0
(C) y y (y)2 1 = 0 (D) y y+ 2 (y)2 + 1 = 0
2. Suppose p (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 +...... + an x n. If p (x) ex 1 1 for all x 0 prove that
a1 + 2 a2 +...... + n an 1. [IIT-JEE 2000, Main, (5, 0), 100]
1/ x
f (1 x )
3. Let f: R R be such that f (1) = 3 & f (1) = 6. Then Limit
x 0 f (1)
is equal to
[IIT-JEE 2002, Scr, (3, – 1), 90]
(A) 1 (B) e1/2 (C) e2 (D) e3
4. If y is a function of x and n (x + y) – 2xy = 0, then the value of y(0) is equal to [IIT-JEE 2004, Scr, (3, – 1), 84]
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0
5. Let S denote the set of all polynomials P(x) of degree 2 such that P(1) = 1, P(0) = 0 and
P(x) > 0 x [0, 1], then [IIT-JEE 2005, Scr, (3, – 1), 84]
(A) S = (B) S = {(1 – a)x 2 + ax ; 0 < a < 2}
(C) S = {(1 – a) x 2 + ax ; 0 < a < 1} (D) S = {(1 – a) x 2 + ax ; 0 < a < }
6. If x cos y + y cos x = then the value of y (0) is equal to [IIT-JEE 2005, Scr, (3, – 1), 84]
(A) (B) – (C) 1 (D) 0
MOD [24]
2 2
x x
7. If f(x) = – f(x) and g(x) = f(x) and F(x) = f + g and given that F(5) = 5, then F(10) is equal to
2
2
[IIT-JEE 2006, (3, –1), 184]
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 0 (D) 15
d2 x
8. is equal to [IIT-JEE 2007, P-2, (3, – 1), 81]
dy 2
1 1
d2 y d2 y dy
3 d2 y dy 2
d2 y dy 3
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (D) 2
(C) 2
dx dx dx dx dx
dx dx
9. Let g(x) = log f(x), where f(x) is a twice differentiable positive function on (0, ) such that f(x + 1) = x f(x).
Then, for N = 1, 2, 3, .......
1 1
g N – g = [IIT-JEE 2008, P-2, (3, – 1), 81]
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) – 4 1 .... 2 (B) 4 1 .... 2
9 25 (2N 1) 9 25 (2N 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
(C) – 4 1 .... 2 (D) 4 1 .... 2
9 25 (2N 1) 9 25 (2N 1)
10.* Let f(x) = x sin x, x > 0. Then for all natural numbers n, f (x) vanishes at
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4, – 1)/60]
1 1
(A) a unique point in the interval n,n 2 (B) a unique point in the interval n 2 ,n 1
(C) a unique point in the interval (n, n +1) (D) two points in the interval (n, n +1)
PART - II : AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
n, then (1 + x 2)
d2 y dy
1. If y = (x + 1 x ) 2
2 + x dx is - [AIEEE 2002]
dx
(1) n2y (2) – n2y (3) – y (4) 2x2 y
dy
2. If sin y = x sin (a + y), then is - [AIEEE 2002]
dx
sin a sin 2 (a y ) sin 2 (a – y )
(1) (2) (3) sin a sin2 (a + y) (4)
sin 2 (a y ) sin a sin a
dy
3. If xy = ex – y, then is- [AIEEE 2002]
dx
1 x 1 – log x log x
(1) 1 log x (2) 1 log x (3) not defined (4)
(1 log x ) 2
4. Let f(x) be a polynomial function of second degree. If f(1) = f (–1) and a, b, c are in AP, then f '(a), f '(b)
and f '(c) are in - [AIEEE 2003]
(1) AP (2) GP
(3) HP (4) Arithmetico–Geometric Progression
f (1) f (1) f (1) (–1)n f n (1)
5. If f(x) = xn, then the value of f(1) – + – + ........ + is - [AIEEE 2003]
1! 2! 3! n!
(1) 2n (2) 2n – 1 (3) 0 (4) 1
y ..... dy
6. If x = e y e , x > 0 then is- [AIEEE 2004]
dx
x 1 1– x 1 x
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1 x x x x
MOD [25]
dy
7. If xm yn = (x + y)m + n, then is - [AIEEE 2006]
dx
xy x y
(1) xy
(2) xy (3) y (4)
x
8. Let y be an implicit function of x defined by x2x – 2xx cot y – 1 = 0. Then y (1) equals : [AIEEE 2009]
(1) 1 (2) log 2 (3) – log 2 (4) – 1
9. Let f : (–1, 1) R be a differentiable function with f(0) = – 1 and f(0) = 1. Let g(x) = [f(2f(x) + 2)]2. Then g(0).
(1) – 4 (2) 0 (3) – 2 (4) 4
d2 x
10. equals : [AIEEE-2011]
dy 2
1 1 3
d2 y d2 y dy d2 y dy 2 d2 y dy 3
(1) 2 (2) – 2 (3) 2 (4) – 2
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
dy
11. If y = sec(tan–1x), then at x = 1 is equal to : [AIEEE - 2013, (4, –¼),120]
dx
1 1
(1) (2) (3) 1 (4) 2
2 2
PART - III : CBSE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
d x 2 2 a2 1 x
1. Prove that : dx 2 a x 2 sin a = a2 x2 . [CBSE 2004]
1 sin x 1 sin x
2. Differentiate w.r.t. x : tan–1 . [CBSE 2004]
1 sin x 1 sin x
d3 y d2 y dy
3. If y = log(1 + cosx), prove that · =0 [CBSE 2005]
dx 3 dx 2 dx
23 x
3x
4. If f(x) = , Find f '(0). [CBSE 2005]
1 x
dy ny
5. If y = {x + x 2 a 2 }n , prove that = . [CBSE 2005]
dx x2 a2
2
d2 y 1 dy y
6. x
If y = x , show that 2 – y
– = 0. [CBSE 2005]
dx dx
x
1 dy
7. If y = x + x , show that 2x dx + y = 2 x . [CBSE 2006]
1 x2 – 1 – x2
–1 dy
8. If y = tan 1 x 2 1 – x2 , find dx [CBSE 2006]
( x – 3)( x 2 4) dy
9. If y = 2 , find [CBSE 2006]
3x 4x 5 dx
d2 y
10. If y = x + tanx, prove that cos2 x · – 2y + 2x = 0 [CBSE 2007]
dx 2
1
1 1 dy
11. If y = x 1 –
2 log x 2 find dx [CBSE 2008]
x
dy
12. If y = xcotx + (sin x)x, find . [CBSE 2008]
dx
sin –1 x d2 y dy
13. If y = 2 , show that (1 – x2) –3x – y – 0. [CBSE 2009]
1– x dx 2 dx
MOD [26]
d2 y dy
14. If y = ex (sinx + cosx), then show that 2 –2 + 2y = 0. [CBSE 2009]
dx dx
d2 y dy
15. If y = Aemx + Benx, show that 2 – (m + n) dx +mny = 0 [CBSE2009, 2007, 2006]
dx
d2 y dy
16. If y = 3 cos (log x) + 4 sin (log x), show that x 2 2 +x +y=0 [CBSE 2009]
dx dx
2x – 3 1 – x 2
–1 dy
17. If y = cos , find dx .
13
dy log x
18. If xy = ex–y, then prove that = . [CBSE 2010]
dx (1 log x ) 2
d2 y
19. If x = a cos log tan and y = a sin , find the value of at = . [CBSE 2011, 2009, 2008]
2 dx 2 4
1 d2 y dy
20. If x = tan a log y , show that (1 + x2) 2 + (2x – a) =0 [CBSE 2011]
dx dx
2 dy
21. If log 1 x – x = y 1 x 2 show that (1 + x2) + xy + 1 = 0. [CBSE 2011, 2006]
dx
2
dy
22. If y = a sin x + b cos x, prove that y2 + = a2 + b2. [CBSE 2011]
dx
x2 1
23. Differentiate xx cos x + w.r.t. x [CBSE 2011, 2008]
x2 – 1
dy
24. If (cosx)y = (sin y)x, find . [CBSE 2012, 2009]
dx
dy 1
25. If x 1 y + y 1 x = 0, for – 1 < x, y < 1, prove the following : dx – . [CBSE 2012, 2008]
(1 x )2
d2 y
26. If x = a(cos + sin ) and y = a(sin – cos ), find . [CBSE 2012, 2011, 2008]
dx 2
dy sin 2 (a y )
27. If sin y = x sin (a + y), then prove that = [CBSE 2012, 2011, 2009]
dx sin a
dy y
28. If x = asin
–1
t ,y= acos
–1
t , show that – . [CBSE 2012]
dx x
–1 d2 y dy
29. If y = ea cos x
, –1 x 1, show that (1 – x2) –x – a2y = 0. [CBSE 2012]
dx 2 dx
1 x2 1
–1
30. Differentiate tan x w.r.t. x. [CBSE 2012, 2004]
d2 y dy
31. If y = (tan–1 x)2 , show that (x2 + 1) 2
2 + 2x(x + 1) = 2. [CBSE 2012, 2010]
dx dx
dy y
32. If xm yn = (x + y)m+n, prove that . [CBSE 2012, 2009]
dx x
2 2 d2 y dy
33. If y = log x x a , show that (x2 + a2) 2
x =0 [CBSE 2013, 4]
dx dx
34. Differentiate the following function with respect to x : (log x)x + xlogx [CBSE 2013, 4]
d2 y
35. If x = a sin t and y = a(cost + log tan (t/2)), find [CBSE 2013, 4]
dx 2
MOD [27]
4 We have xy + y2 = tan x + y
BOARD LEVEL SOLUTIONS
Differentiate w.r.t. x we get
1. We have (x2 + y2)2 = xy
dy dy dy
Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get x + y · 1 + 2y = sec2x +
dx dx dx
dy dy
2(x2 + y2) (2x + 2y )=x + y.1
.1 dy dy dy
dx dx x + 2y – = – y + sec2x
dx dx dx
dy dy
4x(x2 + y2 ) + 4y(x2 + y2) =x +y dy
dx dx [x + 2y – 1] = – y + sec2x
dx
dy dy
(4x2y + 4y3) –x = y – 4x3 – 4xy2
dx dx dy – y sec 2 x
=
dx x 2y – 1
dy
(4x2y + 4y3 – x) = y – 4x3 – 4xy2
dx x2
3 2 5. y = log x = log x2 – log ex
dy y 4 x 4 xy e
=
dx 4x 2 y 4y3 x = 2 log x – x log e = 2 log x – x
x dy 2 d2 y 2
2. y = log tan = –1 2 = – 2
4 2 dx x dx x
dy 1 d x 1 sin 2x (cos x sin x )2
= . dx tan 4 2 6. y = =
dx x 1 sin 2x (cos x sin x)2
tan
4 2
x x 1 cos x sin x 1 – tan x
= cot .sec2 . = = = tan 4 – x
4 2 4 2 2 cos x sin x 1 tan x
Diff. w.r.t. x
x
cos
4 2 1 1 dy
= . . = sec2 x .(–1)
x 2 x dx 4
sin cos 2
4 2 4 2 dy
1 + sec2 x = 0
1 dx 4
= = x
x x sin 2
2 sin . cos 7. Let y = log sin x2 1
4 2 4 2 4 2
1 1 = log sin u where u = x2 1
= = = sec x = log t where t = sin u
cos x
sin x
2 dy 1 1 1
= = =
dy dt t sin u sin x 2 1
– sec x = 0
dx t = sin u
2 dt
3. Let y = log x 1 x = cos u = cos
du x2 1
Diff. w.r.t. x, we get
1 du x
1 1 u= x 2 1 dx =
dy 1 (1 x 2 ) 2 . 2x 2
x 1
= 2
dx x 1 x2
dy dy dt du
1 x = . .
1 dx dt du dx
=
x 1 x2 1 x 2
1 x
1 x2 x
1 1 = .cos x 1 x2 1 .
2 .
=
sin x 2 1
x 1 x 2 1 x2 = 1 x 2 .
MOD [28]
1 x 1 dv 1
8. Let y = cot–1 = 1.log sin x + x. . cos x
1 x v dx sin x
1 x dv
Put : =u ....(1) = (sin x)x [log sin x + x cot x] ...(3)
1 x dx
y = cot–1 u dy du dv
Diff. w.r.t. u From (1), = +
dx dx dx
dy 1 1
= = sin x sin x
du 1 u2 1 x
2 = x cos x log x x
1
1 x x
+ (sin x) [log sin x + x cot x] [Using (2) and
2 2 (3)]
1(1 x) (1 x )
= 2 2 =– ....(2) 12. y = tan –1 x
(1 x ) (1 x ) 2(1 x 2 )
Differentiate w.r.t. x to get
Diff. (1) w.r.t. x
dy 1 dy
du (1 x ).(1) (1 x ).1 2 = 2 (1 + x2) =1
= = ....(3) dx 1 x dx
2
dx (1 x ) (1 x)2 Again differentiate w.r.t. to get
From (2) and (3),
d2 y dy
dy dy du (1 x) 2 2
1 (1 + x2). 2 + 2x. = 0.
. . dx dx
= =– 2 2 = .
dx dx dx 2(1 x ) (1 x ) 1 x2 13. y = A cos nx + B sin nx
Diff w.r.t. x
9. We have y = (sinx – cosx)(sinx – cosx),
Taking logarithms on both sides, we get dy
= –A n sin nx + B n cos nx
log y = log(sinx – cosx)sinx – cosx dx
log y = (sinx – cosx) log (sinx – cosx) Again diff. w.r.t. x
Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get
d2 y
1 dy 1 = –(An) n cos nx – (B n) n sin nx
= (sinx – cosx) · · (cosx + sinx) dx 2
y dx (sin x – cos x )
= –n2 [A cos nx + B sin nx] [using (1)]
+ log(sinx – cosx) · (cosx + sinx)
d2 y
dy + n2 y = 0.
= y [(cosx + sinx) dx 2
dx
+ (cosx + sinx) log (sinx – cosx)]
14. Let y = esin x + (tan x)x
= (sinx – cosx)sinx – cosx [(cosx + sinx)
= u + v, where ...(1)
+ (cosx + sinx) · log (sinx – cosx)]
u = esin x v = (tan x)x
log x x x log u = log v = x log tan x
10. y = e + xa + elog a
y=e xlogx
+ xa + exloga 1 dv
sin x log e = sin x
Diff. w.r.t x, we get v dx
dy 1 1
= exlogx x. x log x.1 + ax + e
a–1 xloga = 1.log tan x + x. sec2 x
.loga tan x
dx
dy 1 du x
= xx(1 + logx) + axa–1 + ax log a = cos x = log tan x +
dx u dx sin x cos x
11. Given : y = xsin x + (sin x)x = u + v ...(1) du
= esin x.cos x = log tan x + 2 x cosec 2x
where u = xsin x and v = (sin x)x dx
log u = sin x log x ...(2)
1 du sin x dv
. = cos x log x + = (tan x)x [log tan x + 2x cosec 2x] ...(3)
u dx x dx
From (1),
du sin x sin x
= x cos x log x x ...(2) dy du dv
dx = +
dx dx dx
Also v = (sin x)x = e .cos x + (tan x)x [log tan x + 2x cosec 2x]
sin x
log v = x log sin x [Using (2) and (3)]
MOD [29]
5 x 12 1 – x 2 d2 y dy dy
–1 2 = – y + –y+ [Using (i) & (ii)]
15. y = sin 13 dx dx dx
Let x = sin = sin x –1 d2 y dy
2 = 2 – 2y
dx dx
5 sin 12 1 – sin 2
y = sin –1
13
d2 y dy
2 –2 + 2y = 0
dx dx
5 sin 12 cos Which is required solution.
= sin–1
13 18. We have y = (cos x)x + (sin x)1/x
5 12 Let u = (cos x)x and = (sin x)1/x
= sin–1 sin cos Consider u = (cos x)x
13 13 Taking logarithms on both sides, we get
5 5 log u = log(cos x)x
Let cos = = cos–1 log u = x log cos x
13 13
Differentiating w.r.t. x both sides, we get
25 144 12
sin = 1 – cos 2 1 – 1 du 1
169 169 13 = x · cos x · (–sin x) + log cos x · 1
u dx
y = sin–1[cos sin + sin cos]
y = sin–1 sin( + ) du
y=+ = u(– x tanx + log cosx)
dx
5
y = cos–1 + sin–1x du
13 = (cos x)x [log cosx – x tanx]
dx
Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get
Now consider, = (sin x)1/x
dy 1 1 Taking logarithms on both sides, we get
=0+
2 log = log(sin x)1/x
dx 1– x 1– x2
1
dy log = log sin x
16. = 12e3x +12e4x x
dx Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy
= 12e3x + 4(y – 4e3x) 1 d 1 1 1
dx = · sin x · cos x + log sin x · – 2
dx x x
dy
= – 4e3x + 4y
dx d cot x log sin x
= –
2
d y dy dx x x2
= – 12e3x + 4
dx 2 dx
d cot x log– tan x
= (sin x)1/x –
d2 y dy dy dx x x2
= – 3 4 y – dx 4 dx
dx 2
dy
Hence = (cos x)x [log x – x tanx]
d2 y dy dx
2
–7 + 12y = 0
dx dx cot x log tan x
+ (sinx)1/x –
17. We have y = ex sin x ...(i) x x2
Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get
1 t2 2
dy 19. Here x = a
2 = a
– 1
= ex cos x + sin x · ex 1– t 1– t2
dx
dx –1 4at
dy = a 0 2 .(–2t ) =
= ex cos x + y ...(ii) dt 2
(1 – t ) 2 (1 – t 2 )2
dx
Again differentiate w.r.t. x, we get 2t
and y =
1– t2
d2 y x x
dy
2 = e (–sin x) + cosx · e + dy (1 – t 2 ).2 – 2t(–2t ) 2(1 t 2 )
dx dx
= =
dt (1 – t 2 )2 (1 – t 2 )2
d2 y x x
dy
2 = – e sin x + e cos x +
dx dy dy / dt 2(1 t 2 ) (1 – t 2 )2 1 t2
dx = = 2 2 × =
dx dx / dt (1 – t ) 4at 2at
MOD [30]
20. Let y = xxsin–1 x dy
= u.v ...(1) Dividing both sides by 2 , we get
dx
Where u = xx logu = xlogx
1 du 1 d2 y dy
· = x· + 1·logx (1 – x2) 2 –x = a2y
u dx x dx dx
du d2 y dy
= xx(1 + logx) ...(2) (1 – x2) –x – a2y = 0
dx dx 2 dx
and v = sin–1 x
23. We have y = cosec–1x, x > 1
dv 1 1 1 –1
= = dy
dx 1– x 2 x 2 x–x 2 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get =
dx x x2 – 1
dy dv du dy
From (1), =u ·v
dx dx dx x x 2 – 1 dx = – 1
1 On squaring both sides, we get
= x2 · + xx (1 + logx) · sin–1 x
2 x – x2 dy
2
x2(x2 – 1) = 1
[Using (2) and (3)] dx
21. Here, x = a sin 2t(1 + cos 2t) Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dx 2
= a.[2 cos 2t(1 + cos 2t) + sin 2t(–2 sin 2t)] dy d2 y dy
dt x2(x2 –1) · 2 ·
dx dx 2 dx
= 2a[cos 2t + cos2 2t – sin2 2t]
[x2 · 2x + (x2 – 1) · 2x] = 0
= 2a[cos 2t + cos 4t]
Also y = b cos 2t(1 – cos 2t) 2
dy d2 y dy
2x (x – 1) · 2 · 2x(x2 + x2 – 1) = 0
2 2
dy dx dx dx
= b[–2 sin 2t(1 – cos 2t) + cos 2t.2 sin 2t]
dt
= 2b[–sin 2t + 2 sin 2t cos 2t] dy
Dividing both sides, by 2x , we get
= 2b[–sin 2t + sin 4t] dx
dy dy / dt 2b [ sin 2t sin 4t ] d2 y dy
= = 2a [cos 2t cos 4t ] x(x2 –1) + (2x2 – 1) = 0
dx dx / dt dx 2 dx
sin sin
d2 y dy
dy b 2 x(x2 – 1) 2 + (2x2 – 1) =0
dx dx
dx t = a
4 cos cos
2
x2 1
b 1 0 b
24. Here y = (log x)cos x +
= = . x2 – 1
a 0 1
a
x2 1
a sin x –1 Let u = (log x)cos x and =
22. We have y= e x2 – 1
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get y=u+
dy –1 a a dy du d
= e a sin x 2 =y· 2 dx
=
dx
+
dx
dx 1– x 1– x
Consider u = (log x)cos x
dy Taking log both sides, we get
1 – x 2 dx = ay log u = log(log x)cos x
log u = cos x log(log x)
2
dy Diff. w.r.t x we get
Squaring both sides, we get (1 – x ) = a2y2 2
dx 1 du 1 1
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get = cos x log x x + log(log x)(– sin x)
u dx
2
dy d2 y dy dy
(1 – x2) · 2 · 2 + · (–2x) = a2 · 2y
dx dx dx dx
MOD [31]
du 27. x = 2 cos – cos2
= u cos x – sin log(log x )
dx x log x dx
= – 2sin + 2sin2
d
cos x y = 2sin – sin2
=(log x)cos x – sin x log(log x )
x log x dy
= 2cos – 2 cos2
x2 1 d
Again consider =
x2 – 1 dy dy / d cos – cos 2
Diff. w.r.t. x we get = =
d dx / d sin 2 – sin
d ( x 2 – 1) 2x – ( x 2 1) 2x By applying formula of
=
dx ( x 2 – 1)2 CD D–C
cosC – cosD = 2sin · sin
3 3 – 4x 2 2
= 2x – 2x – 2x – 2x =
( x 2 – 1)2 CD C–D
( x 2 – 1)2 and sinC – sinC = 2cos – sin
dy 2 2
cos x 4x
=(log x)cos x – sin x log(log x ) – 2
dx x log x ( x – 1) 2 3
2 sin sin
2 2 3
25. We have y = (sin x)x + sin–1 x = 3 = tan 2
2 cos sin
Let u = (sin x)x and v = sin–1 x 2 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy du dv
y=u+v = +
dx dx dx d2 y 3 3 d
2 = sec
2 ·
consider u = (sin x)x dx 2 2 dx
Taking logarithms on both sides, we get
log u = x log sin x 3 3 1
= sec2 ·
Differential w.r.t. x, we get 2 2 2(sin 2 – sin )
1 du 1 d2 y
= x. .cos x + log sin x.1 3 3 1
u dx sin x
dx 2 = sec2 ·
4 4
du 2 sin – sin
= u(x cot x + log sin x) 2
dx
3 1 3
= .2 . =–
du 4 0 –1 2
= (sin x)x [x cot x + log sin x]
dx
dx
–1 28. x = 3 sint – sin3t = 3 cos t – 3 cos 3t
Now consider v = sin x dt
dy 1 1
dy
. 1x
= 2 y = 3 cos t – cos 3t = – 3 sint + 3 sin 3t
dx
1 x2
2 dt
dy dy / dt sin 3t – sin t
1 1 = = = cot 2t
= = dx dx / dt cos t – cos 3t
2 x 1 x 2 x x2 Diff. w.r.t. x
dy 1 d2 y dt
= (sin x)x [x cot x + log sin x] + 2
dx 2 x x2 2 = – 2 cosec 2t . dx
dx
–1 2
26. We have y = (cot x) 1
= – 2cosec22t .
dy –1 3(cos t – cos 3t )
Diff. w.r.t. x, we get = 2(cot–1x) ·
dx 1 x2
At t = ,
dy 3
(x2 + 1)2 = – 2cot–1x 1
dx d2 y 2 2
Again diff. w.r.t. x, we get = – 2cosec .
dx 2 3 3 cos 3 – cos
d2 y dy –1 2
2
(x + 1) + · 2x = –2 × 2 1 16
dx 2 dx 1 x2 = –2 . =–
3 1 27
3 1
d2 y dy 2
(x2 + 1) 2 + 2x(x2 + 1) =2
dx dx
MOD [32]
EXERCISE - 1 Section (B) :
B–1. (C) B–2. (C) B–3. (B) B–4. (D)
PART - I
Section (C) :
Section (A) : C–1. (B) C–2. (C) C–3. (D) C–4. (C)
2 2x + 3
A-1. (i) f(x) = 2x cos x (ii) f(x) = 2 e C–5.* (ABCD)
2 5 Section (D) :
A–2. (i) + + 7 sec2x
1 x2 D–1. (B) D–2.* (AB) D–3.* (AD)
3 x3
(ii) ex x (2 n x + 1 + x n x) Section (E) :
x2 E–1. (C) E–2. (D) E–3. (B) E–4.* (BCD)
1 x
(iii) sec x (iv) (v) sec2
(x sinx cos x)2 2 2 E–5.* (ABCD)
(n 1)x n 2 (n 2)x n 1 1 PART - III
A–3.
(1 x )2 1. (A) 2. (B) 3_. (D)
A–4. = 1, = 7
A–5. (2, 3] EXERCISE - 2
Section (B) : PART - I
B–1. (i) tan t (ii) – tan 3t
2. 2n
y x
ax hy g 2x y e e y 5. cosec2 x – (1/x 2)
B–3. (i) – (ii) y
hx by f x xe ex
3
b 9. a = 6, b = 6, c = 0;
B–4. 40
ab 2 ay
PART - II
Section (C) :
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (B)
cos x
C–1. (i) (n x)cos x sin xn( nx )
xnx 7. (A) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (C) 11. (B) 12. (B)
(ii) x x (1 + n x) – n2 . 2sinx . cos x 13. (C) 14. (C) 15. (BC) 16. (AC) 17. (CD)
1 1 n(nx )1 2 18. (BCD) 19. (ABCD) 20. (BC)
(iii) (x n x) n n x.
x n x
PART - III
dy 5 dy 2 1. (A) (p), (B) (q), (C) (r), (D) (s)
C–3. (i) = 2 (ii) =–
dx (1 25 x ) dx 1 x 2
2. (A) (s) (B) (r) (C) (s) (D) (p)
1
(iii) PART - IV
2 1 x2
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (C)
Section (D) :
1
EXERCISE - 3
1
D–1. (i) (ii)
2x 1 4x 2 2 PART - I
Section (E) : 1. (B) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (A)
8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (B, C)
E–4. (i) 15(ii) a = 1
PART - II
E–5. (i) e1/3 (ii) e 1 E–6. 1 E–7. 0
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (3) 6. (3)
PART - II
7. (4) 8. (4) 9. (1) 10. (4) 11. (1)
Section (A) :
A–1. (A) A–2. (A)
MOD [33]
PART - III cos x 1 –1
=– 2
=
d x a 2 (1 cos x ) 1 cos x
2 2 1 x
1. L.H.S. = dx 2 a x 2 sin a
d3 y
= (– 1) (– 1) (1 + cos x)–2 (– sin x)
dx 3
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 / 2 a2 1 1
= 1 . a x x. ( a x ) ( 2 x ) 2 . . – sin x
2 2 x2 a =
1 (1 cos x )2
a2
d3 y d2 y dy
1 2 2 x2 a2 1 Now ·
= a x + . dx 3 dx 2 dx
2 a 2 x 2 2 a2 x 2
– sin x –1 – sin x
= + ×
1 a2 x 2 x2 a2 (1 cos x )2 1 cos x 1 cos x
=
2 a2 x 2 a2 x 2
– sin x sin x
= =0
1 2 a2 x 2 (1 cos x)2
2
= 2 a x
a2 x 2 3x
23 x
4. f(x) = ...(1)
1 2 1 x
= a x2 a2 x2 = a2 x2
2 logf(x) = (2 + 3x) [log (3 + x) – log (1 + x)]
= R.H.S. Diff. w.r.t. x
1 sin x 1 sin x 1
2. Let y = tan–1 f '(x) = 3.[log(3 + x)
f(x)
1 sin x 1 sin x
Now 1 sin x 1 1
– log(1 + x)] + (2 + 3x) . 3 x – 1 x ...(2)
x x x x
= cos 2 sin 2 2 sin cos 2
2 2 2 2 3
Put : x = 0 in (1) and (2) to get f(0) = = 9
x x 1
= cos + sin
2 2
1 1 4
x x . f '(0) = 3[log3 – log1] + 2 3 – 1 = 3log3 –
Similarly 1 sin x = cos – sin 9 3
2 2
f '(0) = 27 log 3 – 12
x x x x
(cos 2 sin 2 ) (cos 2 sin 2 ) 5. y = {x + x 2 a 2 }n
y = tan –1
(cos x sin x ) (cos x sin x ) Put : u=x+
2 2 2 2 x2 a2
n
y=u
x
2 cos dy
2 x = nun–1 = n{x + x 2 a 2 }n–1
= tan –1
x = tan–1 cot 2 du
2 sin
2 du 1 –
1
and = 1 + (x2 + a2) 2 (2x)
dx 2
x x
= tan–1 tan 2 2 = 1 2 1
2 2 =1+
–
(x + a2) 2 (2x)
Diff. w.r.t. x 2
dy 1 x x x 2 a2
=– =1+ =
dx 2 x 2 a2 x 2 a2
3. y = log(1 + cos x) dy dy du
= ·
dy 1 – sin x dx du dx
= (– sinx) =
dx 1 cos x 1 cos x x x 2 a2
(1 cos x )·cos x – sin x(– sin x ) = n{x + x 2 a2 }n–1 ·
d2 y x 2 a2
= –
dx 2 (1 cos x )2 {x x2 a2 }n ny
2 2 =n = .
cos x cos x sin x 2 2
=– 2
x a x a2
2
(1 cos x )
MOD [34]
6. y = xx logy = xlogx
1 –1 d 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
=– · 2 2 · (x )
2 1 – (x ) dx
1 dy 1
· = 1·logx + x ·
y dx x 1 x
1
= · ·2x = .
dy 2 1 – x4 1 – x4
= y(1 + logx)
dx
diff.w.r.t . x ( x – 3)( x 2 4) x – 3. x2 4
9. y = =
d2 y dy 1 3x2 4x 5 3x2 4x 5
2 = dx (1 + logx) + y· x
dx 1 1
log y = log(x – 3) + log(x2 + 4)
dy 1 dy y 2 2
= · + [Using (1)]
dx y dx x 1
– log(3x2 + 4x + 5)
2 2
d2 y 1 dy y Diff. w.r.t. x
2 –
– =0
dx y dx x
1 dy 1 1
1 . = . .1
dy d 1/2 d –1/2 y dx 2 x–3
7. y = x+ = (x ) + x
x dx dx dx
1 1 1 1
1 1 + . 2 . 2x – . 2 (6x + 4)
1 1 2 x 4 2 3x 4 x 5
= · x–1/2 + – 2 x– 3/2 = –
2 2 x 2x x
1 1 x 3x 2
= . –
dy 1 2 x – 3 x 2 4 3x 2 4x 5
2x = x–
dx x
dy ( x – 3)( x 2 4)
dy 1 = .
2x + y = x – + y dx 3x2 4x 5
dx x
1 1 x 3x 2
1 1 2·x – 3 2 – 2
= x – x x 4 3x 4x 5
x x
10. Here y = x + tanx
dy Diff. w.r.t. x, we get
Hence, 2x +y= 2 x
dx
which is the reqd. result dy
= 1 + sec2 x
dx
1 x2 – 1 – x2 Again diff. w.r.t. x, we get
y = tan
–1
8. Here, 2 2 d2 y
1 x 1 – x = 0 + 2 secx · sec x tanx
dx 2
Put : x2 = cos
d2 y
1 cos – 1 – cos = 2sec2 x tan x
y = tan–1 dx 2
1 cos 1 – cos d2 y
LHS = cos2x 2 – 2y + 2x
dx
2 cos 2 – 2 sin 2 = cos2x · 2sec2x tanx – 2(x + tanx) + 2x
= tan–1 1
2 cos 2 sin = 2cos2x · · tanx – 2x – 2tanx + 2x
2 2 cos 2 x
= 2tanx – 2x – 2tanx + 2x
=0
1 – tan 2
= tan–1 = tan–1 tan – 1
1 tan 4 2 1 1
11. y = 2
x 1 – log x
2 x2
1
= – = – cos–1x2 1
4 2 4 2 x 2 1
Diff. w.r.t. x y= x 1 – log x
2
x2
dy 1 d
=0– · (cos–1x2) 1 x 2 1
dx 2 dx
y= 2
x 1 – log x
MOD [35]
1 x 2 1 sin –1 x
y= x 2 1 – log + log x
13. We have y = ...(1)
1– x2
Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get
Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1 1
(x2 + 1)–1/2 2x –
dx 2 1 1
1 x2 1 1– x2 · – sin –1 x· (1 – x 2 )1 / 2 ·(–2x )
dy 1– x 2 2
1 2 1 = 2
0 2 x 1
–1 / 2
2x dx 1 – x 2
x
x 1 x 1
= – x sin –1 x
2 2 2 x 1
x 1 1 x 1 x 1 dy 1 – x2
=
1 dx 1 – x2
x 1
= 1 –
x 2 1 1 x 2 1 x dy
(1 – x2) = 1 + xy
dx
x 1 x 2 1 – 1 1 Again differentiate w.r.t. x, we get
= d2 y
x 2 1 1 x 2 1 x (1 – x2)
dy dy
2 + dx . (– 2x) = 0 + x dx + y.1
.1
dx
x x2 1 1 x 1
= = d2 y dy dy
2
x 1 1 x 1 2 x 1 x 1 x
2 (1 – x2) 2 – 2x dx – x dx – y = 0
dx
12. We have y = xcotx + (sin x)x d2 y dy
Let u = xcotx and = (sin x)x (1 – x2) 2 – 3x dx – y = 0
dx
dy du d 14. We have y = ex (sinx + cosx)
y=u+
dx dx dx dy
Now u = xcotx = ex(cosx – sinx) + (sinx + cosx)ex
dx
log u = log xcotx = cotx logx = ex(cosx – sinx + sinx + cosx) = 2excosx
Differentiate w.r.t. x we get
d2 y
1 du 1 Now = 2ex(–sinx) + cosx · 2ex
= cos x + log x(1 – cosec2x) dx 2
u dx x
d2 y
du cot x = 2ex (– sinx + cosx)
= u( – cosec2x log x) dx 2
dx x
d2 y dy
du L.H.S. = 2 – 2 dx + 2y
cot x dx
= xcot x = – cos ec 2 x log x
dx x = 2ex(– sinx + cosx) – 4excosx + 2ex(sinx + cosx)
= 2ex(–sinx + cosx – 2cosx + sinx + cosx)
Now = (sin x)x
= 2ex × 0 = 0
log = log(sin x)x = x log sin x
Differentiate w.r.t. x we get 15. y = A emx + Benx
Diff. w.r.t. x, we get
1 d 1
=x· · cos x + logsin x · 1 dy
dx sin x = Aemx · m + Benx · n
dx
d
= (x cot x + logsin x) dy
dx = m A emx + nBenx
dx
d Again diff. w.r.t. x, we get,
= (sin x)x [x cot x + logsin x]
dx d2 y
= mAemx · m + nBenx · n
dx 2
dy cot x
Hence = xcotx – cos ec 2 x log x
dx x d2 y
= m2 A emx + n2Benx
+ (sin x)x [x cot x + logsin x] dx 2
d2 y dy
LHS = 2 – (m + n) + mny
dx dx
MOD [36]
= (m2Aemx + n2Bemx) – (m + n) (mAemx + nBemx
+ mn(Aemx + Benx)) 19. x = a cos log tan
LHS = m Ae + n Be – m2Aemx – mnBemx
2 mx 2 nx 2
– mnAemx – n2Bemx + mnAemx + mnBmx = 0
dy –3 sin log x 4 cos log x dx 1 2 1
16. = = a sin . sec .
dx x x d 2 2
tan
dy 2
x = – 3 sin log x + 4 cos log x
dx cos
dx 2 1 1
d2 y dy –3 cos log x 4 sin log x = a sin
. .
x – d 2 2
2 + = sin cos
dx dx x x 2 2
d2 y dy
x2 2 +x +y=0
dx dx dx 1
= a sin
2x – 3 1 – x 2 d 2 sin cos
17. We have y = cos –1
2 2
13
dx 1
Put x = sin = sin–1x = a sin
d sin
2 sin – 3 1 – sin 2
dx sin2 1 dx cos 2
y = cos–1 = a sin =a
13 d d
sin
2 sin – 3 cos dy
= cos–1 Now y = a sin = a cos
13 dx
2 3 dy dy / d a cos
= cos–1 sin – cos = =
13 13 dx dx / d a cos 2
dy sin sin
3 3
Let cos = = cos–1 = = tan
dx cos
13 13
2 d2 y du sin
9 4 = sec2 . = sec2 .
sin = 1 – cos 2 = 1 – = = dx 2 dx a cos2
13 13 13
y = cos–1[sin sin – cos cos ] 1 1
= sec2 .sec tan = tan sec2
= cos–1[–cos ( + ) = – ( + )] a a
3 1
y = – cos–1 – sin–1x 20. We have, x = tan a log y
13
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get x 1
tan–1x = logy a tan–1x = log y
a
dy 1 –1
=0– = Differentiating both side w.r.t. x, we get
2
dx 1– x 1– x2
1 1 dy dy
a· 2 = y dx (1 + x )
2
y x–y = ay
18. We have x = e 1 x dx
Taking logarithms on both sides, we get Again differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
log xy = log ex–y
y log x = (x – y) log e y log x = x – y d2 y dy dy
(1 + x2) 2
·2x = a
dx dx dx
x
y log x + y = x y =
1 log x d2 y dy dy
(1 + x2) 2 + 2x –a =0
dx dx dx
Diff. w.r.t. x, we get
1 d2 y dy
(1 log x )·1 – x 0 Hence, (1 + x2) 2 + (2x – a) =0
dy x dx dx
=
dx (1 log x ) 2
2
21. Given : log 1 x – x = y 1 x 2
1 log x – 1 log x
= 2 = Diff. w.r.t. x
(1 log x ) (1 log x ) 2
1 1
· ·2x – 1
1 x 2 – x 2 1 x 2
MOD [37]
dy x 1 dy
= 1 x2 + y · 2 = x cos y + log siny . 1
dx 1 x sin y dx
1 x2 x – 1 x2 dy dy
Multiply by 2 · – y tanx + log cosx = x cot y + log siny
1 x dx dx
1 x2 – x 1 x2
dy dy dy dy
= (1 + x2) + xy (1 + x2) + xy + 1 = 0 log cos x – x cot y = log siny + y tan x
dx dx dx dx
dy
22. Here y = a sin x + b cos x =a cos x – b sin x dy log sin y y tan x
dx =
dx log cos x – x cot y
2
dy
Now y +
2
25. We have x 1 y + y 1 x = 0
dx
= (a sin x + b cos x)2 + (a cos x – b sin x)2 x 1 y = – y 1 x s
= a2 sin2x + b2cos2x + 2ab sin x cos x + a2 cos2x x2 (1 + y) = y2 (1 + x) [Squaring both sides]
+ b2sin2x – 2ab sin x cos x x2 + x2y – y2 – xy2 = 0
= a2(sin2x + cos2x) + b2(cos2x + sin2x) = a2 + b2 x2 – y2 + x2y – xy2 = 0
x2 1 (x + y) (x – y) + xy(x – y) = 0
23. xx cos x + (x – y) (x + y + xy) = 0
x2 – 1
x – y = 0, x + y + xy = 0
dy du d x = y, y(1 + x) = – x
Let y = u + ...(i)
dx dx dx –x
xy y=
Here u = xx cos x ...(ii) 1 x
Taking log of both sides
log u = x cos x log x dy (1 x )·1 – x(0 1)
=–
diff. w.r.t. x, we get dx (1 x)2
1 du d d
= x cos x log x + log x (x cos x) dy [1 x – x] –1
u dx dx dx = – 2 =
dx (1 x ) (1 x)2
du
= u[x cos x × 1/x + log x [x(–sinx) + cos x × 1]] 26. Here x = a (cos + sin )
dx
= xxcos x [cos x – xlog x sinx + log x cos x] ...(iii) dx
= a[– sin + 1 · sin + cos ] = a cos
d
x2 1 and y = a(sin – cos )
=
x2 – 1
dy
diff. w.r.t. x, we get = a[cos – (1 · cos + · (–sin ))]
d
d d = a sin
d ( x 2 – 1) ( x 2 1) – ( x 2 1) ( x 2 – 1)
= dx dx
dx dy dy / d a sin
( x 2 – 1)2 = = tan
dx dx / d a cos
( x 2 – 1) 2x – ( x 2 1) 2x
2x x 2 – 1 – x 2 – 1 d2 y d d d
= =
2
( x – 1) 2
x 2
–1 2
dx 2 =
dx
(tan ) =
d
(tan ) ·
dx
d
–4 x 1 sec 3
...(iv) = sec2 · a cos =
dx 2
x –1 2
a
From (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) 27. Given : sin y = x sin(a + y) ...(i)
4x Diff. w.r.t. y
dy
=xx cos x[cosx–xlog x sin x+logx cosx]–
dx
dx
y
24. We have (cos x) = (sin y) x
2
x –1
2
cos y = dy sin(a + y) + x cos (a + y)
Taking logarithms on both sides,
dx
we get y log cos x = x log sin y · sin(a + y) = cos y – x cos(a + y)
Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get dy
1 dy sin y
y (– sin x) + log cos cos y – sin(a y ) · cos(a + y)
cos x dx
MOD [38]
sin(a y ) cos y – sin y cos( a y) 1 x2 1
= sin(a y ) 30. Let y = tan –1
x
sin(a y – y) sin a Put : x = tan
=
sin(a y ) sin(a y) 1 tan 2 1
sec 1
dy 1 sin( a y ) y = tan –1
tan = tan–1 tan
dx · sin(a y) =
sin a
2
dy sin2 (a y ) 1 cos 2 sin
= tan–1 2
dx sin a = tan–1
sin
2 sin cos
–1 –1 2 2
28. Consider x = a sin t , y = acos t ...(i)
Differentiating, w.r.t. we get 1
= tan–1 tan = = tan–1 x
–1 2 2 2
dx 1 –1 1 a sin t
·log a
·a sin t
·log a ·
dt sin– 1 t 2 dy 1 1
2 a 1– t 2 1– t2 = . .
dx 2 1 x2
dx x log a 31. Consider y = (tan–1 x)2
...(ii) [From (i)]
dt 2 1 – t 2 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy 1 dy
dy 1 –1 –1 = 2tan–1 x. 2 (1 + x )
2
= 2tan–1x
·a cos t
·log a · dx 1 x dx
and dt –1
2 acos t 1– t2 Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
–1 d2 y dy 2
– a cos t
·log a – y log a (1 + x2) (1 + x 2 ) 2
2 + 2x dx =
= ...(iii) [From (i)] dx 1 x2
2 1– t2 2 1– t2
d2 y 2
dy
dy dy dt – y log a 2 1 – t –y 2 2 + 2x(1 + x ) dx = 2
dx
dx dt dx
x log a
x
2 1 – t2 32. Given xm yn = (x + y)m + n
a cos –1
x
Taking log both side, we get
29. Given y = e ...(i) m log x + n log y = (m + n) log (x + y)
–a –ay Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy a cos –1 x
= e · [From (i)] 1 dy 1 dy
dx 1– x2 1– x2 1
m· + n · y · dx = (m + n) · · 1
x xy dx
dy
1– x2 · = – ay
dx m n dy m n m n dy
· = ·
Squaring both sides, we get x y dx x y x y dx
2
dy n m n dy m n m
(1 – x2) = a2y2 y – x y dx x y – x
dx
Differentiating, w.r.t. x, we get
nx ny – my – ny dy mx nx – mx – my
dy d2 y dy
2
dy y ( x y)
2 2
(1 – x ) dx ·
2 – 2x · = a2 2y · dx x ( x y)
dx dx dx
nx – my dy nx – my dy y
·
dy y ( x y ) dx x ( x y ) dx x
Dividing by 2 · , we get
dx
33. Given that y = log (x x 2 a 2 ) .....(i)
d2 y dy
2
(1 – x ) –x = a2y Differentiating (i) both sides, we get
dx 2 dx
dy 1 d
. (x x 2 a 2 )
dy d2 y dx x x 2 a 2 dx
(1 – x2) 2 – x – a2y = 0
dx dx
1 1
1 .2x
=
x x 2 a2 2 x 2 a2
MOD [39]
EXERCISE–I
Q.1 Find the derivative of the following functions w.r.t. x from the first principle :
cos (lnx), (sinx)cosx, logaC where a = xx & C is constant , sin x and cos–1(x2).
1 x2 1 x2
Q.2 Differentiate w. r. t. 1 x4 .
1 x2 1 x2
Q.3(a) Let f (x) = x2 4x 3, x > 2 and let g be the inverse of f. Find the value of g where f (x) = 2.
(b) Let f , g and h are differentiable functions. If f (0) = 1 ; g (0) = 2 ; h (0) = 3 and the derivatives of their
pair wise products at x = 0 are
(f g)'(0) = 6 ; (g h)'(0) = 4 and (h f)'(0) = 5
then compute the value of (fgh)'(0).
y
arc sin
2 2 x 2 y2 d 2y 2 (x 2 y 2 )
Q.4 If x y e . Prove that , x > 0.
d x2 (x y ) 3
1 dy 1
Q.5 If y = x + , prove that .
1 dx 2 x
x
x
1 1
x...............
x
1
x
x....................
2
Q.6 If x = cosec sin ; y = cosecn sinn , then show that ( x 2 4) d y n 2 ( y 2 4) 0 .
dx
dy
Q.7 If y = (cos x)lnx + (lnx)x find .
dx
dy x 2 1 y6
Q.8 If 1 x 6 1 y 6 = a3 . (x3 y3), prove that = .
dx y2 1 x 6
Q.9 Find the derivative with respect to x of the function :
2x
(logcosx sinx) (logsinx cosx)–1 + arcsin 2 at x = .
1 x 4
Q.10 If x = 2cost cos2t & y = 2sint sin2t , find the value of (d2y/dx2) when t = (/2).
u 1 1 1 dy
Q.11 If y = tan 1 & x = sec 1 , u 0, ,1 prove that 2 + 1 = 0.
1 u2
2
2u 1 2 2 dx
1 sin x 1 sin x dy ,
Q.12 If y = cot 1 , find if x 0, .
1 sin x 1 sin x dx 2 2
x 1 x dy
Q.13 If y = tan–1 + sin 2 tan 1 , then find
for x (–1, 1).
1 1 x2 1 x dx
dy 16 t (1 t 4 )
Q.14 If y = sec 4 x and x = tan–1(t), prove that = .
dt (1 6 t 2 t 4 ) 2
MOD [40]
(xa ) 4 ( xa )3 1 (xa ) 4 ( xa ) 2 1
Q.15 If f (x) = ( xb) 4 ( xb)3 1 then f (x) = . ( xb) 4 (xb) 2 1 . Find the value of .
( xc) 4 ( xc)3 1 (xc) 4 ( xc) 2 1
nx 2
Q.16 If [ f (x) ]3 = 3 K x2 – x3 then f (x) + = 0. Find the value of n in terms of K.
[f ( x )]5
x2 1
Q.17 If y = x x 2 1 ln x x 2 1 prove that 2y = xy' + ln y'. where ' denotes the derivative.
2 2
1 x2
Q.18(a) Find the derivative of cos 1 when < x < 0 , using the substitution x = tan .
1 x2
1 x2
(b) If f(x) = sin 1 , find f ‘(x) x R , clearly stating the point(s) where f(x) is not derivable.
2
1 x
Also draw the graph of y= f(x) and state its range and monotonic behaviour.
2 1 a b x d2y bsin x
Q.19 If y = tan tan , then show that
2 2
a bcosx 2
a 2 b2 ab dx
Q.20 If f : R R is a function such that f (x) = x3 + x2 f (1) + xf (2) + f (3) for all x R , then prove that
f (2) = f (1) f (0).
d2y dy
Q.21 If y = x ln [(ax)-1 + a–1], prove that x ( x 1) 2
x y 1.
dx dx
cos(x x 2 ) sin (x x 2 ) cos(x x 2 )
If f(x) = sin(x x ) cos (x x ) sin (x x ) then find f'(x).
2 2 2
Q.22
sin 2x 0 sin 2x 2
1
Q.23 Let f (x) = x + .
1
2x
1
2x
2 x .........
Compute the value of f (100) · f ' (100).
2
3 d 2y dy
Q.24 If (a + bx) ey/x = x , then prove that x 2
x y .
dx
dx
d2 y
Q.25 If y–2 = 1 2 2 cos 2 x , prove that y(3y 2 1) (7 y 2 1)
dx 2
EXERCISE–II
ex xe ex dy
Q.1 If y = e x e x x e . Find .
dx
dy sin a
Q.2 If sin y = x sin (a + y) , show that = .
dx 1 2 x cos a x 2
MOD [41]
Q.3 If be a repeated root of a quadratic equation f(x) = 0 & A(x) , B(x) , C(x) be the polynomials of
A (x ) B (x ) C (x )
degree 3, 4 & 5 respectively , then show that A ( ) B ( ) C ( ) is divisible by f(x), where dash
A' ( ) B' ( ) C' ( )
denotes the derivative.
1 1 1 1
Q.4 If y = tan 1 2
tan 1 2
tan 1 2
tan 1 2
+ ........ to n terms.
x x 1 x 3x 3 x 5x 7 x 7x 13
Find dy/dx , expressing your answer in 2 terms.
cos 3x dy 6
Q.5 If y = arc cos . Express explicitly and then show that =
cos3 x dx cos2x cos4x , sinx > 0.
2
Q.6
y
1 tan 2
If x = tan 1n
y
. Show that d y = 1 sin y (1 + sin y + cos y).
y dx 2
2 tan 2
1 d 2f 3 dy
2
4 d y
Q.7 If x = and y = f(x), show that : 2z z
z dx 2 dz dz 2
Q.8 Prove that if | a1 sin x + a2sin 2x + .......+ ansin nx | | sin x | for x R, then
| a1 + 2a1 + 3a3 + ...... + nan | 1
x y yx dy
Q.9 If y = ln x e a find .
dx
dy y
Q.10 If x4 + 7x2y2 + 9y4 = 24 xy3 , show that = .
dx x
g( x ), x0
Q.11 Let g(x) be a polynomial, of degree one & f(x) be defined by f(x) = 1/ x .
1 x , x 0
Find the continuous function f(x) satisfying f (1) = f(1) 2x
sin x
Q.12 Let f (x) = if x 0 and f (0) = 1. Define the function f ' (x) for all x and find f '' (0) if it exist.
x
x d2 y dy
Q.13 Show that the substitution z = ln tan changes the equation 2 cot x 4 y cos ec 2 x 0 to
2 dx dx
(d2y/dz2) + 4 y = 0.
3/ 2
1
dy 2
dx 1 1
Q.14 Show that R = 2 can be reduced to the form R2/3 = 2/3 . 2/3
d y
d2y d2x
dx 2 dx 2 dy2
Also show that, if x=a sin2(1+cos2) & y=acos2 (1– cos2) then the value of R equals to 4a cos3.
x1 x2 . x x3 . x 2
Q.15 If y=1+ x x + ( x x )(x x ) + +..... upto (n + 1) terms then prove that
1 1 2 ( x x1 )(x x 2 )(x x 3 )
dy y x1 x2 x3 xn
= ...
dx x x1 x x 2 x x 3 x xn x
MOD [42]
a x bx cx
Q.16 Let f (x) = x m x n x . Show that f (x) = 0 and that f (x) = f (0) + k x where k denotes
px qx rx
the sum of all the co-factors of the elements in f (0).
dy
Q.17 If y = logu cos4x + sinx, where u = sec2x , find .
d x x / 6
R| a a b c
2 2 2 U|
Q.18 If y =
1
cos1 S| b c V| & = a + b cos x + c sin x ; prove that dy 1
= .
a 2 b2 c2 T 2 2
W dx
sin 2 n x
Q.19 Prove that cosx + cos3x + cos5x +.....+ cos (2n 1) x = , x K , K I and deduce from
2 sin x
this : sinx +3sin3x+5sin5x +....+ (2n 1) sin (2n 1) x =
(2n 1) sin (2n 1) x (2n 1) sin (2n 1)x .
4 sin 2 x
Q.20 Find a polynomial function f (x) such that f (2x) = f ' (x) f " (x).
Q.21 If Y = sX and Z = tX, where all the letters denotes the functions of x and suffixes denotes the differentiation
w.r.t. x then prove that
X Y Z
X1 Y1 Z1 s1 t1
= X3 s t2
X2 Y2 Z2 2
xy
Q.22 Let f : R (, ) be a derivable function such that f (x) + f (y) = f .
1 xy
f (x)
If f (1) = & Limit
x0 = 2 , find f (x).
2 x
x y f (x) f (y)
Q.23 Let f(x) be a derivable function at x = 0 & f = (k R , k 0, 2). Show that f(x)
k k
is either a zero or an odd linear function.
Q.24 If f(x + y) = f(x) · f(y) for x, y R & f(x) is differentiable everywhere then find f(x).
f ( x y) f ( x ) f ( y) a
Q.25 Let = + xy for all real x and y. If f (x) is differentiable and f (0) exists for all
2 2
real permissible values of 'a' and is equal to 5a 1 a 2 . Prove that f (x) is positive for all real x.
EXERCISE–III
Evalute the following limits using L’Hospital’s Rule or otherwise :
Lim
1 1 x2 Lim x cos x 1 n (1 x)
Q.1 1
Q.2
x 0 x sin x x 2 x 0 x2
Lim 1 1 a x xa
Q.3 x 0 x 2 sin 2 x Q.4 If Lim
x a x x a a
1 find ‘a’.
MOD [43]
1 sin x cos x l n (1 x )
Q.5 Lim Q.6 Lim log (tan2 2x)
x 0 x·tan2 x x 0 tan 2 x
(a b cos x ) x c sin x
Q.7 Determine the values of a, b and c so that Lim =1
x 0
x5
FG sin x IJ x
2
H xK
3
sin x
3x n
Lim sin x (sin x )
Q.8 x 2 1 sin x 1n (sin x)
Q.9 Lim
x 0 bx sin xg b1 cos xg
Q.10 Find the value of f(0) so that the function f(x)= 1 2
2x
, x 0 is continuous at x = 0 & examine the
x e 1
differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.
sin (3x 2 )
Q.11 Lim
x 0 ln.cos(2x 2 x )
a sin x bx cx 2 x 3
Q.12 If Lim
x 0 exists & is finite, find the values of a, b, c & the limit.
2x 2.ln (1 x ) 2 x 3 x 4
x
1sin
x
n sin 2
2
for x 1
Q.13 Given f (x) = 2sin x 1 cos 2 x 1
2 2 ; where h (x) = sin–1 (sgn (x)) &
1 g( h( x )) for x 1
3
g (x) = x + { x} + [x], where {x} is the fractional part of x, [x] is the integral part of x & sgn (x) is the
signum of (x). Discuss the continuity of f in (– , 2).
Q.14 Given a real valued function f(x) as follows:
f (x) =
x 2 2 cos x 2
for x < 0; f (0) =
1
& f (x) =
sin x n e x cos x
for x > 0. Test the continuity
x4 12 6 x2
and differentiability of f(x) at x = 0.
EXERCISE–IV
axex b ln (1 x ) cxe x
Q.1 (a) Find the values of constants a, b & c so that Lim 2.
x 0 x 2 sin x
loge x
(b) Find the differential coefficient of the function f(x) = logx sinx2 + sin x 2 w.r.t. x 1
[ REE '97, 6 + 6]
ax 2 bx c y 1 a b c
Q.2 If y = 1 , Prove that
(x a )(x b)(x c) (x b)(x c) (x c) y x a x b x c x
[ JEE’98, 8 ]
x 2 x
Q.3 If f (x) = , then find the domain and the range of f . Show that f is one-one. Also find the function
x 2 2x
d f 1 (x)
dx and its domain. [ REE '99, 6 ]
MOD [44]
Q.4(a) If x2 + y2 = 1, then :
(A) y y 2 (y)2 + 1 = 0 (B) y y+ (y)2 + 1 = 0
(C) y y (y)2 1 = 0 (D) y y+ 2 (y)2 + 1 = 0
[ JEE 2000, Screening, 1 out of 35 ]
(b) Suppose p (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ...... + an xn . If p (x) ex 1 1 for all x 0 prove that
a1 + 2 a2 + ...... + n an 1 . [ JEE 2000 (Mains) 5 out of 100 ]
Q.5(a) If ln (x + y) = 2xy, then y ' (0) =
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 0
[ JEE 2004 (Scr.)]
1 x c 1
b sin 2 , x0
2
1
(b) f (x) = at x 0 .
2ax / 2
e 1 1
, 0x
x 2
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 and | c | < 1/2 then find the value of 'a' and prove that 64b2 = 4 – c2.
[JEE 2004, 4 out of 60]
Q.6(a) If y = y(x) and it follows the relation x cos y + y cos x = , then y"(0)
(A) 1 (B) – 1 (C) (D) –
(b) If P(x) is a polynomial of degree less than or equal to 2 and S is the set of all such polynomials so that
P(1) = 1, P(0) = 0 and P'(x) > 0 x [0, 1], then
(A) S = (B) S = {(1 – a)x2 + ax, 0 < a < 2
2
(C) (1 – a)x + ax, a (0, ) (D) S = {(1 – a)x2 + ax, 0 < a < 1
[ JEE 2005 (Scr.)]
(c) If f (x – y) = f (x) · g (y) – f (y) · g (x) and g (x – y) = g (x) · g (y) + f (x) · f (y) for all x, y R. If right
hand derivative at x = 0 exists for f (x). Find derivative of g (x) at x = 0. [JEE 2005 (Mains), 4]
Q.7
For x > 0, Lim sin x 1 / x 1 x sin x is
x 0
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 2
[JEE 2006, 3 (–1)]
MOD [45]
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE–I
1 1 x 4 1n(cos x) x 1
tan x 1nx 1nx
Q 2. Q 3. (a) 1/6 ; (b) 16 Q 7. Dy = (cosx)lnx x
1n(1nx )
x6 1nx
32 8 1 1 1 2x
Q 9. 2 Q 10. 3 Q 12. or Q 13. Q 15. 3 Q 16. n = 2K2
16 1n 2 2 2 2 2 1 x2
2
Q 18. (a) ; (b) {0} , range , Q.22 2(1 + 2x) . cos 2(x + x2) Q.23 100
1 x2 2 2
EXERCISE–II
x
ex e
x xe ex x 1
dy xe e
Q 1. = e .x e x1nx e x x e1 x x [1 e1nx ] x e e e e x1nx
dx x x
1 1 y x n x x n x . n y 1
Q 4. Q.5 y = sin–1( 3 tan x) Q9. .
1 ( x n ) 1 x 2
2 x n x ( 1 x y n a )
2 1 3
l n x if x 0 x cos x sin x
3 6 2 if x 0 1
Q 11. f (x) = Q.12 f ' (x) = x2 ; f '' (0) = –
1/ x 3
1 x 0 if x 0
if x 0
2x
d y 3(12 1n2) 4x 3
Q.17 dx = Q.20 Q 22. f(x) = 2 tan1 x Q 24. f(x) = 0 or f(x) = ekx
1n4 9
EXERCISE–III
5 1 1 1
Q 1. Q 2. Q 3. Q 4. a = 1 Q 5. Q 6. 1
6 2 3 2
Q 7. a = 120; b = 60; c = 180 Q 8. 2 Q 9 – 2/5
Q.10 f (0) = 1 ; differentiable at x = 0, f(0 ) = (1/3) ; f(0) = (1/3)
+ Q 11. 6
3
Q 12. a = 6 , b = 6 , c = 0 ; Q 13. f is discont. only at x = 0 in (– , 2)
40
Q 14. f is cont. but not derivable at x = 0
EXERCISE–IV
Q.1 (a) a = 3, b = –12, c = 9
2 x 1
(b) [ln2(x) · (sin x2)ln x (2x2 lnx . cot x2 + ln (sin x2)) + 2x2 . ln x (cot x2) ln (sin x2)]
x n 2 x
d 1 3
Q.3 Domain of f (x) = R { 2, 0} ; Range of f (x)= R { 1/2, 1} ; [f ( x )] =
dx (1 x)2
Domain of f 1 (x) = R { 1/2, 1} Q.4 (a) B Q.5 (a) A; (b) a = 1
Q.6 (a) C; (b) B; (c) g ' (0) = 0 Q.7 C
MOD [46]
Type (I) : Very Short Answer Type Questions : [01 Mark Each]
1. Using differentials, find the approximate value of 26 .
2. Varify Rolle’ Theorem for the function f(x) = x3 – 7x2 + 16x – 12 in the interval [2, 3]
3. The surface area of a spherical bubble is increasing at the rate of 2cm2/sec. Find the rate at which the volume
of the bubble is increasing at the instant its radius is 6 cm.
4. If y = x4 – 10 and if x changes from 2 to 1.97, using differentials, find the approximate change in y.
5. Using differentials, find the approximate value of (82)1/4 upto 3 place of decimal.
Type (II) : Short Answer Type Questions : [02 Marks Each]
2
6. If the distance s is given by s = at + bt + c, where t is time and a, b, c are constants, prove that
4a(s – c) = v 2 – b2 , where v denotes the velocity.
7. Using Rolle’s theorem, find the points on the curve y = 16 – x2, x [–1, 1], where the tangent is parallel to
the x-axis.
8. At what points on the curve x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0, is the tangent parallel to y-axis ?
9. Verify Lagrange’s Mean value theorem for the function f(x) = x 2 4 in the interval [2, 4].
10. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve x2 + 3y – 3 = 0, which is parallel to the line y = 4x – 5.
2
i 11. A particle moves along the curve y = x3 + 1. Find the points on the curve at which the y-coordinate is
3
changing twice as first as x-coordinate.
12. The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 7 cubic centimeters per second. How fast is the surface of
the cube increasing when the length of an edge is 12 centimeters ?
Type (III) : Long Answer Type Questions: [04 Mark Each]
2 2 2 2
13. Show that the curves xy = a and x + y = 2a touch each other.
x
14. Find the intervals on which the function f(x) = is
1 x2
(a) increasing, (b) decreasing.
–x
x y
15. Prove that the line = 1 is a tangent to the curve y = be a at the point where the curve cuts y-axis.
a b
16. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve 16x 2 + 9y2 = 144 at (x1, y1), where x1 = 2 and
y1 > 0. Also, find the points of intersection where both tangent and normal cut the x-axis.
17. The two equal sides of an isosceles triangle with fixed base b cm are decreasing at the rate of 3 cm/sec. How
fast is the area decreasing when the two equal sides are equal to the base ?
18. A point source of light along a straight road is a height of ‘a’ metres. A boy ‘b’ metres in height is walking
along the road. How fast is his shadow increasing if he is walking away from the light at the rate of c metres
per minute ?
19. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve
x = 1 – cos : y = – sin at =
.
4
Type (IV) : Very Long Answer Type Questions: [06 Mark Each]
20. A wire of length 36 cm is cut into two pieces. One of the pieces is turned in the form of a square and the other
in the form of an equilateral triangle. Find the length of each piece so that the sum of the areas of the two be
minimum.
21. An open box with a square base is to be made out of a given iron sheet of area 27 sq. m. Show that the
maximum volume of the box is 13.5 cu. m.
22. Find the intervals in which the function f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1 is strictly increasing or decreasing. Also
find the points on which the tangents are parallel to the x-axis.
AOD [85]
23. Find the largest possible area of the right-angled triangle whose hypotenuse is 5 cm.
24. If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and a side of a right-angled triangle is given, show that the area
of the triangle is maximum when the angle between them is .
3
x2 y 2
25. Find the maximum area of an isosceles triangle inscribed in the ellipse = 1, with its vertex at one
25 16
end of the major axis.
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Section (A) : Rate of change, Approximation
A-1. The length x of rectangle is decreasing at a rate of 3 cm/min and width y is increasing at a rate of 2 cm/
min. When x = 10 cm and y = 6 cm, find the rate of change of (i) the perimeter, (ii) the area of rectangle.
A-2. x and y are the sides of two squares such that y = x – x 2 . Find the rate of change of the area of the
second square with respect to the first square.
A-3. A man 1.5 m tall walks away from a lamp post 4.5 m high at a rate of 4 km/hr.
(i) How fast is his shadow lengthening?
(ii) How fast is the farther end of shadow moving on the pavement?
A-4. If the radius of a sphere is measured as 8 cm with an error of 0.03 cm, then find the approximate error
in calculating its volume.
Section (B) : Tangent, Normal, Angle between curves, Orthogonality of Curves, Shortest
distance, Length of Tangent & Normal
B-1. Find the equation of normal to the curve x 3 + y3 = 8xy at point where it is meet by the curve y 2 = 4x,
other than origin.
B-2. If the tangent to the curve xy + ax + by = 0 at (1, 1) is inclined at an angle tan –1 2 with x-axis, then find
a and b ?
B-3. The normal to the curve 5x5 – 10x3 + x + 2y + 6 = 0 at the point P(0, –3) is tangent to the curve at the point(s).
Find those point(s)?
B-4. Prove that the length of segment of all tangents to curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 intercepted between coordinate
axes is same.
B-5. Find equations of tangents drawn to the curve y 2 – 2x 2 – 4y+ 8 = 0 from the point (1, 2).
B-6. If the tangent at (1, 1) on y 2 = x(2 – x)2 meets the curve again at P, then find coordinates of P
B-7. Find angle of intersection of the curves y = 2 sin 2x and y = cos 2x.
B-8. Let f(x) and g(x) be two functions which cut each other orthogonally at their common point of intersection
(x 1). Both f(x) and g(x) are equal to 0 at x = x 1 . Also |f(x 1)| = |g(x 1)|, then find im [f(x) . g(x)], where
x x1
[.] denotes greatest integer functions.
B-9. Find the point on hyperbola 3x 2 – 4y2 = 72 which is nearest to the straight line 3x + 2y + 1 = 0
B-10. Find the shortest distance between the curves f(x) = – 6x 6 – 3x 4 – 4x 2 – 6 and g(x) = ex + e–x + 2
B-11. For parabola y2 = 4ax, prove that the ratio of subtangent to abscissa is constant. Also find the ratio.
Section (C) : Monotonicity on an interval, Monotonicity about a point
x
C-1. Show that f(x) = – n (1 + x) is an increasing function for x > – 1.
1 x
C-2. Find the intervals of monotonicity for the following functions.
x 4 x3
(i) – 3x 2 + 5 (ii) log32 x + log3x
4 3
AOD [86]
C-3. Check monotonocity at following points for
(i) f(x) = x 3 – 3x + 1 at x = –1, 2
(ii) f(x) = | x – 1 | + 2 | x – 3 | – | x + 2 | at x = – 2, 0, 3, 5
C-4. Find the values of ‘a’ for which the function f(x) = (a + 2) x3 – 3ax2 + 9ax – 1 decreases for all real values
of x.
x 2 x 0
C-5. Let f(x) = . Find real values of 'a' such that f(x) is strictly monotonically increasing at x = 0.
ax x 0
C-6. If g(x) is monotonically increasing and f(x) is monotonically decreasing for x R and if (gof) (x) is
defined for x R, then prove that (gof)(x) will be monotonically decreasing function. Hence prove that
(gof) (x + 1) (gof) (x – 1).
tan x 2 x2
C-7. Prove the inequality, tan x > x for 0 < x 1 < x 2 < .
1 1 2
3x
C-8. For x 0, identify which is greater (2sinx + tanx) or (3x). Hence find lim where
2 x 0 2 sin x tan x
[ . ] denote the GIF.
C-9. Let f and g be differentiable on R and suppose f(0) = g(0) and f(x) g(x) for all x 0. Then show that
f(x) g(x) for all x 0.
Section (D) : Local maxima, Local minima, Global maxima, Global minima, Application of
Maxima and Minima
D-1. Find the points of local maxima/minima of following functions
(i) f(x) = 2x 3 – 21x 2 + 36x – 20 (ii) f(x) = – (x – 1)3 (x + 1)2
(iii) f(x) = x nx
D-2. Find the absolute maximum/minimum value of following functions
(i) f(x) = x 3 ; x [–2, 2]
(ii) f(x) = sinx + cosx ; x [0, ]
x2 9
(iii) f(x) = 4x – ; x 2,
2 2
(iv) f(x) = 3x 4 – 8x 3 + 12x 2 – 48x + 25 ; x [0, 3]
1
(v) f (x) = sin x + cos 2 x ; x 0 ,
2 2
D-3. Draw graph of f(x) = x|x – 2| and, hence find points of local maxima/minima.
D-4. Let f(x) = x 2 ; x [– 1, 2). Then show that f(x) has exactly one point of local maxima but global
maximum is not defined.
D-5. Find the minimum and maximum values of y in 4x2 + 12xy + 10y2 – 4y + 3 = 0.
3 x 0 x 1
D-6. Let f(x) = 2 . Find the set of values of b such that f(x) has a local minima at x = 1.
x nb x 1
D-7. John has 'x' children by his first wife and Anglina has 'x + 1' children by her first husband. They both marry
and have their own children. The whole family has 24 children. It is given that the children of the same parents
don't fight. Then find then maximum number of fights that can take place in the family.
D-8. If the sum of the lengths of the hypotenuse and another side of a right angled triangle is given, show
that the area of the triangle is a maximum when the angle between these sides is /3.
D-9. Find the volume of the largest cylinder that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius ' r ' cm.
D-10. Show that the semi vertical angle of a right circular cone of maximum volume, of a given slant height is
tan1 2 .
AOD [87]
D-11. A running track of 440 m. is to be laid out enclosing a football field, the shape of which is a rectangle
with semi circle at each end . If the area of the rectangular portion is to be maximum, find the length of
its sides.
D-12. Find the area of the largest rectangle with lower base on the x-axis and upper vertices on the curve
y = 12 x² .
D-13. Find the dimensions of the rectangle of perimeter 36 cm which will sweep out a volume as large as
possible when revolved around one of its side .
Section (E) : Curvature, Points of inflection,
E-1. Find number of point of inflection for the following functions
(i) f(x) = (x – 1)3 (x– 2)2 (ii) f(x) = x + sin x in (0, 2)
E-2. Show that the locus of point of inflection of the curve y = x sin x is y 2 (4 + x 2) = 4x 2
Section (F) : Rolle's Theorem, LMVT
x 2 ab
F-1. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function, f(x) = log e x(a b) + p, for [a, b] where 0 < a < b.
F-2. Using Rolle’s theorem prove that the equation 3x 2 + px – 1 = 0 has at least one real root in the
interval (– 1, 1).
F-3. If a, b are two real numbers with a < b show that a real number 'c' can be found between a and b such
that 3c2 = b2 + ab + a2.
F-4. Let f(x) be differentiable function and g(x) be twice differentiable function. Zeros of f(x), g(x) be a, b respec-
tively (a < b). Show that there exists at least one root of equation f(x) g(x) + f(x) g(x) = 0 on (a, b).
2
F-5_. If f(x) = tanx, x 0, 5 then show that 5 f 5 5
F-6_. Show that the equation x = a sin x + b where 0 < a < 1 , b > 0, has at least one positive root
PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
Section (A) : Rate of change, Approximation
A-1. Water is poured into an inverted conical vessel of which the radius of the base is 2 m and height 4 m, at
the rate of 77 litre/minute. The rate at which the water level is rising at the instant when the depth is 70
cm is (use = 22/7)
(A) 10 cm/min (B) 20 cm/min (C) 40 cm/min (D) none
A-2 On the curve x 3 = 12y. The interval in which abscissa changes at a faster rate then its ordinate
(A) (0, 2) (B) (–, –2) (2, ) (C) (–2, 2) (D) none of these
A-3. Using differentials, find the approximate value of 25.2 .
(A) 5.02 (B) 5.01 (C) 5.03 (D) 5.04
A-4. The approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x meters caused by increasing the side by 4% is
(A) 0.06x3m3 (B) 0.09x3m3 (C) 0.12x3m3 (D) 0.15x3m3
A-5. A kite is 300 m high and there are 500 m of cord out. If the wind moves the kite horizontally at the rate
of 5 km/hr. directly away from the person who is flying it, find the rate at which the cord is being paid?
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 3 (D) cannot be determined
AOD [88]
Section (B) : Tangent, Normal, Angle between curves, Orthogonality of Curves, Shortest
distance, Length of Tangent & Normal
B-1. Equation of the normal to the curve y = x + 2 at the point of its intersection with the curve
y = tan (tan 1 x) is
(A) 2x y 1 = 0 (B) 2x y + 1 = 0 (C) 2x + y 3 = 0 (D) none
B-2. The curve y exy + x = 0 has a vertical tangent at
(A) (1, 1) (B) (0, 1) (C) (1, 0) (D) no point
B-3. If the tangent to the curve x = a ( + sin ), y = a (1 + cos ) at = makes an angle (0 < ) with
3
x-axis, then =
2 5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 6 6
B-4. Number of tangents drawn from the point (–1/2, 0) to the curve y = e{x}. (Here { } denotes fractional part
function).
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 4
B-5*. If tangent to curve 2y 3 = ax 2 + x 3 at point (a, a) cuts off intercepts , on co-ordinate axes, where
2 + 2 = 61, then the value of 'a' is equal to
(A) 20 (B) 25 (C) 30 (D) 30
x 3 5x 2
B-6*. The co-ordinates of point(s) on the graph of the function, f(x) = + 7x – 4 where the tangent
3 2
drawn cut off intercepts from the co-ordinate axes which are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, is
(A) (2, 8/3) (B) (3, 7/2) (C) (1, 5/6) (D) none
B-7. If curve y = 1 – ax 2 and y = x 2 intersect orthogonally then the value of a is
(A) 1/2 (B) 1/3 (C) 2 (D) 3
B-8. The coordinates of the point of the parabola y 2 = 8x , which is at minimum distance from the circle
x 2 + (y + 6)2 = 1 are
(A) (2 , 4) (B) (18 , 12) (C) (2 , 4) (D) none of these
B-9*. The co-ordinates of a point on the parabola 2y = x 2 which is nearest to the point (0, 3) is
(A) (2, 2)
(B) 2, 1 (C) 2, 1 (D) (– 2, 2)
Section (C) : Monotonicity an on interval, Monotonicity about a point
x 1|
C-1. The function is monotonically decreasing at the point
x2
(A) x = 3 (B) x = 1 (C) x = 2 (D) none of these
p4
C-2. The values of p for which the function f(x) = 1 x 5 – 3x + ln 5 decreases for all real x is
1 p
3 21
(A) (– , ) (B) 4, (1, )
2
5 27
(C) 3, (2, ) (D) [1, )
2
C-3*. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(A) x + sinx is increasing function
(B) sec x is neither increasing nor decreasing function
(C) x + sinx is decreasing function
(D) sec x is an increasing function
AOD [89]
2
C-4*. If f(x) = 2x + cot –1 x + n 1 x x , then f(x) :
(A) increases in [0, ) (B) decreases in [0, )
(C) neither increases nor decreases in [0, ) (D) increases in (– , )
C-5*. Let g(x) = 2f(x/2) + f(1 – x) and f(x) < 0 in 0 x 1 then g(x)
2 2
(A) decreases in 0, (B) decreases , 1
3 3
2 2
(C) increases in 0, (D) increases in , 1
3 3
Section (D) : Local maxima, Local minima, Global maxima, Global minima, Application of
Maxima and Minima
D-1. If f(x) = 1 + 2 x 2 + 4 x 4 + 6 x 6 +...... + 100 x 100 is a polynomial in a real variable x, then f(x) has:
(A) neither a maximum nor a minimum (B) only one maximum
(C) only one minimum (D) one maximum and one minimum
D-2. If f(x) = sin3x + sin2 x ; –/2 < x < /2, then the interval in which should lie in order that f(x) has
exactly one minima and one maxima
3
(A) (–3/2, 3/2) – {0} (B) (–2/3, 2/3) – {0} (C) R (D) , 0
2
D-3. The greatest, the least values of the function, f(x) = 2 1 2x x2 , x [21] are respectively
(A) 2, 1 (B) 2, 1 (C) 2, 0 (D) none
D-4. If f(x) = a n |x| + bx 2 + x has its extremum values at x = – 1 and x = 2, then
(A) a = 2, b = – 1 (B) a = 2, b = – 1/2 (C) a = – 2, b = 1/2 (D) none of these
D-5*. Let f(x) = (x 2 1)n (x 2 + x + 1). f(x) has local extremum at x = 1 if
(A) n = 2 (B) n = 3 (C) n = 4 (D) n = 6
x
D-6*. If f(x) = , x 0, , then
1 x tan x 2
(A) f(x) has exactly one point of minima (B) f(x) has exactly one point of maxima
(C) f(x) is increasing in 0, (D) maxima occurs at x 0 where x 0 = cosx 0
2
1 x 2 , 0 x 1
D-7*. If f(x) = , then
x , x 1
(A) Maximum of f(x) exist at x = 1 (B) Maximum of f (x) doesn't exists
(C) Minimum of f –1(x) exist at x = – 1 (D) Minimum of f –1(x) exist at x = 1
D-8*. If f(x) = tan–1x – (1/2) n x. Then
(A)
the greatest value of f(x) on 1/ 3 , 3 is /6 + (1/4) n 3
(B)
the least value of f(x) on 1/ 3 , 3 is /3 – (1/4) n 3
(C) f(x) decreases on (0, )
(D) f(x) increases on (– , 0)
D-9. Let f(x) = (1 + b2)x 2 + 2bx + 1 and let m(b) be the minimum value of f(x). As b varies, the range of m(b)
is
1 1
(A) [0, 1] (B) 0, (C) , 1 (D) (0, 1]
2 2
AOD [90]
D-10. The radius of a right circular cylinder of greatest curved surface which can be inscribed in a given right
circular cone is
(A) one third that of the cone (B) 1/ 2 times that of the cone
(C) 2/3 that of the cone (D) 1/2 that of the cone
D-11. The dimensions of the rectangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in the ellipse
(x/4)2 + (y/3)2 = 1 are
(A) 8, 2 (B) 4, 3 (C) 2 8 , 3 2 (D) 2 , 6
D-12. The largest area of a rectangle which has one side on the xaxis and the two vertices on the curve
2
y= e x is
(A) 2 e 1/2 (B) 2 e 1/2 (C) e 1/2 (D) none
D-13. The maximum distance of the point (k, 0) from the curve 2x 2 + y2 – 2x = 0 is equal to
(A) 1 2k k 2 (B) 1 2k 2k 2 (C) 1 2k 2k 2 (D) 1 2k k 2
Section (E) : Curvature, Points of inflection, Inequalities
E-1. The curve y = f(x) which satisfies the condition f (x) > 0 and f (x) < 0 for all real x, is:
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3x 2
E-2. For which values of ‘a’ will the function f(x) = x4 + ax3 + + 1 will be concave upward along the entire
2
real line
(A) a [0, ) (B) a (–2, ) (C) a [–2, 2] (D) a (0, )
E-3. If the point (1, 3) serves as the point of inflection of the curve y = ax 3 + bx 2 then the value of 'a' and 'b'
are:
(A) a = 3/2 & b = 9/2 (B) a = 3/2 & b = 9/2
(C) a = 3/2 & b = 9/2 (D) a = 3/2 & b = 9/2
1
E-4. If f(x) = n (x – 2) – , then
x
(A) f(x) is M.. for x (2, ) (B) f(x) is M.. for x [– 1, 2]
(C) f(x) is always concave downwards (D) f –1(x) is M.. wherever defined
Section (F) : Rolle's Theorem, LMVT
F-1. The function f(x) = x 3 – 6x 2 + ax + b satisfy the conditions of Rolle's theorem on [1, 3]. Which of these
are correct ?
(A) a =11, b R (B) a = 11, b = – 6 (C) a = –11, b = 6 (D) a = – 11, b R
F-2. The function f(x) = x(x + 3)e–x/2 satisfies all the conditions of Rolle's theorem on [–3, 0]. The value of c
which verifies Rolle's theorem, is
(A) 0 (B) – 1 (C) – 2 (D) 3
F-3. If f(x) satisfies the requirements of Lagrange’s mean value theorem on [0, 2] and if f(0) = 0 and
1
f(x) x [0, 2], then
2
(A) | f(x) | 2 (B) f(x) 1
(C) f(x) = 2x (D) f(x) = 3 for at least one x in [0, 2]
AOD [91]
PART - III : ASSERTION / REASONING
x2 y2 x2 y2
1. Statement 1 : The curves – = 1 and + = 1 are orthogonal, for b (–1,1).
a2 b2 1 a2 1 – b2
Statement 2 : ax2 + by2 = 1 and Ax2 + By2 = 1 are orthogonal iff ab(A – B) = AB(a – b).
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
2. STATEMENT-1 : If f(x) is increasing function with concavity upwards, then concavity of f –1(x) is also
upwards.
STATEMENT-2 : If f(x) is decreasing function with concavity upwards, then concavity of f –1(x) is also
upwards.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
3. STATEMENT-1 : e is bigger than e.
STATEMENT-2 : f(x) = x1/x is a increasing function when x [e, )
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
4. Statement 1 : ABC is given triangle having respective sides a,b,c. D,E,F are points of the sides BC,CA,AB
1
respectively so that AFDE is a parallelogram. The maximum area of the parallelogram is bcsinA.
4
Statement 2 : Maximum value of 2kx – x2 is at x = k.
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
5. Let f(x) = x50 – x20
STATEMENT-1 : Global maximum of f(x) in [0, 1] is 0.
STATEMENT-2 : x = 0 is a stationary point of f(x).
(A) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(B) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is true and STATEMENT-2 is not correct explanation for
STATEMENT-1
(C) STATEMENT-1 is true, STATEMENT-2 is false
(D) STATEMENT-1 is false, STATEMENT-2 is true
(E) Both STATEMENTS are false
AOD [92]
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. A light shines from the top of a pole 50 ft. high. A ball is dropped from the same height from a point 30
ft. away from the light. How fast is the shadow of the ball moving along the ground 1/2 sec. later?
[ Assume the ball falls a distance s = 16 t 2 ft. in ' t ' sec. ]
2. A variable ABC in the xy plane has its orthocentre at vertex 'B' , a fixed vertex 'A' at the origin and the
7x 2
third vertex 'C' restricted to lie on the parabola y = 1 +. The point B starts at the point (0, 1) at time
36
t = 0 and moves upward along the y axis at a constant velocity of 2 cm/sec . How fast is the area of the
7
triangle increasing when t = sec .
2
3. Find equation of line which is tangent at a point on curve 4x3 = 27 y2 and normal at other point.
4. The tangent to curve y = x – x 3 at point P meets the curve again at Q. Prove that one point of trisection
of PQ lies on y-axis. Find locus of other point of trisection
5. Find the equation of the common tangent to the parabolas y = x 2 + 4x + 8 and y = x 2 + 8x + 4, also find
the coordinates of point of contact.
6. In the curve x a yb = Ka+b, prove that the portion of the tangent intercepted between the coordinate axes
is divided at its point of contact into segments which are in a constant ratio. (All the constants being
positive).
2 2
e x e x
7. If f : [0, ) R is the function defined by f(x) = 2 2 , then whether f(x) is injective or not.
e x e x
8. If f(x) = 2ex – ae–x + (2a + 1) x – 3 monotonically increases for x R, then find range of values of a
9. Find the set of values of p for which the equation n x px = 0 possess three distinct roots.
10. Find the set of all values of the parameter 'a' for which the function
f(x) = sin2x – 8(a + 1) sin x + (4a2 + 8a – 14) x increases for all x R and has no critical points for all
xR
11. If ax 2 + (b/x) c for all positive x where a > 0 and b > 0 then show that 27ab 2 4c3.
12. Prove that ex + 1 e 2x (1 + x) + 2 2x x 2 x R
tan 1 x
13. Find which of the two is larger n (1 + x) or .
1 x
a 3
14. Find the values of 'a' for which the function f(x) = x + (a + 2) x 2 + (a 1) x + 2 possess a negative
3
point of minimum.
1/ x
f ( x)
15. Find the polynomial f (x) of degree 6, which satisfies Lim
x 0 1 3 = e2 and has local maximum at
x
x = 1 and local minimum at x = 0 and x = 2.
16. The three sides of a trapezium are equal each being 6 cms long, find the area of the trapezium when it
is maximum.
17. A sheet of poster has its area 18 m². The margin at the top & bottom are 75 cms. and at the sides 50
cms. What are the dimensions of the poster if the area of the printed space is maximum?
ax 3
18. Find the set of value(s) of 'a' for which the function f (x) = + (a + 2) x 2 + (a 1) x + 2 possess a
3
negative point of inflection.
AOD [93]
19. Let f (sinx) < 0 and f (sin x) > 0, x 0, and g(x) = f(sin x) + f(cos x), then find the intervals of
2
monotonicity of g(x).
x sin for x 0
20. Using Rolle's theorem show that the derivative of the function f(x) = x vanishes at an
0 for x 0
infinite set of points of the interval (0, 1).
f (x)
21. A function f is differentiable in the interval 0 x 5 such that f(0) = 4 & f(5) = – 1. If g(x) = , then
x 1
5
prove that there exists some c (0, 5) such that g(c) = – .
6
22. Let f(x) and g(x) be differentiable functions having no common zeros so that f(x) g(x) f(x) g(x). Prove
that between any two zeros of f(x), there exist atleast one zero of g(x).
f (a ) f (b )
23. f is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b) (where a > 0 ) such that = . Prove that there
a b
f( x0 )
exist x 0 (a, b) such that f(x 0) = .
x0
24. If (x) is a differentiable function x R and a R+ such that (0) = (2a), (a) = (3a) and (0) (a) then
show that there is at least one root of equation (x + a) = (x) in (0, 2a)
1
25. Let – 1 p 1. Show that the equation 4x 3 – 3x – p = 0 has a unique root in the interval , 1 and
2
identify it.
26_. The second derivative f’’(x) of the function exists for all x is [0, 1] and satisfies |f’’(x)| 1
If f(0) = f(1) then show that |f’(x)| < 1 for all x is (0, 1)
PART - II : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Single choice type
1. If tangents are drawn from the origin to the curve y = sin x, then their points of contact lie on the curve
(A) x – y = xy (B) x + y = xy (C) x2 – y2 = x2y2 (D) x2 + y2 = x2y2
x 2 , x 0
2. Let f(x) = 2 Equation of tangent line touching both branches of y = f(x) is
x 8 , x 0
(A) y = 4x + 1 (B) y = 4x + 4 (C) y = x + 4 (D) y = x + 1
e x e x
3. If g(x) is a curve which is obtained by the reflection of f(x) = by the line y = x then
2
(A) g(x) has more than one tangent parallel to x-axis
(B) g(x) has more than one tangent parallel to y-axis
(C) y = –x is a tangent to g(x) at (0, 0) (D) g(x) has no extremum
sinx 2
4. Equation of normal drawn to the graph of the function defined as f(x) = , x 0 and f(0) = 0 at the
x
origin is
(A) x + y = 0 (B) x y = 0 (C) y = 0 (D) x = 0
x y
5. The line 1 touches the curve y = be–x/a at the point
a b
a b b
(A) (– a, 2b) (B) 2 , 2 (C) a, (D) (0, b)
e
x
6. All points on curve y 2 = 4a x a sin at which tangents are parallel to the axis of x, lie on a
a
(A) circle (B) parabola (C) line (D) none of these
AOD [94]
7. The ordinate of y = (a/2) (ex/a + e-x/a) is the geometric mean of the length of the normal and the quantity:
(A) a/2 (B) a (C) e (D) none of these.
8. Let f(x) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 5 sin2 x be an increasing function in the set of real numbers R. Then a & b
satisfy the condition :
(A) a2 3b 15 > 0 (B) a2 3b + 15 0
2
(C) a 3b 15 < 0 (D) a > 0 & b > 0
9. If f(x) = a
a x sgnx
; g(x) = a
a x
sgnx
for a > 1, a 1and x R, where { } & [ ] denote the fractional part and
integral part functions respectively, then which of the following statements holds good for the function
h(x), where (n a) h(x) = (n f(x) + n g(x)).
(A) ‘h’ is even and increasing (B) ‘h’ is odd and decreasing
(C) ‘h’ is even and decreasing (D) ‘h’ is odd and increasing
10. If f(x) = (x – 4) (x – 5) (x – 6) (x – 7) then,
(A) f(x) = 0 has four roots.
(B) three roots of f(x) = 0 lie in (4, 5) (5, 6) (6, 7).
(C) the equation f(x) = 0 has only one real root.
(D) three roots of f(x) = 0 lie in (3, 4) (4, 5) (5, 6).
11. If f : [1, 10] [1, 10] is a non-decreasing function and g : [1, 10] [1, 10] is a non-increasing function.
Let h(x) = f(g(x)) with h(1) = 1, then h(2)
(A) lies in (1, 2) (B) is more than 2 (C) is equal to 1 (D) is not defined
x2 x2
12. If f(x) = ; g(x) = where 0 < x < 1, then
2 2 cos x 6 x 6 sin x
(A) both 'f' and 'g' are increasing functions
(B) 'f' is decreasing & 'g' is increasing function
(C) 'f' is increasing & 'g' is decreasing function
(D) both 'f' & 'g' are decreasing function
x 3 x 2 10x 5 , x1
13. Let f(x) = the set of values of b for which f(x) has greatest value at x = 1 is
2xlog2 b 2 2 , x 1
given by :
(A) 1 b 2 (B) b = {1, 2}
(C) b (, 1) (D) 130 , 2 U 2 , 130
14. The set of values of p for which the extremum of the function f(x) = x 3 3 px 2 + 3 (p2 1) x + 1 lie in the
interval ( 2, 4), is:
(A) ( 3, 5) (B) ( 3, 3) (C) ( 1, 3) (D) ( 1, 4)
15. Four points A, B, C, D lie in that order on the parabola y = ax 2 + bx + c. The coordinates of A, B & D are
known as A( 2, 3); B( 1, 1) and D(2, 7). The coordinates of C for which the area of the quadrilateral
ABCD is greatest, is
(A) (1/2, 7/4) (B) (1/2, 7/4) (C) ( 1/2, 7/4) (D) none
16. In a regular triangular prism the distance from the centre of one base to one of the vertices of the other
base is . The altitude of the prism for which the volume is greatest, is :
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 4
17. The lower corner of a leaf in a book is folded over so as to just reach the inner edge of the page. The
fraction of width folded over if the area of the folded part is minimum is:
(A) 5/8 (B) 2/3 (C) 3/4 (D) 4/5
18. If x 1 and x 2 are abscissa of two points on the curve f(x) = x – x 2 in the interval [0, 1], then maximum
value of the expression (x 1 + x 2) – (x 12 + x 22) is
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
2 4
AOD [95]
19. The maximum area of the rectangle whose sides pass through the angular points of a given rectangle
of sides a and b is
1 1 2
(A) 2 (ab) (B) (a + b)2 (C) (a + b2) (D) none of these
2 2
2 2
20. Least value of the function, f(x) = 2 x 1 + 2 is:
2 x 1
(A) 0 (B) 3/2 (C) 2/3 (D) 1
21_. Square roots of 2 consecutive natural number greater than N2 is differ by
1 1 1
(A) > (B) (C) < (D) None of these
2N 2N 2N
22. Consider the following statements :
2x 2 – 1
S1 : The function y = is neither increasing nor decreasing.
x4
S2 : If f(x) is strictly increasing real function defined on R and c is a real constant, then number of
solutions of f(x) = c is always equal to one.
S3 : Let f(x) = x ; x (0, 1). f(x) does not has any point of local maxima/minima
S4 : f(x) = {x} has maximum at x = 6 (here {.} denotes fractional part function).
State, in order, whether S1, S2, S3, S4 are true or false
(A) TTFT (B) FTFT (C) TFTF (D) TFFT
More than one choice type
23. If P is a point on the curve 5x2 + 3xy + y2 = 2 and O is the origin, then OP has
1 2
(A) minimum value (B) minimum value (C) maximum value 11 (D) maximum value 2
2 11
24. For the curve x = t 2 + 3t – 8, y = 2t 2 – 2t – 5, at point (2, – 1)
(A) length of subtangent is 7/6. (B) slope of tangent = 6/7
(C) length of tangent = ( 85 ) / 6 (D) none of these
25. Let f(x) = x m/n for x R where m and n are integers, m even and n odd and 0 < m < n. Then
(A) f(x) decreases on (– , 0] (B) f(x) increases on [0, )
(C) f(x) increases on (– , 0] (D) f(x) decreases on [0, )
26. Let f and g be two differentiable functions defined on an interval such that f(x) 0 and g(x) 0 for all x
and f is strictly decreasing on while g is strictly increasing on then
(A) the product function fg is strictly increasing on
(B) the product function fg is strictly decreasing on I
(C) fog(x) is monotonically increasing on
(D) fog (x) is monotonically decreasing on
27. Let (x) = (f(x))3 – 3(f(x))2 + 4f(x) + 5x + 3 sin x + 4 cos x x R, then
(A) is increasing whenever f is increasing (B) is increasing whenever f is decreasing
(C) is decreasing whenever f is decreasing (D) is decreasing if f(x) = – 11
28. For the function f(x) = x 4 (12 ln x 7)
(A) the point (1, 7) is the point of inflection (B) x = e1/3 is the point of minima
(C) the graph is concave downwards in (0, 1) (D) the graph is concave upwards in (1, )
x1
29. The curve y = has
x2 1
(A) x = 1, as point of inflection (B) x = 2 + 3 , as point of inflection
(C) x = 1, as point of minimum (D) x = 2 3 , as point of inflection
30. Let f(x) = 40/(3x 4 + 8x 3 – 18x 2 + 60). Which of the following statement(s) about f(x) is (are) correct ?
(A) f(x) has local minima at x = 0. (B) f(x) has local maxima at x = 0.
(C) Absolute maximum value of f(x) is not defined.
(D) f(x) is local maxima at x = – 3, x = 1.
AOD [96]
31_. For the function f(x) = x cot–1x, x 0
x
(A) there is atleast one x (0, 1) for which cot–1x =
1 x2
2
(B) for atleast one x in the internal (0, ), f x –f(x) < 1
(C) number of solution of the equation f(x) = sec x is 1
(D) f’(x) is strictly decreasing is the internal (0, )
32_. Which of the following statements are true :
(A) |tan–1 x – tan–1 y| |x – y| , where x, y are real numbers.
(B) The function x100 + sinx – 1 is strictly increasing in [0, 1]
(C) If a, b, c are is A.P, then at least one root of the equation 3ax2 – 4bx + c = 0 is positive
x
(D) Curve y2 = 4ax and y = e 2a are orthogonal curves.
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN
1. Column-I Column-II
5
(A) If is angle between the curves y = [| sin x | + | cos x|], (p)
4
([] denote GIF) and x2 + y2 = 5 then cosec2 is
(B) Length of subnormal to x = 2 cos t, y = – 3sin t at t = 4 is (q) 2
8
(C) If [a, b], (b < 1) is largest interval in which (r)
3
a
f(x) = 3x4 + 8x3 – 6x2 – 24x + 19 is strictly increasing then is
b
a3 b3 9
(D) If a + b = 8, a, b > 0 then minimum value of is (s)
48 2
2. Column – Column –
sin x
(A) f(x) = , x [0,] (p) Conditions in Rolle's theorem are satisfied.
ex
1 3
(B) f(x) = sgn ((ex – 1)nx), x , (q) Conditions in LMVT are satisfied.
2 2
(C) f(x) = (x–1)2/5, x [0,3] (r) At least one condition in Rolle's theorem is not
satisfied.
1
e x – 1
x , x[–1,1] – {0}
1
(D) f(x) = e x 1 (s) At least one condition in LMVT is not satisfied.
0 , x 0
3. Column – Column –
(A) A rectangle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side 4cm. (p) 65
Square of maximum area of such a rectangle is
(B) The volume of a rectangular closed box is 72 and the base (q) 36
sides are in the ratio 1 : 2. The least total surface area is
2
2 2
(C) Maximum value of – 3 4x – x 4 ( x – 5) (r) 12
(where 1 x 3) is
(D) The sides of a rectangle of greatest perimeter which is inscribed (s) 108
in a semicircle of radius 5 are a and b. Then a3 + b3 =
AOD [97]
4. Match the column
Column - Column -
(A) sin– 1 x – cos– 1x is maximum at (p) x = –1
1
(B) (sin– 1 x)2 + (cos– 1 x)2 is minimum at (q) x=–
2
(C) (tan– 1 x)2 + (cot – 1 x)2 is minimum at (r) x=0
1
(D) (sin– 1 x)3 + (cos– 1 x)3 is maximum at (s) x=
2
(t) x=1
PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Comprehension # 1
da
Let a(t) be a function of t such that = 2 for all values of t and a = 0 when t = 0. Further y = m(t) x
dt
+ c(t) is tangent to the curve y = x – 2ax + a2 + a at the point whose abscissa is 0. Then
2
1. If the rate of change of distance of vertex of y = x 2 – 2ax + a2 + a from the origin with respect to t is k,
then k=
(A) 2 (B) 2 2 (C) 2 (D) 4 2
2. If the rate of change of c(t) with respect to t, when t = k, is , then =
(A) 16 2 – 2 (B) 8 2 + 2 (C) 10 2 + 2 (D) 16 2 + 2
3. The rate of change of m(t), with respect to t, at t = is
(A) –2 (B) 2 (C) – 4 (D) 4
Comprehension # 2
x sin x
Consider a function f defined by f(x) = sin –1 sin , x [0, ], which satisfies
2
f(x) + f(2 – x) = , x [, 2] and f(x) = f(4 – x) for all x [2, 4], then
4. If is the length of the largest interval on which f(x) is increasing, then =
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 4
2
5. If f(x) is symmetric about x = , then =
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
2 4
6. Maximum value of f(x) on [0, 4] is :
(A) (B) (C) (D) 2
2 4
Comprehension # 3
For a double differentiable function f(x) if f(x) 0 then f(x) is concave upward and if f(x) 0 then f(x) is
concave downward
k 1 k 2
Here M k k , 0
1 2
AOD [98]
k1f ( ) k 2 f () k1 k 2
If f(x) is a concave upward in [a, b] and , [a, b] then f , where k , k R+
k1 k 2 k1 k 2 1 2
k1f ( ) k 2 f () k1 k 2
If f(x) is a concave downward in [a, b] and , [a, b] then f , where k , k R+
k1 k 2 k1 k 2 1 2
then answer the following
7. Which of the following is true
sin sin sin sin
(A) sin ; , (0, ) (B) sin ; , (2)
2 2 2 2
sin sin
(C) sin ; , (0, ) (D) none of these
2 2
8. Which of the following is true
2
2 2 1 2n n 2
(A) 2 3 (B) n
3 3 3
2
tan 1 tan 1 1 e 2e
(C) tan a, b R– (D) e 3
2 2 3
9. Let , and are three distinct real numbers and f(x) < 0. Also f(x) is increasing function and let A =
f –1( ) f –1() f –1( ) – 1
and B = f , then order relation between A and B is - (given f–1(x))
3 3
(A) A > B (B) A < B (C) A = B (D) none of these
PART - I : IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.
1. In [0, 1] Lagranges Mean Value theorem is NOT applicable to [IIT-JEE-2003, Scr.(3, –1) /84]
1 1
2 x x
2
sin x
, x0
(A) f ( x ) 2 (B) f ( x ) x
1 x x
1 1, x0
2 2
(C) f(x) = x|x| (D) f(x) = |x|
2. Using the relation 2(1 – cosx) < x 2, x 0 or otherwise, prove that sin(tanx) x, x 0,
4
[IIT-JEE-2003, Main (4, 0) /60]
3. Let f : [0,4] R is a differentiable function [IIT-JEE-2003, Main (4, 0) /60]
For some a,b (0,4), show that f 2 (4) – f 2 (0) = 8f (a) f (b)
4. For the circle x2 + y2 = r2 , find the value of 'r' for which the area enclosed by the tangents drawn from the
point P(6,8) to the circle and the chord of contact is maximum. [IIT-JEE-2003, Main (2, 0) /60]
5. If f is differentiable and strictly increasing in a neighborhood of '0', then
2
lim f ( x ) f ( x ) = [IIT-JEE-2004, Scr.(3, –1) /84]
x 0 f ( x ) f (0)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) – 1 (D) 2
6. If f(x) = x nx and f(0) = 0, If Rolle’s theorem can be applied to f in [0, 1] , then value of can be
[IIT-JEE-2004, Scr.(3, –1) /84]
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 1/2
AOD [99]
7. Px 51x101 2323 x100 45 x 1035
Using Rolle's theorem, prove that P(x) = 0 has at least one root in (45 1/100, 46).
[IIT-JEE-2004, Main (2, 0) /60]
8. If f(x) = x 3 + bx 2 + cx + d and 0 < b2 < c, then in (–, ) [IIT-JEE-2004, Scr.(3, –1) /84]
(A) f(x) is a strictly increasing function (B) f(x) has a local maxima
(C) f(x) is a strictly decreasing function (D) f(x) is bounded
3 x x 1
9. Prove that sin x 2x , x 0, . Justify the inequalities used in the relation.
2
[IIT-JEE-2004, Main (4, 0) /60]
10. If |f(x 1) – f(x2)| (x1 – x2)2 , for all x 1, x2 R. Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point
(1, 2). [IIT-JEE-2005, Main (2, 0) /60]
11. If f(x) be a twice differentiable function such that f(x) = x 2 for x = 1, 2, 3, then
[IIT-JEE-2005, Scr.(3, –1) /84]
(A) f (x) = 2 x [1, 3] (B) f(x) = 2 for some x (1, 3)
(C) f” (x) = 3 x (2, 3) (D) f” (x) = f(x) for x (2, 3)
12. If P(x) be a polynomial of degree 3 satisfying P(–1) = 10, P(1) = – 6 and P(x) has maxima at
x = – 1 and P(x) has minima at x = 1. Find the distance between the local maxima and local minima
of the curve. [IIT-JEE-2005, Main (4, 0) /60]
13. If f(x) is a twice differentiable function such that f(a) = 0, f(b) = 2, f(c) = –1, f(d) = 2, f(e) = 0, where
a < b < c < d < e, then the minimum number of zeroes of g(x) = (f(x))2 + f(x) f(x) in the interval
[a, e] is [IIT-JEE-2006, 6/184]
14*. f(x) is cubic polynomial which has local maximum at x = – 1, If f(2) = 18, f(1) = – 1 and f(x) has local minima
at x = 0, then [IIT-JEE-2006, (5, –1)/184]
(A) the distance between (–1, 2) and (a, f(a)), where x = a is the point of local minima is 2 5 .
(B) f(x) is increasing for x [1, 2 5 )
(C) f(x) has local minima at x = 1
(D) the value of f(0) = 5
15. The tangent to the curve y = ex drawn at the point (c, ec) intersects the line joining the points (c – 1, ec–1) and
(c + 1, ec+1) [IIT-JEE 2007, Paper-1, (3, –1)/ 81]
(A) on the left of x = c (B) on the right of x = c
(C) at no point (D) at all points
Comprehension # 1
If a continuous function f defined on the real line R, assumes positive and negative values in R then the
equation f(x) = 0 has a root in R. For example, if it is known that a continuous function f on R is positive at
some point and its minimum value is negative then the equation f(x) = 0 has a root in R.
Consider f(x) = kex – x for all real x where k is a real constant.
16. The line y = x meets y = kex for k 0 at [IIT-JEE 2007, Paper-2, (4, –1)/ 81]
(A) no point (B) one point (C) two points (D) more than two points
17. The positive value of k for which kex – x = 0 has only one root is [IIT-JEE 2007, Paper-2, (4, –1)/ 81]
1
(A) (B) 1 (C) e (D) loge 2
e
18. For k > 0, the set of all values of k for which kex – x = 0 has two distinct roots is
[IIT-JEE 2007, Paper-2, (4, –1)/ 81]
1 1 1
(A) 0, (B) , 1 (C) , (D) (0, 1)
e e e
AOD [100]
19. Let f(x) = 2 + cos x for all real x. [IIT-JEE 2007, Paper-2, (3, –1)/ 81]
STATEMENT - 1 : For each real t, there exists a point c in [t, t + ] such that f(c) = 0.
because
STATEMENT - 2 : f(t) = f(t + 2) for each real t.
(A) Statement - 1 is True, Statement - 2 is True; Statement - 2 is a correct explanation for
Statement - 1
(B) Statement - 1 is True, Statement - 2 is True; Statement - 2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement - 1
(C) Statement - 1 is True, Statement - 2 is False
(D) Statement - 1 is False, Statement - 2 is True
20. Let the function g : (–, ) , be given by g(u) = 2 tan–1 (eu) – . Then, g is
2 2 2
[IIT-JEE 2008, Paper-2, (3, –1)/ 163]
(A) even and is strictly increasing in (0, )
(B) odd and is strictly decreasing in (–, )
(C) odd and is strictly increasing in (–, )
(D) neither even nor odd, but is strictly increasing in (–, )
(2 x)3 , 3 x 1
21. The total number of local maxima and local minima of the function f(x) = 2 / 3 is
x , 1 x 2
[IIT-JEE 2008, Paper-1, (3, –1)/ 82]
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
1
22*. For the function f(x) = x cos , x 1, [IIT-JEE 2009, Paper-2, (4, –1)/ 80]
x
(A) for at least one x in the interval [1, ), f(x + 2) – f(x) < 2
(B) xlim
f(x) = 1
(C) for all x in the interval [1, ), f(x + 2) – f(x) > 2
(D) f(x) is strictly decreasing in the interval [1, )
p( x )
23. Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree 4 having extremum at x = 1, 2 and xlim 1 2 = 2. Then the value of
0 x
p(2) is [IIT-JEE 2009, Paper-2, (4, –1)/ 80]
24. Let f be a function defined on R (the set of all real numbers) such that
f(x) = 2010 (x – 2009) (x – 2010)2 (x – 2011)3 (x – 2012)4, for all x R.
If g is a function defined on R with values in the interval (0, ) such that f(x) = n (g(x)), for all x R, then the
number of points in R at which g has a local maximum is [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-2, (3, 0)/ 79]
2 2
25. Let f, g and h be real-valued functions defined on the interval [0, 1] by f(x) = e x + e –x ,
2 2 2 2
g(x) = xe x + e – x and h(x) = x 2 e x + e – x . If a, b and c denote, respectively, the absolute maximum of
f, g and h on [0, 1], then [IIT-JEE 2010, Paper-1, (3, –1)/ 84]
(A) a = b and c b (B) a = c and a b (C) a b and c b (D) a = b = c
26. Match the statements given in Column-I with the intervals/union of intervals given in Column-II
[IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (8, 0), 80]
Column-I Column-II
2iz
(A) The set Re 2
: z is a complex number, | z | 1, z 1 is (p) (–, –1) (1, )
1 z
8(3) x 2
(B) The domain of the function f(x) = sin–1
2( x 1) is (q) (–, 0) (0, )
1 3
1 tan 1
tan 1 tan
(C) If f() = , (r) [2, )
1 tan 1
then the set f () : 0 is
2
(D) If f(x) = x3/2 (3x – 10), x 0, then f(x) is increasing in (s) (–, –1] [1, )
(t) (–, 0] [2, )
AOD [101]
27. The number of distinct real roots of x4 – 4x3 + 12x2 + x – 1 = 0 is [IIT-JEE 2011, Paper-2, (4, 0), 80]
28. Let p(x) be a real polynomial of least degree which has a local maximum at x = 1 and a local minimum at
x = 3. If p(1) = 6 p(3) = 2 , then p(0) is [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-1, (4, 0), 70]
29. Let f : R R be defined as f(x) = |x| + |x2 – 1|. The total number of points at which f attains either a local
maximum or a local minimum is [IIT-JEE 2012, Paper-1, (4, 0), 70]
2
30. The number of points in (– ,), for which x – x sinx – cosx = 0, is
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (2, 0)/60]
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 0
31.* A rectangular sheet of fixed perimeter with sides having their lengths in the ratio 8 : 15 is converted into an
open rectangular box by folding after removing squares of equal area from all four corners. If the total area of
removed squares is 100, the resulting box has maximum volume. The lengths of the sides of the rectangular
sheet are [JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4, – 1)/60]
(A) 24 (B) 32 (C) 45 (D) 60
x 2 y2
32. A vertical line passing through the point (h, 0) intersects the ellipse = 1 at the points P and Q. Let
4 3
the tangents to the ellipse at P and Q meet at the point R. If (h) = area of the triangle PQR, 1 = 1/max
2 h1 (h)
8
and 2 = min (h), then 1 – 82 = [JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-1, (4, – 1)/60]
1/ 2 h1 5
33.* The function f(x) = 2|x| + |x + 2| – ||x + 2| – 2|x|| has a local minimum or a local maximum at x =
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
–2 2
(A) – 2 (B) (C) 2 (D)
3 3
Paragraph for Question Nos. 34 to 35
Let f : [0, 1] R (the set of all real numbers) be a function. Suppose the function f is twice differentiable,
f(0) = f(1) = 0 and satisfies f(x) – 2f(x) + f(x) ex, x [0, 1].
34. Which of the following is true for 0 < x < 1 ? [JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
1 1 1
(A) 0 < f(x) < (B) – < f(x) < (C) – < f(x) < 1 (D) – < f(x) < 0
2 2 4
1
35. If the function e–x f(x) assumes its minimum in the interval [0, 1] at x = , which of the following is true ?
4
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
1 3 1
(A) f (x) < f(x), x (B) f (x) > f(x), 0 < x <
4 4 4
1 3
(C) f (x) < f(x), 0 < x < (D) f (x) < f(x), <x<1
4 4
36. A line L : y = mx + 3 meets y - axis at E(0, 3) and the arc of the parabola y 2 = 16x, 0 y 6 at the point
F(x 0 , y0). The tangent to the parabola at F(x 0, y0) intersects the y-axis at G(0, y 1). The slope m of the
line L is chosen such that the area of the triangle EFG has a local maximum
Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists :
[JEE (Advanced) 2013, Paper-2, (3, –1)/60]
AOD [102]
List - I List - II
1
P. m= 1.
2
Q. Maximum area of EFG is 2. 4
R. y0 = 3. 2
S. y1 = 4. 1
Codes :
P Q R S
(A) 4 1 2 3
(B) 3 4 1 2
(C) 1 3 2 4
(D) 1 3 4 2
PART - II : AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. The positive real number x when added to its reciprocal gives the minimum sum at x equals[AIEEE 2003]
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) – 1 (4) – 2
2. If the function f(x) = 2x3 – 9ax2 + 12a2x + 1, where a > 0, attains its maximum and minimum at p and q
respectively such that p2 = q, then a equals [AIEEE 2003]
(1) 3 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 1/2
3. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0, then at least one root of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 lies in the interval
(1) (0, 1) (2) (1, 2) (3) (2, 3) (4) (1, 3) [AIEEE 2004]
4. A point on the parabola y2 = 18x at which the ordinate increases at twice the rate of the abscissa, is
9 9 9 9
(1) (2, 4) (2) (2, – 4) (3) – 8 , 2 (4) 8 , 2 [AIEEE 2004]
5. The normal to the curve x = a (1 + cos ), y = a sin at '' always passes through the fixed point
(1) (a, 0) (2) (0, a) (3) (0, 0) (4) (a, a) [AIEEE 2004]
6. Angle between the tangents to the curve y = x2 – 5x + 6 at the points (2, 0) and (3, 0) is [AIEEE 2004]
(1) /2 (2) /6 (3) /4 (4) /3
7. A function is matched below against an interval where it is supposed to be increasing. Which of the
following pairs is incorrectly matched ? [AIEEE 2005]
Interval Function
(1) (–, –4] x3 + 6x2 + 6
1
(2) – , 3x2 – 2x + 1
3
(3) [2, ) 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 6
(4) (–, ) x3 – 3x2 + 3x + 3
8. A spherical iron ball 10 cm in radius is coated with a layer of ice of uniform thickness that melts at a rate of
50 cm3/min. When the thickness of ice is 5 cm, then the rate at which the thickness of ice decreases , is-
5 1 1 1
(1) cm/min (2) cm/min (3) cm/min (4) cm/min[AIEEE 2005]
6 54 18 36
x 2 y2
9. Area of the greatest rectangle that can be inscribed in the ellipse 2 2 =1 is [AIEEE 2005]
a b
a
(1) 2ab (2) ab (3) ab (4)
b
10. Let f(x) be differentiable for all x. If f(1) = – 2 and f (x) 2 for x (1, 6) then [AIEEE 2005]
(1) f(6) = 5 (2) f(6) < 5 (3) f(6) 8 (4) f(6) < 8
11*. The normal to the curve x = a(cos + sin ), y = a(sin – cos ) at any point '' is such that
a
(1) it is at a constant distance from the origin (2) it passes through , – a [AIEEE 2005]
2
(3) it makes angle /2 + with the x-axis (4) it passes through the origin
AOD [103]
x 2
12. The function f(x) = has a local minimum at [AIEEE 2006]
2 x
(1) x = – 2 (2) x = 0 (3) x = 1 (4) x = 2
13. A value of c for which the conclusion of Mean Value Theorem holds for the function f(x) = logex on the
interval [1, 3] is [AIEEE 2007]
1
(1) 2 log3e (2) loge 3 (3) log3e (4) loge 3
2
14. The function f(x) = tan–1 (sin x + cos x) is an increasing function in [AIEEE 2007]
(1) (/4, /2) (2) (–/2, /4) (3) (0, /2) (4) (–/2, /2)
15. Suppose the cubic x3 – px + q = 0 has three distinct real roots where p > 0 and q > 0. Then, which one of
the following holds ? [AIEEE 2008]
16. The shortest distance between the line y – x = 1 and the curve x = y2 is [AIEEE 2009]
3 2 2 3 3 2 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
8 8 5 4
17. Given P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d such that x = 0 is the only real root of P(x) = 0. If P(–1) < P(1), then
in the interval [–1, 1] [AIEEE 2009]
(1) P (–1) is the minimum and P(1) is the maximum of P
(2) P (–1) is not minimum but P(1) is the maximum of P
(3) P (–1) is the minimum and P(1) is not the maximum of P
(4) neither P (–1) is the minimum nor P(1) is the maximum of P
4
18. The equation of the tangent to the curve y = x + 2 , that is parallel to the x-axis, is [AIEEE 2010]
x
(1) y = 1 (2) y = 2 (3) y = 3 (4) y = 0
19. Let f : R R be defined by [AIEEE 2010]
k – 2x , if x –1
f(x) = 2x 3 , if x –1
If f has a local minimum at x = – 1, then a possible value of k is
1
(1) 0 (2) – (3) –1 (4) 1
2
1
20. Let f : R R be a continuous function defined by f(x) = x [AIEEE 2010]
e 2e – x
1
Statement -1 : f(c) = , for some c R.
3
1
Statement -2 : 0 < f(x) , for all x R.
2 2
(1) Statement -1 is true, Statement-2 is true ; Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for Statement -1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(3) Statement -1 is false, Statement -2 is true.
(4) Statement -1 is true, Statement -2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
21. The shortest distance between line y – x = 1 and curve x = y2 is : [AIEEE-2011]
3 3 2 8 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 8 3 2 3
22. Let f be a function defined by - [AIEEE-2011, II]
tan x
f(x) = x , x 0
1 , x 0
Statement - 1 : x = 0 is point of minima of f
Statement - 2 : f '(0) = 0.
(1) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for statement-1.
(2) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is not a correct explanation for statement-1
(3) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(4) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
AOD [104]
23. A spherical balloon is filled with 4500 cubic meters of helium gas. If a leak in the balloon causes the gas to
escape at the rate of 72 cubic meters per minute, then the rate (in meters per minute) at which the radius
of the balloon decreases 49 minutes after the leakage began is : [AIEEE- 2012]
9 7 2 9
(1) (2) (3) (4)
7 9 9 2
24. Let a, b R be such that the function f given by f(x) = n |x| + bx2 + ax, x 0 has extreme values at x = – 1
and x = 2.
Statement-1 : f has local maximum at x = – 1 and at x = 2. [AIEEE- 2012]
1 1
Statement-2 : a = and b = .
2 4
(1) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(2) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(3) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(4) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
25. The real number k for which the equation, 2x3 + 3x + k = 0 has two distinct real roots in [0, 1]
(1) lies between 1 and 2 (2) lies between 2 and 3
(3) lies between –1 and 0 (4) does not exist. [AIEEE - 2013, (4, –¼),120]
PART - III : CBSE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. Prove that curves x = y2 and xy = k cut at right angles is 8k2 = 1. [CBSE 2005, 2004]
2 Show that the maximum volume of the cylinder which can be inscribed in a sphere of radius 5 3 cm
is 500 cm3. [CBSE 2005, 2004]
3. Using differentials, find the approximate value of 0.037 . [CBSE 2005]
4. Verify Lagrange's Mean Value theorem for the following : [CBSE 2006, 2002, 2001, 2000]
f(x) = x2 + 2x + 3, [4, 6]
5. Find the equation of the tangent of the curve x = + sin, y = 1 + cos at = [CBSE 2006, 2004]
4
6. Given the sum of the perimeters of a square and a circle, that the sum of their areas is least when the side
of the square is equal to the diameter of the circle. [CBSE 2006]
7. Verify Rolle’s theorem of the function f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3 on [1, 3]. [CBSE 2007]
x x
8. A manufacture can sell x items at a price of Rs. 5 – each. The cost price of x items is Rs. 500 .
100 5
Find the number of items should sell to earn maximum profit. [CBSE 2009]
1
9. Find the intervals in whch the funciton f given by f(x) = x3 + , x 0 is (i) increasing (ii) decreasing.
x3
[CBSE 2009]
10. Find the equation of tangent to the curve given by x = asin3t, y = b cos3t at a point where t = .
4
[CBSE 2009]
11. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to be constructured so that its depth
is 2 m and volume is 8 m3. If building of tank costs Rs. 70 per sq. metre for the base and Rs. 45 per sq. metre
for sides, what is the cost of least expensive tank ? [CBSE 2009]
12. Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y = 3x2 – 4x at the point whose x-coordinate is 2.
[CBSE 2009, 2008]
AOD [105]
x–7
13. Find the equation of tangent to the curve y = , at the point, where it cuts the x-axis.
( x – 2)( x – 3)
[CBSE 2010]
14. If the length of three sides of a trapezium other than the base is 10 cm each, find the area of the trapezium,
when it is maximum. [CBSE 2010]
15. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides is to be construted from a metal sheet so as to hold a
given quantity of water. Show that the total surface area is least when depth of the tank is half its width.
[CBSE 2010, 2003]
16. A wire of length 28m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the two pieces is to be made into a square and the
other into a circle. What should be the lengths of two pieces so that the combined area of circle and square
is minimum ? [CBSE 2010, 2007]
4 sin
17. Prove that y = – is an increasing function in 0, . [CBSE 2011]
(2 cos ) 2
18. If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 cm with an error of 0.03 cm, then find the approximate error in
calculating its surface area. [CBSE 2011]
19. A window has the shape of a rectangle surmounted by an equilateral triangle. If the perimeter of the window
is 12m, find the dimensions of the rectangle that will produce the largest area of the window.
[CBSE 2011, 2006, 2002, 2000]
20. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/s. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such a way
that the height of the cone is always one sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of the sand
cone increasing when the height is 4 cm ? [CBSE 2011]
21. Show that of all the rectangles inscribed in a given fixed circle, the square has the maximum area.
[CBSE 2011, 2008, 2002]
22. Find the equation of tangent to the curve x = sin 3t, y = cos 2t at t = . [CBSE 2011, 2008]
4
23. Show that the semi-vertical angle of right circular cone of maximum volume and given slant height is
tan–1 2 . [CBSE 2011, 2008]
24. Show that the right circular cylinder of given volume, open at the top, has minimum total surface area if its
height is equal to the radius of the base. [CBSE 2011, 2010, 2009, 2004]
25. Find the intervals in which the following function is (a) increasing, (b) decreasing :
f(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 + 12x + 20 [CBSE 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2001, 2000]
26. Find the point on the curve y2 = 2x which is at a minimum distance from the point (1, 4).
[CBSE 2011, 2009, 2007]
27. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given value has an altitude equal to 2 times
the radius of the base. [CBSE 2011, 2007]
28. Prove that the height of a right circular cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of
2R
radius R is . Also find the maximum volume. [CBSE 2011, 2009, 2006, 2001]
3
29. Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of the greatest curved surface that can be inscribed in a
given cone is half of the radius of the cone. [CBSE 2012, 2006]
30. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a well. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground, away from the
wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of the ladder is 4 m
away from the wall ? [CBSE 2012]
2x
31. Show that y = log (1 + x) – , x > – 1, is an increasing function of x throughout its domain.[CBSE 2012]
2x
32. Show that the height of a closed circuluar cylinder of given total surface area and maximum volume is equal
to the diameter of its base. [CBSE 2012, 2003]
33. An open box, with a square base, is to be made out of a given quantity of metal sheet of area C2. Show that
C3
the maximum volume of the box is . [CBSE 2012, 2006, 2001]
6 3
AOD [106]
8
34. Show that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscibed in a sphere of radius R is of the volume of
27
the sphere. [CBSE 2012, 2010, 2006]
35. The amount of pollution content added in air in a city due to x-diesel vehicles is given by P(x) = 0.005x3 +
0.02 x2 + 30x. Find the marginal increase in pollution content when 3 diesel vehicles are added and write
which value is indicated in the above question. [CBSE 2013, 1]
2R
36. Show that height of the cylinder of maximum volume, that can be inscribed in a spare of radius R is .
3
Also find the maximum volume.
[CBSE 2013, 6]
OR
Find the equation of the normal at a point on the curve x2 = 4y which passes through the point (1, 2). Also find
the equation of the corresponding tangent. [CBSE 2013, 6]
AOD [107]
5. Consider the function
BOARD LEVEL SOLUTIONS (82)1/4 = (81 + 1)1/4
1 dy 1
1. Let f(x) = x f(x) = 2 x y = f(x) = x1/4 = x–3/4
dx 4
For = Let x = 81 and x + x = 82 x = 1
26 = 25 1 , take x0 = 25 and h = 1
At x = 81, y = (81)1/4 = 3
f(x0) = f(25) = 25 = 5 dy 1 1
= (81)–3/4 =
1 dx 4 108
f(x0) = = 0.1
25 dy 1 1
Using the formula for approximation, y = x = ×1=
dx 108 108
f(x0 + h) = f(x0) + hf(x0), we have
1
26 = 5 + 1 × 0.1 = 5.1 (82)1/4 = y + y = 3 + = 3.009
108
2. The given function is
f(x) = x3 – 7x2 + 16x – 12 in [2, 3] 6. s = at2 + bt + c ...(1)
This being a polynomial is continuous in [2, 3] and ds v b
derivable in ]2, 3[. Also v= = 2at + b t=
dt 2a
f(2) = 23 – 7 × 22 + 16 × 2 – 12 = 0 = f(3)
All the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are satisfied v b
2
v b
c [2, 3[ s.t. f(c) = 0 From (1), s = a + b +c
2a 2a
Now f(x) = 3x2 – 14x + 16
f(x) = 0 3x2 – 14x + 16 = 0
(v b) v b
(x – 2) (3x – 8) = 0 x = 2, 8/3 s–c= 2 b
2a
8
Clearly, c = ]2, 3[ and f(c) = 0 (v b) v b
3 = .
2a 2
3. Let S be the surface area and V be the volume of the 4a(s – c) = v 2 – b2 Hence proved
spherical bubble, of radius = a. Then
4
S = 4a2 and V = a3 7. Here, y = f() = 16 – x2 ; x [–1, 1].
3
Being a polynomial, f(x) is continuous on [–1, 1] and
dS da da 2 1 it is derivable ]–1, 1[.
= 8a = = Also f(1) = 15 = f(–1).
dt dt dt 8a 4 a
Conditions of Rolle’s th. are satisfied,
4 3 c ]–1, 1[ s.t. f '(c) = 0
V= a Now f '(x) = – 2x
3
f '(x) = 0 –2x = 0 x = 0
dV da Now c = 0 ]–1, 1[, the tangent at (0, 16) to the given
= 4a2 curve is parallel to the x-axis.
dt dt
1 8. The given curve is
= 4a2. = a = 6 cm3/sec ( a = 6 cm) x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0 ...(i)
4 a
Diff. w.r.t. x
4. Here, y = x4 – 10 ...(1)
dy dy dy 1 x
dy 2x + 2y –2–4 =0 = y2
= 4x3. dx dx dx
dx
For tangents to (i), parallel to y-axis
If x is any change in x and y the corresponding
dx y2
change in y; then =0 =0y=2
dy 1 x
dy
y = ·x = 4 × 23 × (– 0.03) From (i), we get
dx x2 + 22 – 2x – 4 × 2 + 1 = 0
[ x = 2 and x = 1.97 – 2 = 0.03] x2 – 2x – 3 = 0 x = 3, –1
= – 0.96 The reqd. points are (3, 2) and (–1, 2).
AOD [108]
9. f(x) = dS da 7 28
x 2 4 for x [2, 4] Now S = 6a2 = 12a = 12a. 2 =
Clearly f(x) is cont. in [2, 4] and derivable dt dt 3a a
dS 28
x = when a = 12 cm
f ( x ) dt 12
2 in ]2, 4[ 7
x 4
= sq. cm/sec.
conditions of Lagrange’s Mean value theorem are 3
satisfied . 13. The given curve are
xy = a2 ...(1) x2 + y2 = 2a2 ...(2)
c ]2, 4[ s.t.
To find points of intersection
f (b ) f ( a ) f ( 4) f ( 2) x2 + y2 = 2xy (from (1))
f(c) = = x=y
ba 42
2x2 = a2 (from (1))
c 1 x = ± a and y = ± a
2 = .[ 4 2 4 – 0 ] = 3 Diff (1) and (2) to get
c 4 2
c2 = 3(c2 – 4) dy dy y
x + 1.y = 0 =–
dx dx x
2c2 = 12 c = 6
dy dy x
(c = – 6 does not lie in ]2, 4[) and and 2x + 2y = 0 =–y
6 ]2, 4[ dx dx
10. The given curve is x2 + 3y – 3 = 0 dy a
At (a, a), m1 = dx =– = –1
(a, a ) a
1 dy 1
y= (3 – x2) = (3 – x2) dy
3 dx 3 a
m2 = dx = – = –1
dy 1 (a, a ) a
= (–2x) At (a, a) m1 = m2 = –1
dx 3
(1) and (2) touch at (a, a).
Slope of line y = 4x – 5 is 4 Similarly these touch at (–a, –a) also.
1 x
By hypothesis, (–2x) = 4 x = – 6 14. Here, f(x) =
3 1 x2
1 (1 x 2 ).1 x.2 x 1 x2
From (1), y = (3 – 36) = – 11
1 f(x) = =
3 (1 x 2 )2 (1 x 2 )2
The point is (– 6, – 11) with slope = 4 is (1 x ) (1 x )
y + 11 = 4(x + 6) =
(1 x 2 )2
y = 4x + 13 Notice : (1 + x2)2 > 0 x.
dy dx (i) f(x) > 0 (1 – x) (1 + x) > 0
11. Given : =2 1 – x > 0 and 1 + x > 0
dt dt
2 3
Or
Now y= x +1 1 – x < 0 and 1 + x < 0
3 –1 < x < 1
dy dx dy f(x) is increasing in the interval (–1, 1)
= 2x2 = x2 [Using (i)]
dt dt dt (ii) f(x) < 0 (1 – x) (1 + x) < 0
x2 = 1 x = 1 1 – x < 0 and 1 + x > 0
2 5 Or
When x = 1, y = +1= 1 – x > 0 and 1 + x < 0
3 3
x > 1 or x < –1
2 1 f(x) is decreasing in the intervals
When x = – 1, y = – +1= [Using (ii)]
3 3 (– , – 1) (1, )
5 1 15. y = b e–x/a
Hence the reqd. points are 1, , – 1, This meets y-axis, where x = 0
3 3
y = b e° = b
(1) meets y-axis is at (0, b)
12. Let a be the edge of the cube, V its volume and S its Diff. (1) w.r.t x
surface. Now
dy 1
dV d 3 = b e–x/a · –
= 7cm/sec (a ) = 7 dx a
dt dt
7 dy 1 b
da da m= = b · e° · – = –
3a2 =7 = dx ( 0,b ) a a
dt dt 3a 2
AOD [109]
b b2
Equation of the tangent at (0, b) with slope = – is AD = a2
a 4
b 1 b2
y – b = – (x – 0) A = Area of ABC = b a2
a 2 4
y x x y
–1=– =1
b a a b
16. The given curve is 16x2 + 9y2 = 144 ....(1)
Diff. w.r.t. x
dy dy 16 x
32x + 18y =0 =– · ....(2)
dx dx 9 y
Now (2, y1) lies on (1), so 16 × 4 + 9 y12 = 144
4
9 y12 = 80 y1 = 5
3 1/ 2
dA b 1 2 b2 da
4 = . a .2a.
4
P is 2, 5 ( y1 > 0) dt 2 2 dt
3
3ab 1 3b 2 1
dy 16 2 8 = = . when a = b
Form (2), at P, =– =– 2 2 b 2 2 b2
2
dx 9 4 3 5 a b
5 4 4
3
Equation of the tangent at P is 3b 2
= . = 3b
2 3
4 8
y– 5 =– (x – 2) 18. Let AB be the lamp-post.
3 3 5 Let any time t, boy CD, be at a distance x m from the
This meets x-axis (y = 0) where lamp-post and
4 8 let CE = y m be its shadow.
0– 5 =– (x – 2) dx
3 3 5 Then = cm/s
dt
5 9
= x – 2 x =
2 2
9
i.e. at 2 , 0
Also equation of the normal at P is
4 3 5
y– 5 = (x – 2)
3 8 Since BAE ~ DCE
This meets x-axis, where xy
AB AE a
= = y
4 3 5 CD CE b
0– 5 = (x – 2)
3 8 ay = b(x + y) (a – b)y = bx
32 14 dy dx
– =x–2 x=– (a – b) =b = bc
9 9 dt dt
dy bc
14 =
i.e., at – , 0 dt ab
9
This is the rate at which his shadow is increasing.
17. ABC is an isosceles triangles with AB=AC=a cm (say)
a 19. Given curves are x = 1 – cos and y = – sin
da dx dy
Given : = 3 cm/sec = 0 + sin = sin and = 1 – cos
dt d d
Also BC = b dy
b dy d 1 – cos
Draw AD BC. Then BD = DC = = dx =
2 dx sin
d
AOD [110]
dy 1
m = slope of tangent at = dx
2 –1
x+y–
4
=0
4
4
4 x 4( 2 – 1) y – ( 2 – 1)
1 =0
1 – cos 1– 4 ( 2 – 1)
4 2 2 –1 2
=
sin
=
1
=
2
×
1
= 2 –1 4x + 4 2 – 1 y – 2 – 1 = 0
4 2 20. Let the piece forming square be 4x cm long and the
piece forming equilateral triangle be 3y cm long. Then
Also, when = then x = 1 – cos Length of each side of the square = x cm
4 4
Length of each side of the equilateral = y cm
1 2 –1
=1– = 4x + 3y = 36 ...(1)
2 2 Let A = sum of their area
2
and, when = then 23 2 3 36 – 4 x
4 =x + y = x2 + [Using (1)]
4 4 3
1
y= – sin = –
4 4 4 2 3
= x2 + (36 – 4x)2
36
The equation of tangent to the given curve at =
4
dA 3
2 –1 1 = 2x + · 2(36 – 4x) · (–4)
, – dx 36
i.e. at ...[ y – y0 = m(x
2 4 2
– x0)] 2 3
= 2x – (36 – 4x)
9
1
2 – 1 2
y–
4
+
2
= 2 –1 x – d2 A 2 3 8
2 and 2 =2– (– 4) = 2 + 3
dx 9 9
4 2y – x 2 4
=
2 2 –1x – 2 – 12
For max. or min.
4 2 2 dA
=0
dx
4 2 2 – 1x – 4 2 – 1 = 4 2y – 2 + 4
2
2 3
2 2 – 1 x – 4 2 y – 4 2 – 1 + 2 –
2
4 2x – (36 – 4x) = 0
9
4=0
18x – 72 3 + 8 3 x = 0
4 2 2 – 1x – 4 2y – 4(2 + 1– 2 2 + 2 – 4)=0
36 3
4 2 2 – 1 x – 4 2 y – 12 + 8 2 + 2 –4= 0 (9 + 4 3 ) x = 36 3 x=
94 3
4 2 2 – 1 x – 4 2 y + 8 2 + 2 – 16 = 0
d2 A
For this value of x, clearly >0
4 2 2 – 1 x – 4 2 y + (8 + ) 2 – 16 = 0 dx 2
Area A is min.
The equation of normal to the given curve at =
4 144 3
2 –1 1 Now piece forming the square = 4x = cm
, – 94 3
i.e. at is
2 4 2 piece forming the equilateral = 3y
x 1 –1 x – 2 – 1 144 3 324
y – 4 – =
= 36 – 4x = 36 – = cm
2 2 –1 2 94 3 94 3
21. Let the open box with a square have dimensions a ×
1 a × b in meters
[ y – y0 = – (x – x0)]
m Surface Area of the box a2 + 4ab = 27 (Given)
1 –1 1 27 – a
y– + = x+ b=
4 2
2 –1 2 4a
1 1 1 Also V = vol. of the box
x+y– + – =0
2 –1 4 2 2
AOD [111]
27 – a 1 dA
= a2b = a2 · = (27 a – a3) =0
4a 4 d
dV 1 d2 V 1 cos 2 = 0 2 = =
= (27 – 3a2) and 2 = (– 6a) 2 4
da 4 da 4
For max. or min.
dV
=0 27 – 3a2 = 0
da
a2 = 9
a = 3 m (a – 3)
For this value of a
d2 V 1 d2 A
= (– 6 × 3) < 0 For this value of , = –25 < 0
da 2 4 d 2
V is maximum, when a = 3 m
27 – 9 3 A is maximum, when =
From (1), b = = m 4
12 2 Largest area of such a triangle
3 27 25 25
maximum value = 32 × = = 13.5 cm = sin = sq. units.
2 2 4 2 4
22. f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1
24. Let AB = x, BC = y and AC = z and angle between
f '(x) = 6x2 – 30x + 36 = 6(x2 – 5x + 6)
AB and AC be Q in right angled ABC
= 6(x – 2) (x – 3)
for f to be strictly increasing, f '(x) > 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) > 0 x – 2 > 0 and x – 3 > 0
or x – 2 < 0 and x – 3 < 0
x > 3 or x < 2 x]3, [] – , 2[.
for f to be strictly decreasing.
f '(x) < 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) < 0 x – 2 > 0 and x – 3 < 0
or x – 2 < 0 and x – 3 > 0 1
x > 2 and x < 3 or x < 2 and x > 3. Area of triangle A = xy ...(1)
2
2 < x < 3 (Second alternative is impossible) In rt ABC
x ]2, 3[. x 2 + y2 = z2
For tangents parallel to the x-axis, x2 + y2 = ( – x)2 [ x + z = (given)]
f '(x) = 0 x2 + y2 = 2 + x2 – 2x
(x – 2) (x – 3) = 0 x = 2, 3 y2 = 2 – 2x ...(2)
From (1), f(x) = 2.23 – 15.22 + 36.2 + 1 squaring both sides of equation (1), we get
when x = 2 1 2 2
= 29 A2 = xy
4
and f(x) = 2.32 – 15.32 + 36.3 + 1 where x = 3
= 28 1 2 2
A2 = x ( – 2x)
At (2, 29) and (3, 28), the tangents to (1) are 4
parallel to x-axis. Let A2 = f(x)
23. Let ABC be a right angled triangle whose hypotenuse 1 2 2
f(x) = ( x – 2x3) ...(3)
AC = 5 cm. Then AB = 5 cos ; BC = 5 sin 4
A = Area of ABC
1
1 25 25 f '(x) = (22x – 6x2) ...(4)
= × AB × BC = cos sin = sin 2 4
2 2 4 For stationary point, f '(x) = 0
1
dA 25 d2 A (22x – 6x2) = 0
= cos 2 and = –25 sin 2 4
d 2 d 2
For max. or min., 2x ( – 3x) = 0 x = 0, x =
3
x = 0 is not possible x =
3
AOD [112]
1 16
nowf "(x) = (22 – 12x) = · (–2)(5 – x) [(25 – x2) + x(5 – x)]
4 25
1 2 –32
f " ( x )x = 2 – 12 = (5 – x) (5 – x) [5 + x + x]
3 4 3 25
–32
1 – 2 2 – 2 = (5 – x)2 (2x + 5) ...(iii)
= (22 – 42) = = <0 25
4 4 2
dS
For maximum or minima, =0
Area is maximum at = dx
3
putting the value of x, we get –32 –5
(5 – x)2 (2x + 5) = 0 x = 5,
25 2
z=–x=– =2
3 3 –5
If x = 5 then AD = 0 x5 x=
2
x 3 1 d2S –32
cos = = = = cos Now, = [(5 –x)2 (2) + (2x + 5) · 2 (5 – x)(– 1)]
z 2 2 3 2 25
dx
3
–32 –64
Hence required angle = = × 2(5 – x) [5 – x – 2x – 5] = (5 – x) (– 3x)
3 25 25
25. Let OD = x BC = 2y and AD = 5 – x 192
= x (5 – x)
25
1
A = Area of ABC = · BC · AD
2 d2S
192 – 5 5
1 dx 2 – 5 = 5 < 0
A= 2y · (5 – x) = y(5 – x) x 25 2 2
2
2
A2 = y2 (5 – x)2 ...(i) –5
2 2 2 2 Area A is max. when x =
x y y x 2
Since =1 =1–
25 16 16 25 2
4 25 5 4 75 15
max. area = 25 – 5 =
5 4 2 5 4 2
= 15 3 square units.
EXERCISE - 1
PART - I
A-1. (i) – 2 cm/min (ii) 2 cm 2/min
A-2. 2x 2 – 3x + 1 A-3. (i) 2 km/hr (ii) 6 km/h
3
A-4. 7.68 cm
Section (B) :
B-1. y=x B-2. a = 1, b = –2
2 2
y 25 – x 16 B-3. (1, –1) , (–1, –5)
= y2 = (25 – x2) ...(ii)
16 25 25 B-5. 2x + y = 4, y = 2x B-6. (9/4, 3/8)
16
A2 = (25 – x2) (5 – x)2 B-7. B-8. – 1 B-9. (– 6, 3)
25 3
Let A2 = S
B-10. 10 B-11. 2:1
16
S= (25 – x2) (5 – x)2 Section (C) :
25
C-2. (i) M.D. in (– , –3]
dS 25 M.I. in [– 3 , 0]
dx 16 M.D. in [0 , 2]
[(25 – x2) · 2(5 – x)(–1) + (5 – x2)(0 – 2x)] M.I. in [2 , )
AOD [113]
1 D-4. (B) D-5*. (ACD) D-6*. (BD)
(ii) M.D. in 0,
3 D-7*. (AC) D-8*. (ABC) D-9. (D)
1
M.I. in , D-10. (D) D-11. (C) D-12. (A)
3 D-13. (C)
C-3. (i) Neither increasing nor decreasing, increasing
(ii) at x = – 2 decreasing Section (E) :
at x = 0 decreasing E-1. (D) E-2. (C) E-3. (D)
at x = 3 neither increasing nor decreasing E-4. (ACD)
at x = 5 increasing
Section (F) :
C-4. (– , – 3] C-5. a R+
F-1. (A) F-2. (C) F-3. (B)
C-8. 2sinx + tanx, 0
Section (D) :
PART - III
D-1. (i) local max at x = 1, local min at x = 6 1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (A) 5. (B)
(ii) local max. at x = –
1
, local min. at x = –
EXERCISE - 2
5
1 PART - I
1 66
(iii) local mini at x = , No local maxima 1. – 1500 ft/sec 2. cm 2/sec
e 7
D-2. (i) max = 8, min. = – 8 3. y = 2x–2 2,y=– 2x+2 2
(ii) max = 2 , min = – 1 4. y = x – 5x 3
(iii) max. = 8, min. = – 10 5. y = 8x + 4; point of contact (2, 20) and (0, 4)
(iv) max. = 25, min = – 39
7. Injective 8. [0, )
(v) max. at x = /6, max. value = 3/4; min.
at x = 0 and /2, min. value = 1/2 9. p (0, 1/e)
10. a < – 2 5 or a > 5
D-3. local max at x = 1, local min at x = 2. 13. n (1 + x) 14. (1, )
D-5. 3, 1 (respective) D-6. b (0, e]
12 5 2 6
4r 3 15. f (x) = 2 x 4 x + x
D-7. F = 191 D-9.
5 3
3 3
16. 27 3 sq. cms 17. Width 2 3 m, length 3 3 m
220
D-11. 110 m , m D-12. 32 sq. units 18. (, 2) (0, )
D-13. 12cm, 6 cm
19. Increasing when x , ,
Section (E) : 4 2
E-1.(i) 3 (ii) 1
decreasing when x 0, .
PART - II 4
Section (A) : 1 1
A-1. (B) A-2 (C) A-3. (A) A-4. (C) 25. cos cos p
3
A-5. (A) PART - II
Section (B) : 1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (B)
B-1. (A) B-2. (C) B-3. (D) B-4.(B)
7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (D) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (C)
B-5*. (CD) B-6*. (AB) B-7. (B) B-8. (A)
B-9*. (A) (D) 13. (D) 14. (C) 15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (B)
Section (C) : 18. (A) 19. (B) 20. (D) 21_. (C) 22. (C) 23. (BD)
C-1. (A) C-2. (B) C-3*. (AB) 24. (ABC) 25. (AB) 26. (AD) 27. (AD)
C-4*. (AD) C-5*. (BCD) 28. (ABCD) 29. (ABD) 30. (ACD) 31_. (BD)
Section (D) : 32_. (ABCD)
D-1. (C) D-2. (A) D-3. (C)
AOD [114]
PART - III 2 Here OB = 5 3 cm
1. (A) (p), (B) (s), (C) (q), (D) (r)
2. (A) (p,q), (B) (r,s), (C) (r,s), (D) (r,s)
3. (A) (r), (B) (s), (C) (q), (D) (p)
4. (A) (t), (B) (s), (C) (t), (D) (p)
PART - IV
1. (B) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (C) 5. (B) 6. (A) From OAB
7. (C) 8. (D) 9. (A)
OA = 5 3 cos
EXERCISE - 3 AB = 5 3 sin
r = Radius of the inscribed cylinder = OA
PART - I
= 5 3 cos
1. (A) 4. 5 5. (C) 6. (D) 8. (A) 10. y = 2 h = Height of the inscribed cylinder
= 2AB = 10 3 sin
11. (B) 12. 4 65 13. 6 14*.(BC) 15. (A)
V = Volume of the inscribed cylinder
16. (B) 17. (A) 18. (A) 19. (B) 20. (C) 21. (C) = r2 h = ( 5 3 cos)2. 10 3 sin
22*.(BCD) 23. 0 24. 1 25. (D) dv
= 750 3 (cos3 – 2cos sin2)
26. (A) (s), (B) (t), (C) (r), (D) (r) d
27. 2 28. (9) 29. (5) 30. (C) 31.* (A, C) 32. 9 For max. or min.
33.* (AB) 34. (D) 35. (C) 36. (A) dV
=0
PART - II d
cos3 – 2cossin2 = 0
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (1) 6. (1) cos (cos2– 2sin2) = 0
7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (1) 10. (3) 11*. (13) 12. (4) 1
cos = 0 or tan2=
13. (1) 14. (2) 15. (1) 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (3) 2
1
19. (3) 20. (4) 21. (2) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (2) = or tan = ±
2 2
25. (4)
= is not possible
2
PART - III : 1
1. The curves Also tan = – is not possible.
x = y2 and x y = k intersect, where 2
y2 . y = k y = k1/3 1 1
tan = sin =
x = k2/3 2 3
i.e., The intersect at P(k2/3, k1/3)
2
dy dy 1 and cos =
Now, x = y2 1 = 2y = 3
dx dx 2 y 2
d V
dy 1 Now = 750 3 [–3 cos2 sin + 2sin3
m1 = dx = d 2
P 2k1/ 3 – 4sin cos2] < 0 for this value of .
V is maximum
dy dy y
and xy = k x +1·y=0 = – Maximum value of V
dx dx x
2 1
dy 1 = 750 3 · = 500 cm3
m2 = dx = – 1/ 3 3 3
P k
The given curves will cut at right angles if product of 3. 0.037 = 0.0361 0.0009
their slopes = – 1 Consider the function
m1m2 = – 1 y = f(x) = x
1 1 Take : x = 0.0361, and x = 0.0009
1/ 3 ×
– 1/ 3 = – 1
2k k and y= x = 0.0361 = 0.19
1 = 2k2/3 8k2 = 1. 1
dy
Now =
dx 2 x
AOD [115]
1 6. Let a be the side of the square and r be the radius of
= when x = 0.0361 the circle; then
2 0.0361 P = 4a + 2r(given) ...(1)
1 1 Let A be the sum of their areas,
= = A = a2 + r2
2 0.19 0.38
dy 1 0.09 2
y = x = × 0.0009 = P – 2r
dx 0.38 38 = + r2 [Using (1)]
4
Hence 0.037 = y + y = 0.19 + 0.00237
dA P – 2r – 2
= 0.19237 = 2. 4 · 4 + 2r
4. Here f(x) = x2 + 2x + 2, x [4, 6] dr
Being a polynomial, x2 + 2x + 3 is both continuous
and diff. everywhere and in particular, in [4, 6]. – p 22r
= + 2r
The conditions of Lagrange's Mean value Theorem 4
are satisfied.
c ]4, 6[ satisfying P 2 d2 A 2
= – 2 r and = +2 > 0
f (b ) f ( a ) f (6) f (4) 4 2 dr 2 2
f(c) = 2c + 3 =
ba 64 dA
For min. area, =0
1 2 dr
= [(6 + 2 × 6 + 3) – (42 + 2 × 4 + 3]
2 P 2 P/4
1 – 4 2 2 r = 0 r = ...(ii)
2c + 3 = [36 + 12 – (16 + 8)] = 12 2
2 2
For this value of r, A is min.
9
2c = 9 c =
2 From (2), P = 4r 2
2
9
Clearly ]4, 6[ 4a + 2r = 2r + 8r [Using (1)]
2
4a = 8r
a = 2r = diameter of the circle
5. The given curve is x = + sin , y = 1 + cos
7. (i) f(x) is continuous in [1, 3] being algebraic function.
dx dy (ii)f '(x) = 2x – 4 (1, 3)
= 1 + cos, = – sin
d d f(x) is derivable in (1, 3)
dy dy / d – sin f(1) = 12 – 4.1 + 3 = 1 – 4 + 3 = 0
(iii)
= = f(3) = 32 – 4.3 + 3 = 9 – 12 + 3 = 0
dx dx / d 1 cos f(1) = f(3)
– 1/ 2 –1 Rolle's theorem is verified
= 1 when = 4 = =1– 2 Now, there exists a number c such that
1 2 1 f '(c) = 0
2 2c – 4 = 0
c = 2 (1, 3)
Also at 8. Let S(x) and C(x) be the selling and cost price of x
4 items respectively.
1
x= + sin = + x x2
4 4 4 2 S(x) = 5 – 100 · x = 5x –
100
2 1 x
y = 1 + cos = and C(x) = + 500
4 2 5
The profit function p(x) is given by p(x) = S(x) – C(x)
Equation of the tangent at = is x2 x 24 x2
4 = 5x – – – 500 = x– – 500
100 5 5 100
2 1 1
y– = (1 – 2 ) x – 4 – 24 x 24
2 2 P'(x) = – = 0 x = × 50 = 240
5 50 5
1 ( 2 – 1) 1 1 –1
y–1– = (1 – 2)x+ – + Now p"(x) = 0 – =
2 4 2 50 50
1
–1
( 2 – 1) [p'(x)]x=240 = <0
y = (1 – 2 50
2 )x +
4 Thus, profit is maximum when x = 240 items.
AOD [116]
1 11. Let the length be x m and breadth be y m of the base
9. Given funciton is f(x) = x3 + ,x0 rectangular tank. Let Rs. S be the total expense to
x3 built the tank.
3 Here depth h = 2m, volume = 8m3
f(x) = 3x2 – ,x0 Area of the base = b = xy m2
x4 and area of the four sides
(i) f(x) is increasing if f(x) 0 = 2( + b) h = 2(x + y ) × 2 = 4(x + y)m 2
3 total cost S = 70 × xy + 45 × 4 (x + y)
If 3x2 – 0, x 0 S = 70xy + 180 (x + y) ...(1)
x4
If x6 – 1 0 , x 0 Volume of tank = 8 m3
If (x2)3 1 bh = 8
If x2 1 4
If x (–, –1] [1, ) xy × 2 = 8 y = ...(2)
x
f(x) is increasing on (–, –1] [1, ) putting the value of y in (1), we get
(ii) f(x) is decreasing if f(x) 0
4 4
3 S = 70x × + 180 x
If 3x2 – 0, x 0 x x
x4
6
If x 1, x 0
If (x2)3 1, x 0
If x2 1, x 0
If 0 < x2 1
If 0 < |x| 1
if x [–1, 0) (0, 1]
f(x) is decreasing on [–1, 0) (0, 1]
dx 4
10. = a . 3sin2t cost = 3a sin2t cost
dt S = 280 + 180 x ...(3)
x
dy Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get
= b . 3 cos2t(–sin t) = – 3bsint cos2t
dt
dS 4 4
dy / dt = 0 + 180 1 2 = 180 1 2 ...(4)
dx x x
dx / dt
dS
3a sin 2 t cos t
a For least expenses,
dx
=0
= 2 =– tan t
– 3b sin t cos t b
4
180 1 2 = 0 x2 = 4 x=2
Slope of the tangent at t = is x
4
d2S 8
dy a a Now = 180 3
2
m = dx = – tan = – dx x
t b 4 b
4
d2S 8
1
3
a dx 2 = 180 × = 180 > 0
x 2 8
Now x1 = asin3 = a =
4 2 2 2 S is least at x = 2
3 4
1 b
y1 = bcos = b 3 = Least cost = 280 + 180 2 [using 3]
2 2 2
4 2
= 280 + 720 = Rs. 1000
a b 12. We have y = 3x2 – 4x
Equation of tangent at , is
2 2 2 2 dy
= 6x – 4
dx
b a a The slope of the tangent at x = 2 is
y– = – b x – [ y – y = m(x – x
2 2 2 2 1 –
dy
)] m= = 6(2) – 4 = 12 – 4 = 8
1
dx x 2
2 2y – b a 2 2 x – a 13. Given curve is
= – b
2 2 2 2 x–7 x–7
y= = 2 ...(i)
2
2 2 by – b = – 2 2 ax + a 2 ( x – 2)( x – 3) x – 5x 6
2 2 ax + 2 2 by = a2 + b2 dy
dx
AOD [117]
d d
(x2 – 5x 6) ( x – 7) – ( x – 7) ( x 2 – 5x 6) A = (x + 10) 100 – x 2 ...(i)
= dx dx
A2 = (x + 10)2 (100 – x2)
( x 2 – 5 x 6 )2
Let A2 = s
( x 2 – 5x 6)·1 – ( x – 7)(2x – 5) s = (x + 10)2 (100 – x2)
=
[( x – 2)( x – 3)]2 ds
( x 2 – 5x 6) – (2x 2 – 5x – 14 x 35) = (x + 10)2 (– 2x) + (100 – x2) · 2(x + 10)
dx
=
( x – 2 )2 ( x – 3 ) 2 = 2(x + 10) [(x + 10) (–x) + 100 – x2]
= 2(x + 10) [(x + 10) (–x) + (10 + x) (10 – x)]
( x 2 – 5 x 6) – (2 x 2 19 x 35 )
= = 2(x + 10)2 [– x + 10 – x]
( x – 2)2 ( x – 3)2 = 2(x + 10)2 (10 – 2x) ...(ii)
x 2 – 5 x 6 – 2x 2 19 x – 35 ds
= For maximum or minimum area, =0
( x – 2)2 ( x – 3)2 dx
dy – x 2 14 x – 29 2(x + 10)2 (10 – 2x) = 0
= x = – 10 or x = 5
dx ( x – 2)2 ( x – 3)2
Since tha curve cuts at x-axis y=0 d2 s
Now, = 2 (x + 10)2 (–2) + (10 – 2x) · 2.2 (x + 10)
x–7 dx 2
From (i), we get 0 =
x 2 – 5x 6 = 4(x + 10) [–2(x + 10) + 10 – 2x]
x–7=0 x=7 = 4(x + 10) (– 6x – 10)
Point of intersection is (7, 0)
Slope of tangent at (7, 0) is d2 s
dx 2 = 4(5 + 10) (– 30 – 10) = 4 (15) (– 40)
dy – (7)2 14(7) – 29 x 5
m = dx =
(7, 0 ) (7 – 2 )2 (7 – 3 ) 2 <0
Area A is maximum at x = 5
–49 98 – 29 20 1
= = = Maximum area = (5 + 10) 100 – 25 [Using (i)]
25 16 25 16 20
Equation of tangent at (7, 0) is
= 15 75 = 15 × 5 3 = 75 3 cm2
1
y–0= (x – 7) [ y – y1 = n(x – x1)]
20 15. Let x be the side of the square base and y be the
x – 7 = 20y x – 20y – 7 = 0 height of the open tank.
14. Draw DM and CN perpendicular to AB. = x, b = x and h = y
Surface area of open box is
S = b + 2bh + 2h
ADM BCN
AM = BN = x (say)
and AD = DC = CB = 10 cm (given)
S = x, x + 2xy + 2yx
In AMD S = x2 + 4xy ...(i)
Let volume of open tank = V
DM = 10 2 – x 2 = 100 – x 2 bh = V
and AB = AM + MN + NB = x + 10 + x = 2x + 10 V
The area of the trapezium ABCD is x · x · y = V y = ...(ii)
x2
1 1 Putting y in (i), we get
A= (AB + DC) × DM [ A = (a + b) × h]
2 2 V 4V
S = x2 + 4x · S = x2 + ...(iii)
1 x2 x
A = (2x + 10 + 10) × 100 – x 2
2 dS 4V d 1 – 1
= 2x – 2 ... dx x 2
1 dx x x
A= (2x + 20) 100 – x 2
2
AOD [118]
For maximum or minimum surface area S, we have x( + 4) – 28 = 0
dS 4V 28
=0 2x – 2 =0 x=
dx x 4
4V d2 A 1 1
2 = 2x 2x3 = 4V Now, 2 = >0
x dx 2 8
x3 = 2V x = (2V)1/3
28
d2S – 2 8V Area is min. at x =
4
Now, = 2 – 4V · 3 = 2 + 3
dx 2 x x 1st piece = x,
d 1 – 2 28
... dx 2 3 2nd piece = 28 – x = 28 –
4
x x
28 112 – 28 112
d2S 8V = =
2 4 4
dx at x ( 2V )1/ 3
=2+
2V 1/ 2 3
Required length of pieces are
8V 28 112
=2+ =2+4=6>0 cm and
2V 4 4
Surface area is minimum at x = (2V)1/3 Required length of pieces are
28 112
x2 cm and cm
2V = x3 v= 4 4
2
Putting the value of v in (ii) 4 sin
17. We have f() = –
x3 / 2 x 2 cos
we get y = 2
y=
x 2 (2 cos )(4 cos ) – 4 sin (0 – sin )
Hence, the depth of the tank = half of the width f() = –1
(2 cos )2
16. Let x be the length of the pieces to be made into
circle. 8 cos 4 cos2 4 sin2
= –1
(28 – x) be the length of the piece to be made into (2 cos )2
square.
8 cos 4
= –1
(2 cos )2
8 cos 4 – 4 – cos 2 – 4 cos
2r = x r = =
2 (2 cos )
x2 x2 4 cos – cos 2 cos ( 4 – cos )
Area of circle A1 = r2 = · 2 = ...(i) = =
4 4 (2 cos )2
(2 cos )2
Perimeter of square = 28 – x
28 – x cos ( 4 – cos )
For all 0, , 0
4 = 28 – x = 2 (2 cos )2
4
(28 – x )2
Area of square A2 = 2 = ...(ii) Hence, f() is increasing in 0,
16 2
Combined area A = A1 + A2
18. Let r be the radius of sphere and r be the error in
x 2 (28 – x)2 measuring the radius. Then, r = 9 cm, r = 0.03
A=
4 16 cm.
Now surface area S of the sphere is
dA 2x 2( 28 – x ) S = 4r2
= (–1)
dx 4 16
dS
dA x 28 – x = 8r
– dr
=
dx 2 8 dS
dA
S = r
dr
for stationary point, =0 = 8rr
dx
= 8 × 9 × 0.03
x 28 – x = 2.16 cm2.
– =0
2 8 This is the approx. error in calculating surface area.
4 – 28 x
=0
8
AOD [119]
19. total perimeter of the window dh 1
cm/s
dt 48
21. Let length of rectangle = x cm
Breadth of rectangle = y m
To prove the maximum area of rectangle
= × b = xy ...(i)
In DBC
BD2 = DC2 + BC2
(2r)2 = x2 + y2
b + 2a + 2b = 12
12 – 3b
2a + 3b = 12 a=
2
Now Area A of the window is
3 2 12 – 3b 3 2
A = ab + b = ·b + b
4 2 4
3 2 3 2
= 6b – b + b
2 4 4r2 – x2 = y2 ...(ii)
A = xy
dA 3 A2 = x2 y2 ...(iii)
= 6 – 3b + b
db 2 from (ii) and (iii)
For maximum or minimum A2 = x2 (4r2 – x2)
A2 = 4r2x2 – x4
dA 3 If A2 = f(x), diff. w.r.t. x, we get
=0 3 – 2 b = 6 b = f(x) = 8r2x – 4x3 ...(iv)
db
0 = 8r2x – 4x3
12 4x3 = 8r2x
x2 = 2r2
6– 3
x= 2r
d2 A 3 diff. w.r.t. x, from equation (iv)
Also 2 = –3+ <0
db 2 f(x) = 8r2 – 12x2
Area is maximum, f x x 2r = 8r2 – 12(2r2) = 8r2 – 24r2
12 = – 16r2 < 0 maxima
when b =
6– 3 x
Put r = in equation (ii)
12 – 3b 3 12 18 – 6 3 2
From (i), a = = 6 – 2· =
2 6– 3 6– 3 x2
4· – x 2 = y2
20. Let r be the radius, h be the height and ‘’ be the 2
volume of the sand cone. 2x2 – x2 = y2
x 2 = y2
d 1 x=y
= 12 cm2/s and h = r
dt 6 Hence proved it is square.
h = 4 cm. 22. The curve is
dh x = sin 3 t ; y = cos 2t
=?
dt dx dy
Volume of sand cone = 3cos 3t ; = – 2 sin 2t
dt dt
1 2 d d 1 2 dy dy / dt 2 sin 2t
= r h = 6h ·h = = –
3 dt dt 3 dx dx / dt 3 cos 3t
d 1
= 36 h3 At t = ,
dt 3 4
d 3 dh 3 1
= × h2 × 36 × x = sin = sin =
dt 3 dt 4 4 2
dh d
12 = (4)2 × 36 × dt 12 , h 4cm y = cos 2t = cos
2
=0
dt
AOD [120]
24. Let V be the vol. and S be the surface area of the
dy 2 sin given cylinder of height h and radius of the base
and =– 2 = 2 .1 = =r
dx 3 1 2 2
cos – V
4 2 Now, V = r2h (Given) h= ...(i)
r 2
Also S = 2rh + r2 (cylinder is open at the top)
Equation of the tangent to the given curve at t =
4 V
is = 2r · 2 + r2 [Using (i)]
r
1
y – 0 = 2 2 x – 2V
2 = + r2
r
y= 2 2 x–2 dS 2V
= – 2 + 2r and
dr r
23. Slant height is given
From the figure d2S 4V
= 3 + 2
r dr 2 r
sin = r = sin For max. or min. surface
dS 2V
h = 0 – 2 + 2r = 0
cos = h = cos dr r
V 3
V
r3 = r=
d2S 4V
For this value of r, 2 = + 2 = 6 > 0
dr V/
V
S is min. when r3 = V = r3
Also V = r2h
Hence r2 h = r3 h = r
25. Given : f(x) 2x3 + 9x2 + 12x + 20
f(x) = 6x2 + 18x + 12
= 6(x2 + 3x + 2)
= 6(x + 1)(x + 2)
where is the semi-vertical angle. (a) for f to be increasing
Now V = Vol. of the cone f(x) 0 6(x + 1) (x + 2) 0
(x + 1) (x + 2) 0 x + 1 0, x + 2 0
1 or x + 1 0, x + 2 0
= r2h = ( sin )2 · ( cos )
3 3 x –1 or x –2 x [–1, [] – , –2]
3 (b) for f to be decreasing
= · sin2 cos f(x) 0 (x + 1) (x + 2) 0
3 x + 1 0 and x + 2 0
dV 3 (The other alternative : x + 1 0 and x + 2 0 is
= (2sin · cos2 – sin3) absurd)
d 3
x –1 and x –2
d2 V 3 –2 x –1 x [–2, – 1]
and = (2cos3 – 7sin2 cos )
d 2 3 26. Let the point on y2 = 2x, which is at a min. distance
For max. or min. value of V, we have from Q(1, 4) be P(x, y)
dV We have to minimise
= 0 2sin cos2 – sin3= 0 s = PQ2 = (x – 1)2 + (y – 4)2
d
2cos2 – sin2 = 0 ( sin 0) y2
2
tan2 = 2 tan = 2 = tan
–1
2 = – 1 + (y – 4)2 [ y2 = 2x x = 1/2 y2]
2
2 1 y2
sin = ; cos = ds
5 5 dy = 2 2 – 1 · y + 2(y – 4) = y3 – 8
d2 V 3 1 2 1 2
d s
= 2· – 7· · and = 3y2
d 2 3 5 5 5 5 dy 2
3 – 12 ds
=
<0
For max. or min. dy = 0
3 5 5
y3 – 8 = 0 y3 – 23 = 0
Hence V is max. when = tan–1 2 . (y – 2) (y2 + 2y + 4) = 0
AOD [121]
y=2 ( y2 + 2y + 4 = 0 has no real roots) –4 / 3 2/3
2
3V 3V
d s f "(r) = 54 V 2 + 12 2 >0
For this value of y · = 3 × 22 = 12 > 0 2 2
dy 2
1/ 3
s is min. and from y2 = 2x 3V
f(r) is min. at r =
y2 22 2
x= = =2
2 2 3V
The required point is (2, 2). Surface area is min at r3 =
2
27. Let radius of cone = r
height of cone = h 2 r 3
and Slant height of cone = V=
3
Putting the value of V in equation (3), we get
2r 3
3·
3
h=
r 2
h= 2r
Curved surface area of cone Hence attitude equal to 2 time the radius of base.
S = r ...(1)
S2 = 2 r2 2 28. The given sphere is of radius R. Let h be the height
S2 = 2 r2 (h2 + r2) ...(2) and r be the radius of the cylinder inscribed in
2 = r2 + h2 the sphere.
1 2 Volume of cylinder
Volume of cone V = r h Volume of cylinder
3
V = r2 h ...(1)
3V = r2h
In rt OBA
3V AB2 + OB2 = OA2
h= ...(3)
r 2 h2
Putting the value of h in equation (2), we get r2 + = R2
4
9V 2
2
S = r 2 4 r
2 2 2 h2
r2 = R2 – ...(2)
r 4
9V 2
S2 = + 2 r4
r2
2
Let S = f(r)
9V 2
f(r) = + 2r4
r2
f '(r) = – 18V2 r–3 + 42r3
For stationary point f '(r) = 0
– 18 V2 r–3 + 42r3 = 0
– 18 V 2
= – 42r3 putting the value of r2 in eq. (1), we get
r3
42r6 = 18 V2 2 h2 2 h3
V = R 4 . h V = R h 4
...(3)
6
18 V 2
r =
4 2 2 3h 2
dV
3V = R 4 ...(4)
dh
r3 =
2
dV
1/ 3 For stationary point, =0
3V dh
r =
2 3h 2
R2
Now f''(r) = 54 V2 r–4 + 12 2 r2
4 = 0
1/ 3
3V
At r = 3h 4R 2 2R
2 R2 = h2 = h=
4 3 3
AOD [122]
d2 V 6
Now 2 = h
dh 4
B
d2 V
3 2R
dh 2 at h 2R = 2 . <0
5m
3 3 y
2R
Volume is max at h = A
3 O x 2cm/sec
Max. volume of V
2 2R 1 8R 3 3 3
= R . . = 2R 2R We have x2 + y2 = 25 y= 25 – x 2
3 4 3 3 3 3 3
dy 1 dx –2x
6R 3 2R 3 3 · – 2x · [From (i)]
= = 4R cu. unit. dt 2 25 – x 2 dt 25 – x 2
3 3 3 3
29. Here cone is given dy –8 8
= – cm/sec
Its height h and base radius r is given. dt x 4 25 – 16 3
Let the inscribed cylinder have height H and base
8
radius R. Height is decreasing at the rate of cm/sec
3
Now VPQ ~ VOA
2x
hH h r 31. Given y = log(1 + x) –
= R = (h – H) 2x
R r h
Let S be the curved surface of the cylinder. Then dy 1 (2 x )·2 – 2x ·1
–
2r dx 1 x (2 x )2
S = 2RH = 2(h – H) H = (hH – H2)
h
1 4 (2 x )2 – 4(1 x)
= – 2
1 x (2 x ) (1 x)(2 x )2
4 4x x 2 – 4 – 4x x2
= ...(i)
(1 x)(2 x )2 (1 x)(2 x )2
Now x2, (2 + x)2 are always positive, also 1 + x > 0 for
x > –1
dy
From (i), > 0 for x > –1
dx
dS 2r d2S 4r Hence function increases for x > –1
= (h – 2H) and 2 =–
dH h dH h 32. Let h, r, S and V be respectively the height, base
dS radius, total surface area and the volume of the given
h
For max. or min., =0H= closed cylinder
dH 2 Then
d2S S = 2r2 + 2rh (Given) ...(1)
For this value of H, <0 and V = r2 h
dH2
S is max. S 2r 2
= r2 2r [By (i)]
r r h h r
Now R = (h – H) = =
h h 2 2 1
= [Sr – 2 r3]
Hence the result. 2
30. Let foot of the ladder be x m away from the wall and dV 1
y is height at time t. = [S – 6 r2]
dr 2
dx
= 2cm/sec. ...(i) d2 V 1
dt and = [0 – 12 r] = –6 r
dr 2 2
dy
To find =?
dt x 4
AOD [123]
Now for max. or min. volume,
1 2
Volume of cone, V = r h ...(i)
dV S 3
= 0 S = 6r2 r=
dr 6 OA + OC = AC
R + OC = h OC = h – R
d2 V In rt. OCB, we have
For this value of r, <0 OC2 + BC2 = OB2
dr 2
(h – R)2 + r2 = R2
S h2 + R2 – 2hR + r2 = R2
V is max. when r = r2 = R2 – h2 – R2 +2hR
6
r2 = 2hr – h2 ...(ii)
S 2r 2 6r 2 2r 2 Putting the volume of r2 in equation (i), we get
From (1), h = = = 2r
2r 2r 1
Height = diameter of the base. V= (2hR – h2) · h
3
33. Let x be the side of the square base and y be the 1
height of the open box. Then C2 = Surface area of the V= (2h2R – h3) ...(iii)
3
open box
= x2 + 4xy dV 1
= (4hR – 3h2)
2
C –x 2 dh 3
y= For maximum or minimum volume, we have
4x
Now V = Volume of the box dV 1
=0 (4hR – 3h2) = 0
dh 3
C2 x 2 1
= x2 y = x2 × = (C2x – x3) ...(1) h(4R – 3h) = 0
4x 4
4R – 3h = 0 ...[ h 0]
dV 1 d2 V 3 4R
= (C2 – 3x2) and 2 =– x ...(2) 3h = 4R h=
dx 4 dx 2 3
For V to be max. or min.
d2 V 1
dV C Now, 2 = [4R – 6h]
=0 C2 – 3x2 = 0 x = ± dh 3
dx 3
d2 V
C 2 1
As x can never be –ve, so x = dh at h 4R = 3 [4R – 6 × 4R/3]
3 3
For this value of x, from (2)
1 –4
d2 V 3 C 3 = [4R – 8R] = , R<0
( C > 0) 3 3
2 = – . =– C<0
dx 2 3 2
4R
V is max Volume is maximum at h =
From (1), Maximum value of V 3
Max. volume of cone
3
1 2 C C C3 2 3
C .
= 4
= 1 4R 4R
3 3 6 3 = 3 2 R – [Using (iii)]
3 3
1 32 3 64 3
= R – R
3 9 27
1 96R 3 – 64R 3 1 32
= R3
3 27 3 27
34.
32 3 8 4
= R = R3
81 27 3
8
Let r be the radius and h be height of the cone is = × volume of sphere
inscribed in a sphere of radius R 27
AOD [124]
35. P(x) = 0.005x3 + 0.02x2 + 30x 2
4R 2
= h2 R=h
3 3
dP
= 0.015x2 + 0.04x + 30
dx d2 V 3 2R
2
0
dP Also, dh h 2R 2 3
Now, = 0.015 × 32 + 0.04 × 3 + 30 = 3
dx x 3
30.255 2R
Value indicated in the question tells about the So, V is miximum when h =
3
increase in pollution due to use of diesel vehicles. OR
36. Let r be the radius and h be the height of the x2
The given curve x2 = 4y y=
cylinder. Let V be its volume. 4
Let R be the radius of sphere
V = r2h ....(i) dy 2x x dy x
AC = 2R dx = 1
dx 4 2 p 2
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Equation of the normal at P(x1,y1) is
(2R)2 = (2r)2 + h2
D
r
C 1
(y – y1) = – dy (x – x1)....(i)
h dx
2R
2
y – y1 = x (x – x1)
1
A B It passes through (1, 2)
2 2 2
4R = 4r + h
–2 –2
4R 2 – h2 2 – y1 = x (1 – x1) 2 – y1 = x + 2
r2 = .....(ii) 1 1
4 x1y1 = 2 ...(ii)
Putting the value of (ii) in (i), we get Also P(x1, y1) lies on x2 = 4y
4R 2 – h2 x 12 = 4y1 ...(iii)
V = ×h = [4R2h – h3] ....(iii)
4 Eliminating y1, between (ii) and (iii), we get
4
Differentiating (iii) w.r.t. h, we get x 13
= 2 x13 = 8 x1 = 2
3 d2 V 4
dV
×4R2 – × 3h2 = R2 – h2 and Putting x1 = 2 in (ii), we get y1 = 1
dh 4 4 4 dh 2 Putting the values of x1 and y1, in (i), we get
3 –2
=– h (y – 1) = (x – 2)
2 2
dV (y – 1) = – 1(x – 2) x + y – 3 = 0
for maxima/minima, we put =0 is the equation of normal
dh Equation of tangent is
3 2
= R2 – h = 0 dy
4 (y – y1) = dx (x – x1) (y – 2) = 1(x – 1)
p
y – 2 = x – 1 x – y = – 1.
AOD [125]
PART - I : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Single choice type
1. The interval in which the function x 3 increases less rapidly than 6x 2 + 15x + 5 is
(A) ( , 1) (B) (5 , 1) (C) (1, 5) (D) (5 , )
2. On the interval [0, 1) the function f(x) = x 25(1 – x)75 takes its maximum value at
1 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D)
2 4
3. The difference between the greatest and least values of the function f(x) = sin 2x – x on [–/2, /2] is
3 2 3 2
(A) (B) + /6 (C) (D)
2 2 2
4. The abscissa of point on curve ay 2 = x 3, normal at which cuts off equal intercepts from the coordinate
axes is
2a 4a 4a 2a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
9 9 9 9
a b
5. The x-intercept of tangent at arbitrary point of curve 2
= 1 is proportional to
x y2
(A) square of the abscissa of the point of tangency
(B) square root of the abscissa of the point of tangency
(C) cube of the abscissa of the point of tangency
(D) cube root of the abscissa of the point of tangency.
6. The slope of the normal at the point with abscissa x = – 2 of the graph of the function
2
f(x) = x x is
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 3 6 3
7. A particle moving on a curve has the position at time t given by x = f'(t) sin t + f''(t) cos t, y = f'(t) cos t - f''(t)
sin t, where f is a thrice differentiable function. Then the velocity of the particle at time t is :
(A) f'(t) + f''(t) (B) f'(t) - f'''(t) (C) f'(t) + f'''(t) (D) f'(t) - f''(t)
8. If at any point on a curve the subtangent and subnormal are equal, then the tangent is equal to
(A) 2 ordinate (B) 2 |ordinate| (C) 2 (ordinate ) (D) none of these
x4
9. The number of values of c such that the straight line 3x + 4y = c touches the curve = x + y is:
2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
2
10. The beds of two rivers (within a certain region) are a parabola y = x and a straight line y = x 2. These
rivers are to be connected by a straight canal. The coordinates of the ends of the shortest canal can
be:
1 1 11 5 1 1 11 5
(A) , and , (B) , and ,
2 4 8 8 2 4 8 8
(C) (0, 0) & (1, 1) (D) none of these
3 2
11. The lines y = – x and y = – x intersect the curve 3x 2 + 4xy + 5y2 4 = 0 at the points P and Q
2 5
respectively. The tangents drawn to the curve at P and Q:
(A) intersect each other at angle of 45º (B) are parallel to each other
(C) are perpendicular to each other (D) none of these
AOD [126]
12. At (0, 0), the curve y 2 = x 3 + x 2
(A) touches x-axis (B) bisects the angle between the axes
(C) makes an angle of 60° with Ox (D) none of these
13. The longest interval in which f(x) = x 4ax x 2 (a < 0) is decreasing is –
(A) [4a, 0] (B) [3a, 0] (C) (–, 3] (D) none of these
14. Number of roots of the equation 4cos (ex) = 2x + 2–x, is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
15. The set of values of the parameter 'a' for which the function ;
f(x) = 8ax – a sin 6x – 7x – sin 5x increases & has no critical points for all x R, is
(A) [–1, 1] (B) (– , –6) (C) (6, + ) (D) [6, + )
16. f : [0, 4] R is a differentiable function. Then for some a, b (0, 4) , f 2(4) – f 2(0) =
(A) 8f(a) . f(b) (B) 4f(b) f(a) (C) 2f (b) f(a) (D) f(b) f(a)
a 2
17. The values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ for which all the extrema of the function f(x) = a2x3 – x – 2x – b are positive and
2
1
the minimum is at the point x0 =
3
11 1
(A) when a = –2 b < and when a = 3 b < –
27 2
11 1
(B) when a = 3 b < and when a = 2 b < –
27 2
11 1
(C) when a = – 2 b < and when a = 2 b < –
27 2
(D) None of these
3 | x k | , xk
18. If f(x) = 2 sin ( x k ) has minimum at x = k , then
a 2 x k , x k
(A) a R (B) |a| < 2 (C) |a| > 2 (D) 1 < |a| < 2
19. Let f : R R
f(x) = 4 x 2 28 x 85 + 4 x 2 28 x 113
The minimum value of f is -
(A) 96 (B) 14 (C) 96 2 (D) 14 2
20. The equation x 3 – 3x + [a] = 0, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, will have three real and
distinct roots if
(A) a (– , 2) (B) a (0, 2)
(C) a (, – 2) (0, ) (D) a [–1, 2)
{x} {x}
21. Let f(x) = sin + cos where a > 0 and { . } denotes the fractional part function. Then the set of
a a
values of a for which f can attain its maximum values is
4 4
(A) 0, (B) , (C) (0, ) (D) none of these
22. The values of the parameter ‘k’ for which the equation x4 + 4x3 – 8x2 + k = 0 has all roots real is given by
(A) k (0,3) (B) k (0, 128) (C) k (3, 128) (D) k (128, )
AOD [127]
More than one choice type
n n
x y
23. The equation of normal to the curve = 2 (n N) at the point with abscissa equal to 'a' can
a b
be:
(A) ax + by = a2 b2 (B) ax + by = a2 + b2
2 2
(C) ax by = a b (D) bx ay = a2 b2
24. For the curve represented parametrically by the equations, x = 2 n cot t + 1 & y = tan t + cot t
(A) tangent at t = /4 is parallel to x axis
(B) normal at t = /4 is parallel to y axis
(C) tangent at t = /4 is parallel to the line y = x
(D) tangent and normal intersect at the point (2, 1)
25. Let f(x) be a differentiable function and f() = f() = 0 ( < ), then in the interval (, )
(A) f(x) + f '(x) = 0 has at least one root
(B) f(x) – f '(x) = 0 has at least one real root
(C) f(x) . f '(x) = 0 has at least one real root
(D) none of these
x p2 pq pr
2
26. If p, q, r be real, then the intervals in which, f(x) = pq xq qr ,
pr qr x r2
2 2
(A) increase is x < – (p2 + q2 + r2), x > 0 (B) decrease is (– (p2 + q2 + r2), 0)
3 3
2 2 2
(C) decrease is x < – (p2 + q2 + r2), x > 0 (D) increase is (– (p + q2 + r2), 0)
3 3
27. Which of the following inequalities are valid –
(A) |tan–1 x – tan–1y| |x – y| x, y R(B) |tan–1 x – tan–1y| |x – y|
(C) |sin x – sin y| |x – y| (D) |sin x – sin y| |x – y|
28. The values of the parameter ‘a’ for which the point of minimum of the function f(x) = 1 + a2 x – x3 satisfies the
x2 x 2
inequality < 0 are -
x 2 5x 6
(A) (2 3 , 3 3 ) (B) (3 3 , 2 3 ) (C) (2 3 , 3 3 ) (D) (3 2, 2 3 )
x 2 3x 2
29. A function f(x) = is -
x 2 2x 3
(A) maximum at x = – 3 (B) minimum at x = – 3 and maximum at x = 1
(C) no point of maxima and minima (D) increasing in its domain
Comprehension
A function f(x) having the following properties;
(i) f(x) is continuous except at x = 3
(ii) f(x) is differentiable except at x = – 2 and x = 3
(iii) f(0) = 0, xlim lim f(x) = 3, lim f(x) = 0
f(x) – , x
3 x
(iv) f (x) > 0 x (–, – 2) (3, ) and f (x) 0 x (– 2, 3)
(v) f (x) > 0 x (– , – 2) (– 2, 0) and f (x) 0 x (0, 3) (3, )
then answer the following questions
30. Maximum possible number of solutions of f(x) = | x | is
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 4
31. Graph of function y = f (– | x |) is
(A) differentiable for all x, if f (0) = 0
(B) continuous but not differentiable at two points, if f (0) = 0
(C) continuous but not differentiable at one points, if f (0) = 0
(D) discontinuous at two points, if f (0) = 0
AOD [128]
32. f(x) + 3x = 0 has five solutions if
(A) f(–2) > 6 (B) f (0) < – 3 and f(– 2) > 6
(C) f (0) > – 3 (D) f (0) > – 3 and f(– 2) > 6
True/False
1 1 1
33. The combined resistance R of two resistors R 1 & R2 (R1, R2 > 0) is given by, = + .
R R1 R2
If R1 + R2 = constant. The maximum resistance R is obtained by choosing R 1 = R2.
PART - II : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. A figure is bounded by the curves, y = x 2 + 1, y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1. At what point (a, b), a tangent
should be drawn to the curve y = x 2 + 1 for it to cut off a trapezium of the greatest area from the figure.
2. The fuel charges for running a train are proportional to the square of the speed generated in m.p.h. and
costs Rs. 48/- per hour at 16 mph. What is the most economical speed if the fixed charges i.e. salaries
etc. amount to Rs. 300/- per hour.
1
3. The chord of the parabola y = - a2x 2 + 5ax - 4 touches the curve y = at the point x = 2 and is
1 x
bisected by that point . Find 'a' .
ax b
4. If y = has a turning value at (2, 1) find a and b, show that the turning value is a
(x 1) (x 4)
maximum.
5. If x and y are sides of two squares such that y = x – x 2. Find the rate of change of area of second
square (side y) with respect to the first square (side x) when x = 1cm
6. With the usual meaning for a, b, c and s, if be the area of a triangle, prove that the error in resulting
1 1 1 1
from a small error in the measurement of c, is given by d dc
4 s s a s b s c
7. If p be the length of perpendicular drawn from the origin upon the tangent to the curve
x = a cos t + a t sin t and y = a sin t – at cos t at the point t, then prove that :
dx dy
(i) p | t | (ii) p i ; where i 1
dt dt
8. Show that the equation of the tangent to the curve represented parametrically by the equations.
t t
x = a and y = a
f t f t
can be expressed in the form
x y a
t t f t
=0
' t ' t f ' t
where f, g and h are the differentiable functions.
x2 y2
9. Show that the condition, for curves x 2/3 + y2/3 = c2/3 and 2
+ 2 = 1 to touch,
a b
is c = a + b.
10. Find the possible values of a such that the inequality 3 – x 2 > |x – a| has atleast one negative solution
11. If the relation between subnormal SN and subtangent ST at any point S on the curve by 2 = (x + a)3 is
p
p(SN) = q (ST)2, then find value of in terms of b and a.
q
12. If (m – 1) a12 – 2m a2 < 0, then prove that xm + a1 xm – 1 + a2 xm – 2 + ..... + am – x + a0 = 0 has at least one non real
root (a1, a2, ....., am R)
AOD [129]
13. If f '(x) > 0, f''(x) > 0 x (0, 1) and f(0) = 0, f(1) = 1, then prove that f(x) f–1 (x) < x2 x (0, 1)
x2 27 2
14. Find the interval of increasing and decreasing for the function g(x) = 2f 2 + f 2 x , where
f "(x) < 0 for all x R.
15. Using calculus prove that H.M G.M. A.M for positive real numbers.
PART - I
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (C) 6. (D) 7. (C)
8. (B) 9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (C) 12. (B) 13. (D) 14. (C)
15. (D) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (C) 19. (D) 20. (D) 21. (A)
22. (A) 23. (AC) 24. (AB) 25. (ABC) 26. (AB) 27. (AC) 28. (AB)
29. (CD) 30. (C) 31. (B) 32. (D) 33. True
PART - II
1 5
1. , 2. 40 mph 3. a=1 4. a = 1, b = 0
2 4
13 8 |b|
5. 0 10. a , 3 11.
4 27
14. g(x) is increasing if x (–, – 3] [0, 3]
g(x) is decreasing if x [–3, 0] [3, )
AOD [130]
Rate of change, Tangent and Normal, Error and Approximation, Rolle’s Theorem, LMVT, Monotonicity,
Maxima Minima.
Derivative as rate of change
In various fields of applied mathematics one has the quest to know the rate at which one variable is
changing, with respect to other. The rate of change naturally refers to time. But we can have rate of
change with respect to other variables also.
An economist may want to study how the investment changes with respect to variations in interest
rates.
A physician may want to know, how small changes in dosage can affect the body's response to a drug.
A physicist may want to know the rate of charge of distance with respect to time.
All questions of the above type can be interpreted and represented using derivatives.
Definition : The average rate of change of a function f(x) with respect to x over an interval [a, a + h] is
f (a h) f (a)
defined as .
h
f (a h) f (a)
Definition : The instantaneous rate of change of f(x) with respect to x is defined as f(x) = hlim
0
,
h
provided the limit exists.
Note : To use the word 'instantaneous', x may not be representing time. We usually use the word 'rate of
change' to mean 'instantaneous rate of change'.
Example # 1 How fast the area of a circle increases when its radius is 5cm;
(i) with respect to radius (ii) with respect to diameter
dA
Solution : (i) A = r2 , = 2r
dr
dA
2
dr r 5 = 10 cm /cm.
2 dA
(ii) A= D , = D
4 dD 2
dA 2
dD D 10 = 2 . 10 = 5 cm /cm.
Example # 2 If area of circle increases at a rate of 2cm 2 /sec, then find the rate at which area of the inscribed
square increases.
Solution : Area of circle, A1 = r2. Area of square, A2 = 2r2 (see figure)
dA 1 dr dA 2 dr
= 2r , = 4r .
dt dt dt dt
dr dr 1
2 = 2r . r =
dt dt
dA 2 1 4
=4. = cm 2/sec
dt
4
Area of square increases at the rate cm 2/sec.
AOD [47]
Example # 3 The volume of a cube is increasing at a rate of 7 cm3/sec. How fast is the surface area increasing
when the length of an edge is 4 cm?
Solution. Let at some time t, the length of edge is x cm.
dv dx dv
v = x3 = 3x 2 (but = 7)
dt dt dt
dx 7
= cm/sec.
dt 3x 2
Now S = 6x 2
dS dx dS 7 28
= 12x = 12x. 2 =
dt dt dt 3x x
dS
when x = 4 cm, = 7 cm 2/sec.
dt
Example # 4 Sand is pouring from pipe at the rate of 12 cm 3/s. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground
in such a way that the height of the cone is always one - sixth of radius of base. How fast is the
height of the sand cone increasing when height is 4 cm?
1
Solution. V= r 2 h
3
r
but h=
6
1
V= (6h)2 h
3
V = 12 h3
dV dh
= 36 h2.
dt dt
dV
when, = 12 cm 3/s and h = 4 cm
dt
dh 12 1
= 2 = cm/sec.
dt 36.(4) 48
Self practice problems :
(1) Radius of a circle is increasing at rate of 3 cm/sec. Find the rate at which the area of circle is
increasing at the instant when radius is 10 cm.
(2) A ladder of length 5 m is leaning against a wall. The bottom of ladder is being pulled along the
ground away from wall at rate of 2cm/sec. How fast is the top part of ladder sliding on the wall
when foot of ladder is 4 m away from wall.
(3) Water is dripping out of a conical funnel of semi-vertical angle 45° at rate of 2cm 3/s. Find the
rate at which slant height of water is decreasing when the height of water is 2 cm.
(4) A hot air balloon rising straight up from a level field is tracked by a range finder 500 ft from the
lift-off point. At the moment the range finder's elevation angle is /4, the angle is increasing at
the rate of 0.14 rad/min. How fast is the balloon rising at that moment.
8 1
Answers : (1) 60 cm 2/sec (2) cm/sec (3) cm/sec. (4) 140 ft/min.
3 2
AOD [48]
Tangent and Normal
Let y = f(x) be function with graph as shown in figure. Consider secant
PQ. If Q tends to P along the curve passing through the points
Q 1, Q 2, .....
I.e. Q P, secant PQ will become tangent at P. A line through P
perpendicular to tangent is called normal at P.
Geometrical Meaning of dy
dx
As Q P, h 0 and slope of chord PQ tends to slope of tangent at P (see figure).
f ( x h) f ( x )
Slope of chord PQ =
h
lim slope of chord PQ = lim f ( x h) f ( x )
QP h0 h
dy
slope of tangent at P = f(x) =
dx
Equation of tangent and normal
dy
dx ( x1, y1 ) = f(x 1) denotes the slope of tangent at point (x 1, y1) on the curve y = f(x). Hence the equation
of tangent at (x 1, y1) is given by
(y – y1) = f(x 1) (x – x 1) ; when, f(x 1) is real.
Also, since normal is a line perpendicular to tangent at (x 1 , y1) so its equation is given by
1
(y – y1) = – (x – x 1), when f(x 1) is nonzero real.
f ( x1 )
If f(x 1) = 0, then tangent is the line y = y 1 and normal is the line x = x 1.
f ( x 1 h) f ( x 1 )
If hlim
0
= or – , then x = x 1 is tangent (VERTICAL TANGENT) and y = y1 is normal.
h
Example # 5 Find equation of tangent to y = ex at x = 0. Hence draw graph
Solution At x = 0 y = e0 = 1
Hence point of tangent is (0, 1)
dy dy
= ex dx =1
dx x 0
Hence equation of tangent is
1 (x – 0) = (y – 1)
y=x+1
1
Example # 6 Find the equation of all straight lines which are tangent to curve y = and which are
x 1
parallel to the line x + y = 0.
Solution : Suppose the tangent is at (x 1, y1) and it has slope – 1.
dy
= – 1.
dx ( x1 , y1 )
1
– = – 1.
( x 1 1) 2
x1 = 0 or 2
AOD [49]
y1 = – 1 or 1
Hence tangent at (0, – 1) and (2, 1) are the required lines (see figure) with equations
– 1(x – 0) = (y + 1) and – 1 (x – 2) = (y – 1)
x+y+1=0 and y+x=3
Example # 7 Find equation of normal to the curve y = |x 2 – | x | | at x = – 2.
Solution : In the neighborhood of x = – 2, y = x 2 + x.
Hence the point of contact is (– 2, 2)
dy dy
= 2x + 1 = – 3.
dx dx x 2
1
So the slope of normal at (– 2, 2) is .
3
Hence equation of normal is
1
(x + 2) = y – 2.
3
3y = x + 8.
Example # 8 Prove that sum of intercepts of the tangent at any point to the curve x + y = a on the
coordinate axis is constant.
Solution : Let P(x 1, y1) be a variable point on the curve x + y = a , as shown in figure.
y1
equation of tangent at point P is – (x – x 1) = (y – y1)
x1
x y
– + x1 =
x1 y1 – y1
x y
+
x1 y1 = x1 + y1
x y
+ = a ( x1 y1 a )
x1 y1
Hence point A is ax , 0 and coordinates of point B is (0,
1
ay1 ) . Sum of intercepts
s
= a ( x1 + y1 ) = a. a =a (which is constant)
Example # 9 Find the equation of all possible normal/s to the parabola x 2 = 4y drawn from point (1, 2).
h2
Solution : Let point Q be h, on parabola x 2 = 4y as shown in figure
4
Now, m PQ = slope of normal at Q.
dx 2
Slope of normal = – =–
dy xh
h
2
h
2
4 2
=–
h 1 h
h3
– 2h = – 2h + 2
4
h3 = 8 h=2
Hence coordinates of point Q is (2, 1) and so equation of required normal becomes x + y = 3.
AOD [50]
Note : The equation gives only one real value of h, hence there is only one point of contact implying that only
one real normal is possible from point (1, 2).
Self practice problems :
(5) Find the slope of the normal to the curve x = 1 – a sin , y = b cos2 at = .
2
(6) Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the given curves at the given points.
(i) y = x 4 – 6x 3 + 13x 2 – 10x + 5 at (1, 3)
x3
(ii) y2 = at (2, – 2).
4x
(7) Prove that area of the triangle formed by any tangent to the curve xy = c 2 and coordinate axes
is constant.
(8) A curve is given by the equations x = at2 & y = at3 . A variable pair of perpendicular lines through
the origin 'O' meet the curve at P & Q . Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the
tangents at P & Q is 4y2 = 3ax - a2 .
a
Answers : (5) –
2b
(6) (i) Tangent : y = 2x + 1, Normal :x + 2y = 7
(ii) Tangent : 2x + y = 2, Normal :x – 2y = 6
Tangent from an external point
Given a point P(a, b) which does not lie on the curve y = f(x), then the equation of possible tangents to
the curve y = f(x), passing through (a, b) can be found by solving for the point of contact Q.
f ( h) b
f(h) =
ha
f (h) b
And equation of tangent is y – b = (x – a)
ha
Example # 10 Find value of c such that line joining points (0, 3) and (5, – 2) becomes tangent to curve
c
y= .
x 1
Solution : Equation of line joining A & B is x + y = 3
Solving this line and curve we get
c
3–x= x 2 – 2x + (c – 3) = 0 ......(i)
x 1
For tangency, roots of this equation must be equal.
Hence discriminant of quadratic equation = 0
4 = 4 (c – 3) c=4
Putting c = 4, equation (i) becomes
x 2 – 2x + 1 = 0 x=1
Hence point of contact becomes (1, 2).
Note : If a line touches a curve then on solving the equation of line and curve we get at least two repeated roots
corresponding to point of contact.
AOD [51]
Example # 11 Tangent at P(2, 8) on the curve y = x 3 meets the curve again at Q. Find coordinates of Q.
Solution : Equation of tangent at (2, 8) is
y = 12x – 16
Solving this with y = x 3
x 3 – 12x + 16 = 0
This cubic will give all points of intersection of line and curve y = x 3 i.e., point P and Q. (see
figure)
But, since line is tangent at P so x = 2 will be a repeated root of equation x 3 – 12x + 16 = 0 and
another root will be x = h. Using theory of equations :
sum of roots 2+2+h=0 h=–4
Hence coordinates of Q are (– 4, – 64)
Self practice problems :
(9) How many tangents are possible from origin to the curve y = (x + 1) 3. Also find the equation of
these tangents.
x9
(10) Find the equation of tangent to the hyperbola y = which passes through (0, 0) origin
x5
Answers : (9) y = 0, 4y = 27x (10) x + y = 0; 25y + x= 0
Lengths of tangent, normal, subtangent and subnormal :
Let P (h, k) be any point on curve y = f(x). Let tangent drawn at point P meets x-axis at T & normal at
point P meets x-axis at N. Then the length PT is called the length of tangent and PN is called length of
normal. (as shown in figure)
Projection of segment PT on x-axis, TM, is called the subtangent and similarly projection of line segment
PN on x axis, MN is called subnormal.
dy
Let m = = slope of tangent.
dx (h, k )
Hence equation of tangent is m (x – h) = (y – k).
k
Putting y = 0, we get x - intercept of tangent is x = h –
m
Similarly, the x-intercept of normal is x = h + km
Now, length PT, PN,TM, MN can be easily evaluated using distance formula
1 2
(i) PT = | k | 1 = Length of Tangent (ii) PN = | k | 1 m = Length of Normal
m2
k
(iii) TM = = Length of subtangent (iv) MN = |km| = Length of subnormal.
m
AOD [52]
Example # 12 Find the length of tangent for the curve y = x 3 + 3x 2 + 4x – 1 at point x = 0.
dy
Solution : Here, m=
dx x0
dy
= 3x 2 + 6x + 4 m=4
dx
and, k = y(0) k=–1
1 1 17
= |k| 1 2 = | ( 1) | 1 =
m 16 4
Example # 13 Prove that for the curve y = bex/a, the length of subtangent at any point is always constant.
Solution : y = bex/a
Let the point be (x 1, y1)
dy b.e x1 / a y1
m= =
dx x x1 a a
y1 y1
Now, length of subtangent = = y1 / a = | a | ; which is always constant.
m
Example # 14 For the curve y = a n (x 2 – a2) show that sum of lengths of tangent & subtangent at any point
is proportional to coordinates of point of tangency.
Solution : Let point of tangency be (x 1, y1)
dy 2ax1
m= =
dx x x1 x 21 a2
1 y1
Length of tangent + subtangent = |y 1| 1 2 +
m m
( x 21 a 2 )2 2
y 1( x 1 a 2 ) 4
x1 a 4 2a 2 x1
2 2
y 1( x 1 a 2 )
= |y1| 1 2 + = |y1| +
2
4a x1 2ax 1 2 | ax1 | 2ax 1
2 2
y 1( x 1 a 2 ) y 1( x 1 a 2 ) 2
| y 1 | ( 2x 1 ) x1 y1
= 2ax 1 + 2ax 1 = =
2 | ax 1 | a
Self practice problems :
(11) For the curve x m + n = am – n y2n , where a is a positive constant and m, n are positive integers,
prove that the m th power of subtangent varies as nth power of subnormal.
a a a 2 x 2
(12) Prove that the segment of the tangent to the curve y = n – a 2 x 2 contained
2 a a 2 x 2
between the y-axis & the point of tangency has a constant length .
(13) Find the length of the subnormal to the curve y 2 = x 3 at the point (4, 8).
Answer : (13) 24
Angle between the curves
Angle between two intersecting curves is defined as the acute angle between their tangents (or normals) at
the point of intersection of two curves (as shown in figure).
m1 m 2
tan =
1 m1m2
where m1 & m2 are the slopes of tangents at the intersection point (x1, y1).
AOD [53]
Notes : (i) The angle is defined between two curves if the curves are intersecting. This can be ensured by
finding their point of intersection or graphically.
(ii) If the curves intersect at more than one point then angle between curves is found out with respect to
the point of intersection.
(iii) Two curves are said to be orthogonal if angle between them at each point of intersection is right
angle. i.e. m1 m2 = – 1.
Example # 15 Find angle between y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y. Are these two curves orthogonal?
Solution : y2 = 4x and x2 = 4y intersect at point (0, 0) and (4, 4) (see figure).
C1 : y2 = 4x C2 : x2 = 4y
dy 2 dy x
= y =
dx dx 2
dy dy
dx dx =0
( 0, 0 ) ( 0, 0 )
Hence tan = 90° at point (0, 0)
dy 1 dy
dx = dx =2
( 4, 4 ) 2 ( 4, 4 )
1
2
2 3
tan = 1 =
1 2. 4
2
Two curves are not orthogonal because angle between them at (4, 4) is not 90°.
Example # 16 Find the angle between curves y2 = 4x and y = e–x/2
Solution : Let the curves intersect at point (x1, y1) (see figure).
dy 2
for y2 = 4x, dx = y
( x1, y1 ) 1
dy 1 x / 2 y1
and for y = e–x/2 dx =– e 1 =–
( x1, y1 ) 2 2
m1 m2 = – 1 Hence = 90°
Note that we have not actually found the intersection point but geometrically we can see that the curves intersect.
Example # 17 Find possible values of p such that the equation px2 = nx has exactly one solution.
Solution : Two curves must intersect at only one point.
(i) (ii)
I. If p 0 then there exists only one solution (see graph - (i))
II. If p > 0
then the two curves must only touch each other
i.e. tangent at y = px2 and y = nx must have same slope at point (x1, y1)
1
2px1 =
x1
AOD [54]
1
x12 = .........(i)
2p
1
also y1 = px12 y1 = p
2p
1
y1 = ........(ii)
2
1
and y1 = nx1 = nx1
2
x1 = e1/2 .........(iii)
1 1 1
x12 = e= p=
2p 2p 2e
1
Hence possible values of p are (– , 0]
2e
Self practice problem :
(14) Find the angle of intersection of the following curves:
(i) y = x2 & 6y = 7 x3 at (1, 1)
x2 y2
(ii) x 2 – y2 = 5 & = 1.
18 8
Answers : (14) (i) /2 (ii) /2
Shortest distance between two curves
Shortest distance between two non-intersecting differentiable curves is always along their common normal.
(Wherever defined)
Example # 18 Find the shortest distance between the line y = x – 2 and the parabola y = x2 + 3x + 2.
Solution : Let P(x1, y1) be a point closest to the line y = x – 2
dy
then dx = slope of line
( x1 , y1 )
2x1 + 3 = 1 x1 = – 1 y1 = 0
Hence point (– 1, 0) is the closest and its perpendicular distance from the line y = x – 2 will give the
shortest distance
3
p= .
2
Self practice problem :
(15) Find the minimum & maximum values of (x + 2) 2 + (y – 1)2, if (x – 2)2 + (y + 1)2 4.
Answer : (15) 2 5 2, 2 5 2 .
AOD [55]
Error and Approximation :
Let y = f(x) be a function. If these is an error x in x then corresponding error in y is y = f(x + x) – f(x).
f ( x x ) f ( x ) dy
We have lim = = f(x)
x 0 x dx
We define the differential of y, at point x, corresponding to the increment x as f(x) x and denote it by dy.
i.e. dy = f(x) x.
Let P(x, f(x)), Q((x + x), f(x + x)) (as shown in figure)
y = QS,
x = PS,
dy = RS
In many practical situations, it is easier to evaluate dy but not y.
Rolle’s Theorem :
If a function f defined on [a, b] is
(i) continuous on [a, b]
(ii) derivable on (a, b) and
(iii) f(a) = f(b),
then there exists at least one real number c between a and b (a < c < b) such that f(c) = 0
Geometrical Explanation of Rolle’s Theorem :
Let the curve y = f(x), which is continuous on [a, b] and derivable on (a, b), be drawn (as shown in figure).
A(a, f(a)), B(b, f(b)), f(a) = f(b), C(c, f(c)), f(c) = 0.
C1 (c1, f(c1)), f(c1) = 0
C2 (c2, f(c2)), f(c2) = 0
C3 (c3, f(c3)), f(c3) = 0
The theorem simply states that between two points with equal ordinates on the graph of f(x), there exists at
least one point where the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
Algebraic Interpretation of Rolle’s Theorem :
Between two zeros a and b of f(x) (i.e. between two roots a and b of f(x) = 0) there exists at least one zero of f(x)
Example # 19 : Verify Rolle’s theorem for f(x) = (x – a) n (x – b)m , where m, n are positive real numbers, for
x [a, b].
Solution : Being a polynomial function f(x) is continuous as well as differentiable. Also f(a) = f(b)
f(x) = 0 for some x (a , b)
n(x – a)n–1 (x – b)m + m(x – a)n (x – b)m–1 = 0
(x – a)n–1 (x – b)m–1 [(m + n) x – (nb + ma)] = 0
nb ma
x= , which lies in the interval (a, b), as m, n R+.
mn
AOD [56]
Example # 20 : If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0 then prove that the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one real root
between 0 and 1.
ax 3 bx 2
Solution : Let f(x) = + + cx
3 2
a b
f(0) = 0 and f(1) = + + c = 2a + 3b + 6c = 0
3 2
If f(0) = f(1) then f(x) = 0 for some value of x (0, 1)
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 for at least one x (0, 1)
Self Practice Problems :
(16) If f(x) satisfies condition in Rolle’s theorem then show that between two consecutive zeros of f(x)
there lies at most one zero of f(x).
(17) Show that for any real numbers , the polynomial P(x) = x7 + x3 + , has exactly one real root.
Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem (LMVT) :
If a function f defined on [a, b] is
(i) continuous on [a, b] and
(ii) derivable on (a, b)
f (b ) f ( a )
then there exists at least one real numbers between a and b (a < c < b) such that = f(c)
ba
Proof : Let us consider a function g(x) = f(x) + x, x [a, b]
where is a constant to b determined such that g(a) = g(b).
f (b ) f ( a )
=–
ba
Now the function g(x), being the sum of two continuous and derivable functions it self
(i) continuous on [a, b]
(ii) derivable on (a, b) and
(iii) g(a) = g(b).
Therefore, by Rolle’s theorem there exists a real number c (a, b) such that g(c) = 0
But g(x) = f(x) +
0 = g(c) = f(c) +
f (b ) f ( a )
f(c) = – =
ba
Geometrical Interpretation of LMVT :
The theorem simply states that between two points A and B of the graph of f(x) there exists at least one point
where tangent is parallel to chord AB.
C(c, f(c)), f(c) = slope of AB.
Alternative Statement : If in the statement of LMVT, b is replaced by a + h, then number c between a and b
may be written as a + h, where 0 < < 1. Thus
f ( a h) f ( a)
= f(a + h) or f(a + h) = f(a) + hf (a + h), 0 < < 1
h
AOD [57]
Example # 21 : Verify LMVT for f(x) = – x 2 + 4x – 5 and x [–1, 1]
Solution : f(1) = –2 ; f(–1) = –10
f (1) f (1)
f(c) =
1 ( 1)
–2c + 4 = 4 c=0
Example # 22 : Using Lagrange’s mean value theorem, prove that if b > a > 0,
ba ba
then < tan–1 b – tan–1 a <
1 b2 1 a2
Solution : Let f(x) = tan–1 x ; x [a, b] applying LMVT
tan 1 b tan 1 a
f(c) = for a < c < b and f(x) = ,
ba 1 x 2
Now f(x) is a monotonically decreasing function
Hence if a < c < b f(b) < f(c) < f(a)
1 tan 1 b tan 1 a 1
2 < < Hence proved
1 b ba 1 a2
Example # 23 : Let f : R R be a twice differentiable function such that f(2) = 8, f(4) > 64, f(7) = 343 then show that
there exists a c (2, 7) such that f(c) < 6c.
Solution: Consider g(x) = f(x) – x3
By LMVT
g (4) g (2)
= g(c1) , 2 < c1 < 4
42
and
g (7 ) g ( 4 )
= g(c2), 4 < c2 < 7
74
g(c1) > 0 , g(c2) < 0
By LMVT
g (c 2 ) g (c 1 )
= g(c), c1 < c < c 2
c 2 c1
g(c) < 0
f(c) – 6c < 0 for same c (c1 , c2) c (2, 7)
Self Practice Problems
(18) If a function f(x) satisfies the conditions of LMVT and f(x) = 0 for all x (a, b), then f(x) is constant
on [a, b].
(19) Using LMVT, prove that if two functions have equal derivatives at all points of (a, b), then they differ
by a constant
(20) If a function f is
(i) continuous on [a, b],
(ii) derivable on (a, b) and (iii) f(x) > 0, x (a, b), then show that f(x) is strictly increasing on [a, b].
Monotonicity of a function :
Let f be a real valued function having domain D(D R) and S be a subset of D. f is said to be monotonically
increasing (non decreasing) (increasing) in S if for every x 1, x 2 S, x 1 < x 2 f(x 1) f(x 2). f is said to be
monotonically decreasing (non increasing) (decreasing) in S if for every x 1, x2 S, x 1 < x 2 f(x 1) f(x 2)
f is said to be strictly increasing in S if for x 1, x 2 S, x 1 < x 2 f(x 1) < f(x 2). Similarly, f is said to be
strictly decreasing in S if for x 1, x 2 S, x 1 < x 2 f(x 1) > f(x 2) .
AOD [58]
Notes : (i) f is strictly increasing f is monotonically increasing (non decreasing). But converse need
not be true.
(ii) f is strictly decreasing f is monotonically decreasing (non increasing). Again, converse need
not be true.
(iii) If f(x) = constant in S, then f is increasing as well as decreasing in S
(iv) A function f is said to be an increasing function if it is increasing in the domain. Similarly, if f is
decreasing in the domain, we say that f is monotonically decreasing
(v) f is said to be a monotonic function if either it is monotonically increasing or monotonically
decreasing
(vi) If f is increasing in a subset of S and decreasing in another subset of S, then f is non monotonic
in S.
Application of differentiation for detecting monotonicity :
Let be an interval (open or closed or semi open and semi closed)
(i) If f(x) > 0 x , then f is strictly increasing in
(ii) If f(x) < 0 x , then f is strictly decreasing in
Note : Let I be an interval (or ray) which is a subset of domain of f. If f (x) > 0, x except for countably
many points where f (x) = 0, then f(x) is strictly increasing in .
{f (x) = 0 at countably many points f (x) = 0 does not occur on an interval which is a subset of }
Example # 24 : Let f(x) = x 3. Find the intervals of monotonicity.
Solution : f(x) = 3x 2
f(x) > 0 everywhere except at x = 0. Hence f(x) will be strictly increasing function for
x R {see figure}
Example # 25 : Let f(x) = x – sinx. Find the intervals of monotonicity.
Solution : f(x) = 1 – cosx
Now, f(x) > 0 every where, except at x = 0, ± 2, ± 4 etc. But all these points are discrete
(countable) and do not form an interval. Hence we can conclude that f(x) is strictly increasing
in R. In fact we can also see it graphically.
Example # 26 : Let us consider another function whose graph is shown below for x (a, b).
AOD [59]
Solution : Here also f(x) 0 for all x (a, b). But, note that in this case, f(x) = 0 holds for all x (c, d)
and (e, b). Thus the given function is increasing (monotonically increasing) in (a, b), but not
strictly increasing.
Example # 27 : Find the intervals in which f(x) = x 3 – 3x + 2 is increasing.
Solution : f(x) = x 3 – 3x + 2
f(x) = 3(x 2 – 1)
f(x) = 3(x – 1) (x + 1)
for M.. f(x) 0 3(x – 1) (x + 1) 0
x (– , – 1] [1, ), thus f is increasing in (– , –1] and also in [1, )
Example # 28 : Find the intervals of monotonicity of the following functions.
(i) f(x) = x 2 (x – 2)2 (ii) f(x) = x n x
(iii) f(x) = sinx + cosx ; x [0, 2]
Solution : (i) f(x) = x 2 (x – 2)2
f(x) = 4x (x – 1) (x – 2)
observing the sign change of f(x)
Hence increasing in [0, 1] and in [2, )
and decreasing for x (– , 0] and [1, 2]
(ii) f(x) = x n x
f(x) = 1 + n x
1
f(x) 0 n x – 1 x
e
1 1
increasing for x , and decreasing for x 0 , .
e e
(iii) f(x) = sinx + cosx
f(x) = cosx – sinx
for increasing f(x) 0 cosx sinx
5
f is increasing in 0 , and , 2
4 4
5
f is decreasing in ,
4 4
Note : If a function f(x) is increasing in (a, b) and f(x) is continuous in [a, b], then f(x) is increasing on [a, b]
Example # 29: f(x) = [x] is a step up function. Is it a strictly increasing function for x R.
Solution : No, f(x) = [x] is increasing (monotonically increasing) (non-decreasing), but not strictly increasing
function as illustrated by its graph.
Example # 30 : If f(x) = sin4x + cos4x + bx + c, then find possible values of b and c such that f(x) is monotonic
for all x R
AOD [60]
Solution : f(x) = sin4x + cos4x + bx + c
f(x) = 4 sin3x cosx – 4cos3x sinx + b = – sin4x + b.
Case - (i) : for M.I. f(x) 0 for all x R
b sin4x for all x R b1
Case - (ii) : for M.D. f(x) 0 for all x R
b sin4x for all x R b–1
Hence for f(x) to be monotonic b (– , – 1] [1, ) and c R.
Example # 31:Find possible values of 'a' such that f(x) = e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2x is monotonically increasing for
xR
Solution : f(x) = e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2x
f(x) = 2e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2
Now, 2e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2 0 for all x R
x 1
2 e x – (a + 1) 0 for all xR
e
x 1
(a + 1) < 2 e x for all xR
e
1
a+14 ex has min imum value 2
ex
a3
Aliter (Using graph)
2e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2 0 for all xR
putting ex = t ; t (0, )
2t 2 – (a + 1) t + 2 0 for all t (0, )
Case - (i) : D0
(a + 1)2 – 4 0
(a + 5) (a – 3) 0
a [– 5, 3]
or
Case - (ii) : both roots are non positive
b
D0 & – <0 & f(0) 0
2a
a1
a (– , – 5] [3, ) & <0 & 20
4
a (– , – 5] [3, ) & a<–1 & aR
a (– , – 5]
Taking union of (i) and (ii), we get a (– , 3].
Self practice problems :
(21) Find the intervals of monotonicity of the following functions.
1
(i) f(x) = – x 3 + 6x 2 – 9x – 2 (ii) f(x) = x +
x 1
2
(iii) f(x) = x . e x x (iv) f(x) = x – cosx
(22) Let f(x) = x – tan–1x. Prove that f(x) is monotonically increasing for x R.
(23) If f(x) = 2ex – ae–x + (2a + 1) x – 3 monotonically increases for x R, then find range of values
of a
(24) Let f(x) = e2x – aex + 1. Prove that f(x) cannot be monotonically decreasing for x R for any
value of 'a'.
(25) The values of 'a' for which function f(x) = (a + 2) x3 – ax2 + 9ax – 1 monotonically decreasing for
x R.
Answers : (21) (i) in [1, 3] ; D in (– , 1] (3, )
(ii) in (– , – 2] [0, ) ; D in [– 2, – 1) (–1, 0]
AOD [61]
1 1
(iii) in , 1 ; D in , [1, )
2 2
(iv) I for x R
(23) a0 (25) – < a – 3
Monotonicity of function about a point :
1. A function f(x) is called as a strictly increasing function about a point (or at a point) a Df if it is strictly
increasing in an open interval containing a (as shown in figure).
2. A function f(x) is called a strictly decreasing function about a point x = a, if it is strictly decreasing in
an open interval containing a (as shown in figure).
Note : If x = a is a boundary point then use the appropriate one sided inequality to test monotonicity of f(x).
e.g. : Which of the following functions (as shown in figure) is increasing, decreasing or neither increasing nor
decreasing at
x = a.
(i) (ii)
AOD [62]
(iii) (iv)
Test for increasing and decreasing functions about a point
Let f(x) be differentiable.
(1) If f(a) > 0 then f(x) is increasing at x = a.
(2) If f(a) < 0 then f(x) is decreasing at x = a.
(3) If f(a) = 0 then examine the sign of f(x) on the left neighbourhood and the right neighbourhood
of a.
(i) If f(x) is positive on both the neighbourhoods, then f is increasing at x = a.
(ii) If f(x) is negative on both the neighbourhoods, then f is decreasing at x = a.
(iii) If f(x) have opposite signs on these neighbourhoods, then f is non-monotonic at x = a.
Example # 32: Let f(x) = x 3 – 3x + 2. Examine the monotonicity of function at points x = 0, 1, 2.
Solution : f(x) = x 3 – 3x + 2
f(x) = 3(x 2 – 1)
(i) f(0) = – 3 decreasing at x = 0
(ii) f(1) = 0
also, f(x) is positive on left neighbourhood and f(x) is negative in right neighbourhood.
neither increasing nor decreasing at x = 1.
(iii) f(2) = 9 increasing at x = 2
Note : Above method is applicable only for functions those are continuous at x = a.
Self practice problems :
(26) For each of the following graph comment on monotonicity of f(x) at x = a.
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(27) Let f(x) = x 3 – 3x 2 + 3x + 4, comment on the monotonic behaviour of f(x) at (i) x = 0 (ii) x = 1.
x 0 x 1
(28) Draw the graph of function f(x) = . Graphically comment on the monotonic
[ x ] 1 x 2
behaviour of f(x) at x = 0, 1, 2. Is f(x) M.. for x [0, 2] ?
Answers : (26) (i) neither M.. nor M.D. (ii) M.D. (iii) M.D (iv) M..
(27) M.. both at x = 0 and x = 1.
(28) M.. at x = 0, 2 ; neither M.. nor M.D. at x = 1. No, f(x) is not M.. for x [0, 2].
Use of monotonicity for proving inequalities
Comparison of two functions f(x) and g(x) can be done by analysing the monotonic behaviour of
h(x) = f(x) – g(x)
AOD [63]
Example # 33 : For x 0, prove that sin x < x < tan x
2
Solution : Let f(x) = x – sin x f(x) = 1 – cos x
f(x) > 0 for x 0,
2
f(x) is M.I. f(x) > f(0)
x – sin x > 0 x > sin x
Similarly consider another function g(x) = x – tan x g(x) = 1 – sec2x
g(x) < 0 for x 0, g(x) is M.D.
2
Hence g(x) < g(0)
x – tan x < 0 x < tan x
sin x < x < tan x Hence proved
x3 x3 tan 1 x
Example # 34 : For x (0, 1) prove that x – –1
< tan x < x – lim
hence or otherwise find x 0 x
3 6
x3
Solution : Let f(x) = x – – tan–1x
3
1
f(x) = 1 – x 2 –
1 x2
x4
f(x) = –
1 x2
f(x) < 0 for x (0, 1) f(x) is M.D.
f(x) < f(0)
x3
x– – tan–1x < 0
3
x3
x– < tan–1x ...........(i)
3
x3
Similarly g(x) = x – – tan–1x
6
x2 1
g(x) = 1 – –
2 1 x2
x 2 (1 x 2 )
g(x) =
2(1 x 2 )
g(x) > 0 for x (0, 1) g(x) is M.I.
g(x) > g(0)
x3
x– – tan–1x > 0
6
x3
x– > tan–1x ........(ii)
6
from (i) and (ii), we get
x3 x3
x– < tan–1x < x – Hence Proved
3 6
x2 tan 1 x x2
Also, 1– < <1– , for x > 0
3 x 6
AOD [64]
tan 1 x
Hence by sandwich theorem we can prove that xlim
0
= 1 but it must also be noted that
x
tan 1 x tan 1 x
as x 0, value of 1 from left hand side i.e. <1
x x
1
lim tan x = 0
x 0
x
NOTE : In proving inequalities, we must always check when does the equality takes place because the point of
equality is very important in this method. Normally point of equality occur at end point of the interval or
will be easily predicted by hit and trial.
x3
Example # 35 : For x 0, , prove that sin x > x –
2 6
x3
Solution : Let f(x) = sin x – x +
6
x2
f(x) = cos x – 1 +
2
we cannot decide at this point whether f(x) is positive or negative, hence let us check for
monotonic nature of f(x)
f(x) = x – sinx
Since f(x) > 0 f(x) is M.I. for x 0,
2
f(x) > f(0)
f(x) > 0 f(x) is M..
f(x) > f(0)
x3
sin x – x + >0
6
x3
sin x > x – Hence proved
6
sin x tan x
Example # 36 : Examine which is greater : sin x tan x or x 2. Hence evaluate xlim
0 , where
x2
x 0,
2
Solution : Let f(x) = sinx tanx – x 2
f(x) = cos x . tan x + sin x . sec 2x – 2x
f(x) = sin x + sin x sec 2x – 2x
f(x) = cos x + cos x sec 2x + 2sec2x sin x tan x – 2
f(x) = (cos x + sec x – 2) + 2 sec 2x sin x tan x
Now 2
cos x + sec x – 2 = cos x sec x and 2 sec2x tan x . sin x > 0 because x 0,
2
f(x) > 0 f(x) is M.I.
Hence f(x) > f(0)
f(x) > 0 f(x) is M.I.
f(x) > 0 sin x tan x – x 2 > 0
2
Hence sin x tan x > x
sin x tan x sin x tan x
>1 lim =1
x 2 x 0 x2
AOD [65]
x
1
Example # 37 : Prove that f(x) = 1 is monotonically increasing in its domain. Hence or otherwise draw
x
graph of f(x) and find its range
x
1 1
Solution : f(x) = 1 , for Domain of f(x), 1 + >0
x x
x 1
>0 (–, –1) (0, )
x
x 1 x 1
1 n1
Consider f(x) = 1 x 1 2
x 1 x
x
x
1 1 1
f(x) = 1 n1
x x x 1
x
1 1 1
Now 1 is always positive, hence the sign of f(x) depends on sign of n 1 –
x x 1 x
1 1
i.e. we have to compare n 1 and
x 1 x
1 1
So lets assume g(x) = n 1 –
x x 1
1 1 1 1
g(x) = + g(x) =
1 x 2
( x 1) 2
x( x 1)2
1
x
(i) for x (0, ), g(x) < 0 g(x) is M.D. for x (0, )
g(x) > xlim
g(x)
g(x) > 0.
and since g(x) > 0 f(x) > 0
(ii) for x (– , – 1), g(x) > 0 g(x) is M.I. for x (– , –1)
g(x) > xlim
g(x)
g(x) > 0 f(x) > 0
Hence from (i) and (ii) we get f(x) > 0 for all x (– , –1) (0, )
f(x) is M.I. in its Domain
For drawing the graph of f(x), its important to find the value of f(x) at boundary points
i.e. ± , 0, –1
x
1
lim 1 = e
x x
x x
lim 1 1 = 1 and lim 1
1 =
x 0 x x 1
x
so the graph of f(x) is
Range is y (1, ) – {e}
Example # 38 : Compare which of the two is greater (100) 1/100 or (101)1/101.
Solution : Assume f(x) = x 1/x and let us examine monotonic nature of f(x)
1 nx
f(x) = x 1/x .
x2
AOD [66]
f(x) > 0 x (0,e)
and f(x) < 0 x (e,)
Hence f(x) is M.D. for x e
and since 100 < 101
f(100) > f(101)
(100)1/100 > (101)1/101
Self practice problems :
(29) Prove the following inequalities
(i) x < – n(1 – x) for x (0, 1)
(ii) x > tan–1(x) for x (0, )
(iii) ex > x + 1 for x (0, )
x
(iv) n (1 + x) x for x (0, )
1 x
2 sin x
(v) < <1 for x 0,
x 2
(30) Using f(x) = x 1/x, identify which is larger e or e.
Answer : (30) e
Concavity, convexity, point of inflection
A function f(x) is concave in (a, b) if tangent drawn at every point (x 0, (f(x 0)), for x 0 (a, b) lie below the
curve. f(x) is convex in (a,b) if tangent drawn at each point (x 0, f(x 0)), x 0 (a, b) lie above the curve.
A point (c, f(c)) of the graph y = f(x) is said to be a point of inflection of the graph, if f(x) is concave in
(c – , c) and convex in (c, c + ) (or vice verse), for some R+.
Results : 1. If f(x) > 0 x (a, b), then the curve y = f(x) is concave in (a, b)
2. If f(x) < 0 x (a, b) then the curve y = f(x) is convex in (a, b)
3. If f is continuous at x = c and f(x) has opposite signs on either sides of c, then the
point (c, f(c)) is a point of inflection of the curve
4. If f(c) = 0 and f(c) 0, then the point (c, f(c)) is a point of inflection
Proving Inequalities using curvature :
Generally these inequalities involve comparison between values of two functions at some particular
points.
2 x1 x 2
x1 x2
Example # 39 : Prove that for any two numbers x 1 & x2 , 2e e > e 3
3
AOD [67]
Solution : Assume f(x) = ex and let x 1 & x 2 be two points on the curve y = ex.
Let R be another point which divides PQ in ratio 1 : 2.
2 x1 x 2
x1 x2
y coordinate of point R is 2e e and y coordinate of point S is e 3 . Since f(x) = ex is
3
concave up, the point R will always be above the point S.
2x x
2e x1 e x 2 1 2
> e 3
3
Alternate : Above inequality could also be easily proved using AM and GM.
x1 x 2 x 3 sin x 1 sin x 2 sin x 3
Example # 40 : If 0 < x 1 < x 2 < x 3 < then prove that sin > . Hence
3 3
prove that : if A, B, C are angles of a triangle then maximum value of
3 3
sinA + sinB + sinC is .
2
Solution :
Point A, B, C form a triangle.
sin x 1 sin x 2 sin x 3
y coordinate of centroid G is and y coordinate of point F is
3
x1 x 2 x 3
sin .
3
x1 x 2 x 3 sin x 1 sin x 2 sin x 3
Hence sin .
3 3
If A + B + C = , then
A BC sin A sin B sin C sin A sin B sin C
sin sin
3 3 3 3
3 3
sin A sin B sin C
2
3 3
maximum value of (sinA + sinB + sinC) =
2
AOD [68]
Example # 41 : Find the points of inflection of the function f(x) = sin 2x x [0, 2]
Solution : f(x) = sin2x
f(x) = sin2x
f(x) = 2 cos2x
3
f(0) = 0 x= ,
4 4
both these points are inflection points as sign of f(x) change on either sides of these points.
Example # 42 : Find the inflection point of f(x) = 3x 4 – 4x 3. Also draw the graph of f(x) giving due importance to
concavity and point of inflection.
Solution : f(x) = 3x 4 – 4x 3
f(x) = 12x 3 – 12x 2
f(x) = 12x 2 (x – 1)
f(x) = 12(3x 2 – 2x)
f(x) = 12x(3x – 2)
2
f(x) = 0 x = 0, .
3
Again examining sign of f(x)
2
thus x = 0, are the inflection points
3
Hence the graph of f(x) is
Self practice problems :
1 e2 1 2
(31) Identify which is greater or
e
2x1 x 2 x 3 2 sin x 1 sin x 2 sin x 3
(32) If 0 < x 1 < x 2 < x 3 < , then prove that sin >
4 4
(33) If f(x) is monotonically decreasing function and f(x) > 0. Assuming f –1(x) exists prove that
f 1( x1 ) f 1( x 2 ) x1 x 2
> f –1 .
2 2
1 e2
Answer : (31)
e
Global Maximum :
A function f(x) is said to have global maximum on a set E if there exists at least one c E such that f(x) f(c)
for all x E.
We say global maximum occurs at x = c and global maximum (or global maximum value) is f(c).
Local Maxima :
A function f(x) is said to have a local maximum at x = c if f(c) is the greatest value of the function in a small
neighbourhood (c – h, c + h), h > 0 of c.
i.e. for all x (c – h, c + h), x c, we have f(x) f(c).
i.e. f(c – ) f(c) f(c + ), 0 < h
Note : If x = c is a boundary point then consider (c – h, c) or (c, c + h) (h > 0) appropriately.
AOD [69]
Global Minimum :
A function f(x) is said to have a global minimum on a set E if there exists at least one c E such that f(x)
f(c) for all x E.
Local Minima :
A function f(x) is said to have a local minimum at x = c if f(c) is the least value of the function in a small
neighbourhood (c – h, c + h), h > 0 of c.
i.e. for all x (c –h, c + h), x c, we have f(x) f(c).
i.e. f(c – ) f(c) f(c + ), 0 < h
Extrema :
A maxima or a minima is called an extrema.
Explanation :
Consider graph of y = f(x), x [a, b]
x = a, x = c2, x = c4 are points of local maxima, with maximum values f(a), f(c2), f(c4) respectively.
x = c1, x = c3, x = b are points of local minima, with minimum values f(c1), f(c3), f(b) respectively
x = c2 is a point of global maximum
x = c3 is a point of global minimum
Consider the graph of y = h(x), x [a, b)
h(c4)
h(c1)
h(c3)
h(c2)
h(a)
a c1 c2 c3 c4 b
x = c1, x = c4 are points of local maxima, with maximum values h(c1), h(c4) respectively.
x = a, x = c2 are points of local minima, with minimum values h(a), h(c2) respectively.
x = c3 is neither a point of maxima nor a minima.
Global maximum is h(c4)
Global minimum is h(a)
| x | 0 | x | 2
Example # 43: Let f(x) = . Examine the behaviour of f(x) at x = 0.
1 x0
Solution : f(x) has local maxima at x = 0 (see figure).
(b 3 b 2 b 1)
– x3 0 x 1
Example # 44: Let f(x) = (b 2 3b 2)
2x 3 1 x 3
Find all possible values of b such that f(x) has the smallest value at x = 1.
AOD [70]
Solution. Such problems can easily be solved by graphical approach (as in figure).
Hence the limiting value of f(x) from left of x = 1 should be either greater or equal to the value of function
at x = 1.
lim f(x) f(1)
x 1
(b 3 b 2 b 1)
–1+ –1
(b 2 3b 2)
(b 2 1)(b 1)
0
(b 1) (b 2)
b (– 2, –1) [1, + )
Self practice problems :
(34) In each of following graphs identify if x = a is point of local maxima, minima or neither
(i) (ii)
(iii)
(35) Examine the graph of following functions in each case identify the points of global maximum/
minimum and local maximum / minimum.
(i) (ii) (iii)
Answers : (34) (i) Maxima (ii) Neither maxima nor minima
(iii) Minima
(35) (i) Local maxima at x = 2, Local minima at x = 3, Global maximum at x = 2. No
global minimum
(ii) Local minima at x = – 1, No point of Global minimum, no point of local or
Global maxima
(iii) Local & Global maximum at x = 1, Local & Global minimum at x = 0.
AOD [71]
Maxima, Minima for differentiable functions :
Mere definition of maxima, minima becomes tedious in solving problems. We use derivative as a tool to
overcome this difficulty.
A necessary condition for an extrema :
Let f(x) be differentiable at x = c.
Theorem : A necessary condition for f(c) to be an extremum of f(x) is that f(c) = 0.
i.e. f(c) is extremum f(c) = 0
Note : f(c) = 0 is only a necessary condition but not sufficient
i.e. f(c) = 0
f(c) is extremum.
Consider f(x) = x3
f(0) = 0
but f(0) is not an extremum (see figure).
Sufficient condition for an extrema :
Let f(x) be a differentiable function.
Theorem : A sufficient condition for f(c) to be an extremum of f(x) is that f(x) changes sign as x passes through c.
i.e. f(c) is an extrema (see figure) f(x) changes sign as x passes through c.
x = c is a point of maxima. f(x) changes sign from positive to negative.
x = c is a point of local minima (see figure), f(x) changes sign from negative to positive.
Stationary points :
The points on graph of function f(x) where f(x) = 0 are called stationary points.
Rate of change of f(x) is zero at a stationary point.
Example # 45: Find stationary points of the function f(x) = 4x3 – 6x2 – 24x + 9.
Solution : f(x) = 12x2 – 12x – 24
f(x) = 0 x = – 1, 2
f(– 1) = 23, f(2) = – 31
(– 1, 23), (2, – 31) are stationary points
AOD [72]
Example # 46: If f(x) = x 3 + ax 2 + bx + c has extreme values at x = – 1 and x = 3. Find a, b, c.
Solution. Extreme values basically mean maximum or minimum values, since f(x) is differentiable function so
f(– 1) = 0 = f(3)
f(x) = 3x 2 + 2ax + b
f(3) = 27 + 6a + b = 0
f(– 1) = 3 – 2a + b = 0
a = – 3, b = – 9, c R
First Derivative Test :
Let f(x) be continuous and differentiable function.
Step - Find f(x)
Step - . Solve f(x) = 0, let x = c be a solution. (i.e. Find stationary points)
Step - . Observe change of sign
(i) If f(x) changes sign from negative to positive as x crosses c from left to right then x = c is a point of
local minima
(ii) If f(x) changes sign from positive to negative as x crosses c from left to right then x = c is a point of
local maxima.
(iii) If f(x) does not changes sign as x crosses c then x = c is neither a point of maxima nor minima.
Example # 47: Find the points of maxima or minima of f(x) = x 2 (x – 2)2.
Solution. f(x) = x 2 (x – 2)2
f(x) = 4x (x – 1) (x – 2)
f(x) = 0 x = 0, 1, 2
examining the sign change of f(x)
Hence x = 1 is point of maxima, x = 0, 2 are points of minima.
Note : In case of continuous functions points of maxima and minima are alternate.
Example # 48: Find the points of maxima, minima of f(x) = x 3 – 12x. Also draw the graph of this functions.
Solution. f(x) = x 3 – 12x
f(x) = 3(x 2 – 4) = 3(x – 2) (x + 2)
f(x) = 0 x=±2
For tracing the graph let us find maximum and minimum values of f(x).
x f (x)
2 16
2 16
Example # 49 : Show that f(x) = (x 3 – 6x 2 + 12x – 8) does not have any point of local maxima or minima. Hence
draw graph
Solution. f(x) = x 3 – 6x 2 + 12x – 8
f(x) = 3(x 2 – 4x + 4)
f(x) = 3(x – 2)2
f(x) = 0 x=2
but clearly f(x) does not change sign about x = 2. f(2+) > 0 and f(2–) > 0. So f(x) has no point
of maxima or minima. In fact f(x) is a monotonically increasing function for x R.
AOD [73]
Example # 50 : Let f(x) = x 3 + 3(a – 7)x 2 + 3(a2 – 9) x – 1. If f(x) has positive point of maxima, then find possible
values of 'a'.
Solution. f(x) = 3 [x 2 + 2(a – 7)x + (a2 – 9)]
Let , be roots of f(x) = 0 and let be the smaller root. Examining sign change of f(x).
Maxima occurs at smaller root which has to be positive. This basically implies that both
roots of f(x) = 0 must be positive and distinct.
29
(i) D>0 a<
7
b
(ii) – >0 a<7
2a
(iii) f(0) > 0 a (– , – 3) (3, )
29
from (i), (ii) and (iii) a (– , – 3) 3,
7
Self practice problems :
(36) Find the points of local maxima or minima of following functions
(i) f(x) = (x – 1)3 (x + 2)2
(ii) f(x) = x 3 + x 2 + x + 1.
4
Answer : 36. (i) Maxima at x = – 2, Minima at x = –
5
(ii) No point of local maxima or minima.
Maxima, Minima for continuous functions :
Let f(x) be a continuous function.
Critical points :
The points where f(x) = 0 or f(x) is not differentiable are called critical points.
Stationary points Critical points.
Example # 51 : Find critical points of f(x) = max (sinx, cosx) , x (0, 2).
Solution :
5
From the figure it is clear that f(x) has three critical points x = , , .
4 2 4
AOD [74]
Important Note :
For f(x) defined on a subset of R, points of extrema (if exists) occur at critical points
Example # 52 : Find the possible points of Maxima/Minima for f(x) = |x 2 – 2x| (x R)
x 2 2 x x 2
2
Solution. f(x) = 2x x 0x2
x 2 2 x x 0
2( x 1) x 2
f(x) = 2(1 x ) 0 x 2
2( x 1) x 0
f(x) = 0 at x = 1 and f(x) does not exist at x = 0, 2. Thus these are critical points.
x 3 x 2 10 x x0
Example # 53 : Let f(x) = . Examine the behaviour of f(x) at x = 0.
3 sin x x0
Solution. f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
3 x 2 2x 10 x 0
f(x) =
3 cos x x 0
f(0+) = 3 and f(0–) = – 10 thus f(x) is non-differentiable at x = 0 x = 0 is a critical point.
Also derivative changes sign from negative to positive, so x = 0 is a point of local minima.
Example # 54 : Find the critical points of the function f(x) = 4x 3 – 6x 2 – 24x + 9 if (i) x [0, 3] (ii) x [–3, 3]
(iii) x [– 1, 2].
Solution. f(x) = 12(x 2 – x – 2)
= 12(x – 2) (x + 1)
f(x) = 0 x = – 1 or 2
(i) if x [0, 3] , x = 2 is critical point.
(ii) if x [– 3, 3], then we have two critical points x = – 1, 2.
(iii) If x [– 1, 2], then no critical point as both x = 1 and x = 2 become boundary points.
Note : Critical points are always interior points of an interval.
Global extrema for continuous functions :
(i) Function defined on closed interval
Let f(x), x [a, b] be a continuous function
Step - I : Find critical points. Let it be c1, c2 ......., cn
Step - II: Find f(a), f(c1).........., f(cn), f(b)
Let M = max· { f(a), f(c1),..........., f(cn), f(b)}
m = min · {f(a), f(c1), ........f(cn), f(b)}
Step - M is global maximum.
m is global minimum.
(ii) Function defined on open interval.
Let f(x), x (a, b) be continuous function.
Step - I Find critical points . Let it be c1, c2, .......cn
Step - II Find f(c1), f(c2), ........., f(cn)
Let M = max · {f(c1), .......f(cn)}
m = min· {f(c1),............,f(cn)}
Step - III Lim f(x) = (say), Lim f(x) = (say).
x a 1 x b– 2
Let = min. {1, 2}, L = max. {1, 2}
AOD [75]
Step - IV
(i) If m then m is global minimum
(ii) If m > then f(x) has no global minimum
(iii) If M L then M is global maximum
(iv) If M < L , then f(x) has no global maximum
Example # 55 : Find the greatest and least values of f(x) = x 3 – 12x x [– 1, 3]
Solution. The possible points of maxima/minima are critical points and the boundary points.
for x [– 1, 3] and f(x) = x 3 – 12x
x = 2 is the only critical point.
Examining the value of f(x) at points x = –1, 2, 3. We can find greatest and least values.
x f (x)
1 11
2 16
3 9
Minimum f(x) = – 16 & Maximum f(x) = 11.
Self Practice Problems :
(37) Let f(x) = 2x 3 – 9x 2 + 12x + 6
(i) Find the possible points of Maxima/Minima of f(x) for x R.
(ii) Find the number of critical points of f(x) for x [0, 2].
(iii) Discuss absolute (global) maxima/minima value of f(x) for x [0, 2]
(iv) Prove that for x (1, 3), the function does not has a Global maximum.
Answers :
(37) (i) x = 1, 2 (ii) one
(iii) f(0) = 6 is the global minimum, f(1) = 11 is global maximum
x2 x ; 1 x 0
; x0
Example # 56 : Let f(x) =
1 3
log1/ 2 x ; 0 x
2 2
Discuss global maxima, minima for = 0 and = 1. For what values of does f(x) has global
maxima
Solution : Graph of y = f(x) for = 0
–1/2 3/2
–1
–1
No global maxima, minima
Graph of y = f(x) for = 1
–1/2 3/2
–1
–1
Global maxima is 1, which occurs at x = 0
Global minima does not exists
AOD [76]
Lim f(x) = 0, Lim f(x) = 1, f(0) =
x 0 x 0
For global maxima to exists
f(0) 1 1.
40
Example # 57 : Find extrema of f(x) = 3x4 + 8x3 – 18x2 + 60. Draw graph of g(x) = and comment on its local
f(x)
and global extrema.
Solution : f(x) = 0
12x (x2 + 2x – 3) = 0
12x (x – 1) (x + 3) = 0
x = –3, 0, 1
f(x) = 12(x + 3) x(x – 1)
+ +
– –
–3 0 1
local minima occurs at x = –3, 1
local maxima occurs at x = 0
f(–3) = – 75, f(1) = 53 are local minima
f(0) = 60 is local maxima
Lim f(x) = , Lim f(x) =
x x
Hence global maxima does not exists : Global minima is – 75
40
g(x) = f(x)
(f ( x ))2
g(x) has same critical points as that of f(x).
A rough sketch of y = f(x) is
60
53
–3
1
– 75
Let zeros of f(x) be ,
g(), g() are undefined,
Lim g(x) = , Lim g(x) = – , Lim g(x) = – , Lim g(x) =
x x x x
x = , x = are asymptotes of y = g(x).
Lim g(x) = 0, Lim g(x) = 0
x x
y = 0 is also an asymptote.
x = –3, x = 1 are local minima of
y = f(x) x = – 3, x = 1 are local maxima of y = g(x)
similarly, x = 0 is local minima of y = g(x)
Global extrema of g(x) does not exists.
A rough sketch of y = g(x) is
1
40/53
2/3
–3
1
–(8/15)
AOD [77]
Self Practice Problems :
x 2
(38) Let f(x) = + . Find local maximum and local minimum value of f(x). Can you explain this
2 x
discrepancy of locally minimum value being greater than locally maximum value.
( x )2 x0
(39) If f(x) = , find possible values of such that f(x) has local maxima at x = 0.
cos x x0
Answers : (38) Local maxima at x = – 2, f(–2) = – 2; Local minima at x = 2, f(2) = 2.
(39) [ –1, 1)
Maxima, Minima by higher order derivatives :
Second derivative test :
Let f(x) have derivatives up to second order
Step - I. Find f(x)
Step - II. Solve f(x) = 0. Let x = c be a solution
Step - III. Find f(c)
Step - IV.
(i) If f(c) = 0 then further investigation is required
(ii) If f(c) > 0 then x = c is a point of minima.
(iii) If f(c) < 0 then x = c is a point of maxima.
For maxima f(x) changes from positive to negative (as shown in figure).
f(x) is decreasing hence f(c) < 0
Example # 58 : Find the points of local maxima or minima for f(x) = sin2x – x, x (0, ).
Solution. f(x) = sin2x – x
f(x) = 2cos2x – 1
1 5
f(x) = 0 cos 2x = x= ,
2 6 6
f(x) = – 4 sin 2x
f < 0 Maxima at x =
6 6
5 5
f >0 Minima at x =
6 6
Self practice problems :
(40) Find the points of local maxima or minima of f(x) = sin 2x – x
(41) Let f(x) = sinx (1 + cosx) ; x (0, 2). Find the number of critical points of f(x). Also identify
which of these critical points are points of Maxima/Minima.
Answer : 40 Maxima at x = n + ; Minima at x = n –
6 6
41. Three
x= is point of maxima.
3
x = is not a point of extrema.
5
x= is point of minima.
3
AOD [78]
nth Derivative test :
Let f(x) have derivatives up to nth order
If f(c) = f(c) = ..........= f n–1(c) = 0 and
n
f (c) 0 then we have following possibilities
(i) n is even, f(n)(c) < 0 x = c is point of maxima
(ii) n is even, f(n)(c) > 0 x = c is point of minima.
(iii) n is odd, f(n)(c) < 0 f(x) is decreasing about x = c
(iv) n is odd, f (n) > 0 f(x) is increasing about x = c.
Example # 59 : Find points of local maxima or minima of f(x) = x 5 – 5x 4 + 5x 3 – 1
Solution. f(x) = x 5 – 5x 4 + 5x 3 – 1
f(x) = 5x 2 (x – 1) (x – 3)
f(x) = 0 x = 0, 1, 3
f(x) = 10x (2x 2 – 6x + 3)
Now, f(1) < 0 Maxima at x = 1
f(3) > 0 Minima at x = 3
and, f(0) = 0 nd derivative test fails
2
so, f(x) = 30 (2x – 4x + 1)
f(0) = 30
Neither maxima nor minima at x = 0.
Note : It was very convenient to check maxima/minima at first step by examining the sign
change of f(x) no sign change of f(x) at x = 0
f(x) = 5x 2 (x – 1) (x – 3)
Application of Maxima, Minima :
For a given problem, an objective function can be constructed in terms of one parameter and then
extremum value can be evaluated by equating the differential to zero. As discussed in nth derivative test
maxima/minima can be identified.
Useful Formulae of Mensuration to Remember :
1. Volume of a cuboid = bh.
2. Surface area of cuboid = 2( b + bh + h).
3. Volume of cube = a3
4. Surface area of cube = 6a2
1 2
5. Volume of a cone = r h.
3
6. Curved surface area of cone = r ( = slant height)
7. Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2rh.
8. Total surface area of a cylinder = 2rh + 2r2.
4 3
9. Volume of a sphere = r .
3
10. Surface area of a sphere = 4r2.
1 2
11. Area of a circular sector = r , when is in radians.
2
12. Volume of a prism = (area of the base) × (height).
13. Lateral surface area of a prism = (perimeter of the base) × (height).
AOD [79]
14. Total surface area of a prism = (lateral surface area) + 2 (area of the base)
(Note that lateral surfaces of a prism are all rectangle).
1
15. Volume of a pyramid = (area of the base) × (height).
3
1
16. Curved surface area of a pyramid = (perimeter of the base) × (slant height).
2
(Note that slant surfaces of a pyramid are triangles).
Example # 60: If the equation x3 + px + q = 0 has three real roots, then show that 4p3 + 27q2 < 0.
Solution: f(x) = x3 + px + q, f(x) = 3x2 + p
f(x) must have one maximum > 0 and one minimum < 0. f(x) = 0
p
x=± ,p0
3
p p
f is maximum at x = – and minimum at x =
3 3
p p
f – f 0
3 3
q 2p p q 2p p 0
3
3 3 3
4p3
q2 + < 0, 4p3 + 27q2 < 0.
27
Example # 61 : Find two positive numbers x and y such that x + y = 60 and xy 3 is maximum.
Solution. x + y = 60
x = 60 – y xy3 = (60 – y)y3
3
Let f(y) = (60 – y) y ; y (0, 60)
for maximizing f(y) let us find critical points
f(y) = 3y2 (60 – y) – y 3 = 0
f(y) = y2 (180 – 4y) = 0
y = 45
f(45+) < 0 and f(45–) > 0. Hence local maxima at y = 45.
So x = 15 and y = 45.
Example # 62 : Rectangles are inscribed inside a semicircle of radius r. Find the rectangle with maximum
area.
Solution. Let sides of rectangle be x and y (as shown in figure).
A = xy.
Here x and y are not independent variables and are related by Pythogorus theorem with r.
x2 x2
+ y2 = r2 y= r2
4 4
x2
A(x) = x r2
4
x4
A(x) = x 2r 2
4
x4
Let f(x) = r2x 2 – ; x (0, r)
4
A(x) is maximum when f(x) is maximum
Hence f(x) = x(2r2 – x 2) = 0
AOD [80]
x=r 2
also f(r 2 ) < 0 and f(r 2 ) > 0
r
confirming at f(x) is maximum when x = r 2 & y = .
2
Aliter Let us choose coordinate system with origin as centre of circle (as shown in figure).
A = xy
A = 2 (rcos) (rsin)
A = r2 sin2 0,
2
Clearly A is maximum when =
4
r
x=r 2 and y= .
2
Example # 63 : A sheet of area 40 m 2 is used to make an open tank with square base. Find the dimensions of
the base such that volume of this tank is maximum.
Solution. Let length of base be x meter and height be y meter (as shown in figure).
V = x 2y
again x and y are related to surface area of this tank which is equal to 40 m 2.
x 2 + 4xy = 40
40 x 2
y= x (0, 40 )
4x
40 x 2
2
V(x) = x 4 x
( 40 x x 3 )
V(x) =
4
maximizing volume,
( 40 3x 2 ) 40
V(x) = =0 x= m
4 3
3x 40
and V(x) = – V 3 < 0.
2
40
Confirming that volume is maximum at x = m.
3
AOD [81]
Example # 64 : If a right circular cylinder is inscribed in a given cone. Find the dimensions of the cylinder
such that its volume is maximum.
Solution. Let x be the radius of cylinder and y be its height
v = x 2y
x, y can be related by using similar triangles (as shown in figure).
y h
=
rx r
h
y= (r – x)
r
h
v(x) = x 2 (r – x) x (0, r)
r
h
v(x) = (rx 2 – x 3)
r
h
v(x) = x (2r – 3x)
r
2r 2r
v = 0 and v < 0
3 3
2r h
Thus volume is maximum at x = and y = .
3 3
Note : Following formulae of volume, surface area of important solids are very useful in problems of maxima
& minima.
Example # 65 : Among all regular square pyramids of volume 36 2 cm 3. Find dimensions of the pyramid
having least lateral surface area.
Solution. Let the length of a side of base be x cm and y be the perpendicular height of the pyramid
(see figure).
1
V= × area of base x height
3
1 2
V= x y = 36 2
3
108 2
y=
x2
1
and S= × perimeter of base x slant height
2
1
= (4x).
2
x2
but = y2
4
x2
S = 2x y2 = x 4 4x 2 y 2
4
2
4
108 2
S= x 4x 2
2
x
8.(108 )2
S(x) = x4
x2 AOD [82]
8.(108 )2
Let f(x) = x 4 + for minimizing f(x)
x2
16(108 )2
f(x) = 4x 3 – =0
x3
(x 6 66 )
f(x) = 4 =0
x3
x = 6, which a point of minima
Hence x = 6 cm and y = 3 2 .
Example # 66 : Let A(1, 2) and B(– 2, – 4) be two fixed points. A variable point P is chosen on the straight line
y = x such that perimeter of PAB is minimum. Find coordinates of P.
Solution. Since distance AB is fixed so for minimizing the perimeter of PAB, we basically have to
minimize (PA + PB)
Let A be the mirror image of A in the line y = x (see figure).
F(P) = PA + PB
F(P) = PA + PB
But for PAB
PA + PB AB and equality hold when P, A and B becomes collinear. Thus for minimum path
length point P is that special point for which PA and PB become incident and reflected rays
with respect to the mirror y = x.
Equation of line joining A and B is y = 2x intersection of this line with y = x is the point P.
Hence P (0, 0).
Note : Above concept is very useful because such problems become very lengthy by making perimeter as a
function of position of P and then minimizing it.
Self Practice Problems :
(42) Find the two positive numbers x and y whose sum is 35 and the product x 2 y5 maximum.
(43) A square piece of tin of side 18 cm is to be made into a box without top by cutting a square
from each corner and folding up the slops to form a box. What should be the side of the square
to be cut off such that volume of the box is maximum possible.
(44) Prove that a right circular cylinder of given surface area and maximum volume is such that the
height is equal to the diameter of the base.
AOD [83]
x2 y2
(45) A normal is drawn to the ellipse + = 1. Find the maximum distance of this normal from
25 16
the centre.
(46) A line is drawn passing through point P(1, 2) to cut positive coordinate axes at A and B. Find
minimum area of PAB.
(47) Two towns A and B are situated on the same side of a straight road at distances a and b
respectively perpendiculars drawn from A and B meet the road at point C and D respectively.
The distance between C and D is c. A hospital is to be built at a point P on the road such that
the distance APB is minimum. Find position of P.
Answers : (42) x = 25, y = 10. (43) 3 cm (45) 1 unit
ac
(46) 4 units (47) P is at distance of from C.
ab
AOD [84]
TANGENT & NORMAL
EXERCISE–I
Q.1 Find the equations of the tangents drawn to the curve y2 – 2x3 – 4y + 8 = 0 from the point (1, 2).
Q.2 Find the point of intersection of the tangents drawn to the curve x2y = 1 – y at the points where it is
intersected by the curve xy = 1 – y.
Q.3 Find all the lines that pass through the point (1, 1) and are tangent to the curve represented parametrically
as x = 2t – t2 and y = t + t2.
Q.4 In the curve xa yb = Ka+b , prove that the portion of the tangent intercepted between the coordinate axes
is divided at its point of contact into segments which are in a constant ratio. (All the constants being
positive).
Q.5 A straight line is drawn through the origin and parallel to the tangent to a curve
a a2 y2
x a 2 y2
= ln at an arbitary point M. Show that the locus of the point P of
a y
intersection of the straight line through the origin & the straight line parallel to the x-axis & passing
through the point M is x2 + y2 = a2.
2 2
a a a x
Q.6 Prove that the segment of the tangent to the curve y = ln – a 2 x 2 contained between
2 a a2 x2
the y-axis & the point of tangency has a constant length.
Q.7 A function is defined parametrically by the equations
1 1
2t t 2 sin if t 0 sin t 2 if t 0
f(t) = x = t and g(t) = y = t
0 if t 0 o if t 0
Find the equation of the tangent and normal at the point for t = 0 if exist.
Q.8 Find all the tangents to the curve y = cos (x + y), 2 x 2, that are parallel to the line x + 2y = 0.
Q.9 (a) Find the value of n so that the subnormal at any point on the curve xyn = an + 1 may be constant.
(b) Show that in the curve y = a. ln (x² a²), sum of the length of tangent & subtangent varies as the
product of the coordinates of the point of contact.
Q.10 Prove that the segment of the normal to the curve x = 2a sin t + a sin t cos2t ; y = a cos3t contained
between the co-ordinate axes is equal to 2a.
Q.11 Show that the normals to the curve x = a (cos t + t sin t) ; y = a (sin t t cos t) are tangent lines to the
circle x2 + y2 = a2.
1
Q.12 The chord of the parabola y = a2x2 + 5ax 4 touches the curve y = at the point x = 2 and is
1 x
bisected by that point. Find 'a'.
Q.13 If the tangent at the point (x1, y1) to the curve x3 + y3 = a3 (a 0) meets the curve again in (x2, y2) then
x y
show that 2 2 = 1.
x1 y1
1
Q.14 Determine a differentiable function y = f (x) which satisfies f ' (x) = [f(x)]2 and f (0) = – . Find also the
2
AOD [131]
equation of the tangent at the point where the curve crosses the y-axis.
Q.15 If p1 & p2 be the lengths of the perpendiculars from the origin on the tangent & normal respectively at
p1 x sin y cos dy
any point (x, y) on a curve, then show that where tan = . If in the
p 2 x cos y sin dx
above case, the curve be x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3 then show that : 4 p12 + p22 = a2.
Q.16 The curve y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + 5 , touches the x - axis at P ( 2 , 0) & cuts the y-axis at a point Q where
its gradient is 3. Find a , b , c.
Q.17 The tangent at a variable point P of the curve y = x2 x3 meets it again at Q. Show that the locus of the
middle point of PQ is y = 1 9x + 28x2 28x3.
Q.18 Show that t he distance from the origin of t he normal at any point of the curve
x = a e sin 2 cos & y = a e cos 2 sin is twice the distance of the tangent at the point
2 2 2 2
from the origin.
Q.19 Show that the condition that the curves x2/3 + y2/3 = c2/3 & (x2/a2) + (y2/b2) = 1 may touch if c = a + b.
Q.20 The graph of a certain function f contains the point (0, 2) and has the property that for each number 'p'
the line tangent to y = f (x) at p, f (p) intersect the x-axis at p + 2. Find f (x).
Q.21 A curve is given by the equations x = at2 & y = at3. A variable pair of perpendicular lines through the
origin 'O' meet the curve at P & Q. Show that the locus of the point of intersection of the tangents at P &
Q is 4y2 = 3ax a2.
x2 y2 x2 y2
Q.22(a) Show that the curves 2 =1& 2 = 1 intersect orthogonally..
a K1 b 2 K1 a K2 b2 K2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
(b) Find the condition that the curves =1& = 1 may cut orthogonally..
a b a b
y
Q.23 Show that the angle between the tangent at any point 'A' of the curve ln (x2 + y2) = C tan–1 x and the
line joining A to the origin is independent of the position of A on the curve.
2
Q.24 For the curve x2/3 + y2/3 = a2/3, show that z + 3p2 = a2 where z = x + i y & p is the length of the
perpendicular from (0 , 0) to the tangent at (x , y) on the curve.
Q.25 A and B are points of the parabola y = x2. The tangents at A and B meet at C. The median of the triangle
ABC from C has length 'm' units. Find the area of the triangle in terms of 'm'.
EXERCISE–II
RATE MEASURE AND APPROXIMATIONS
Q.1 Water is being poured on to a cylindrical vessel at the rate of 1 m3/min. If the vessel has a circular base
of radius 3 m, find the rate at which the level of water is rising in the vessel.
Q.2 A man 1.5 m tall walks away from a lamp post 4.5 m high at the rate of 4 km/hr.
(i) how fast is the farther end of the shadow moving on the pavement ?
(ii) how fast is his shadow lengthening ?
AOD [132]
Q.3 A particle moves along the curve 6 y = x3 + 2. Find the points on the curve at which the y coordinate is
changing 8 times as fast as the x coordinate.
Q.4 An inverted cone has a depth of 10 cm & a base of radius 5 cm. Water is poured into it at the rate of
1.5 cm3/min. Find the rate at which level of water in the cone is rising, when the depth of water is 4cm.
Q.5 A water tank has the shape of a right circular cone with its vertex down. Its altitude is 10 cm and the
radius of the base is 15 cm. Water leaks out of the bottom at a constant rate of 1cu. cm/sec. Water is
poured into the tank at a constant rate of C cu. cm/sec. Compute C so that the water level will be rising
at the rate of 4 cm/sec at the instant when the water is 2 cm deep.
Q.6 Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12 cc/sec. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such
a way that the height of the cone is always 1/6th of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of the
sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm.
Q.7 An open Can of oil is accidently dropped into a lake ; assume the oil spreads over the surface as a
circular disc of uniform thickness whose radius increases steadily at the rate of 10 cm/sec. At the moment
when the radius is 1 meter, the thickness of the oil slick is decreasing at the rate of 4 mm/sec, how fast is
it decreasing when the radius is 2 meters.
Q.8 Water is dripping out from a conical funnel of semi vertical angle /4, at the uniform rate of 2 cm3/sec
through a tiny hole at the vertex at the bottom. When the slant height of the water is 4cm, find the rate of
decrease of the slant height of the water.
Q.9 An air force plane is ascending vertically at the rate of 100 km/h. If the radius of the earth is R Km, how
fast the area of the earth, visible from the plane increasing at 3min after it started ascending. Take visible
2
area A = 2R h Where h is the height of the plane in kms above the earth.
R h
Q.10 A variable ABC in the xy plane has its orthocentre at vertex 'B' , a fixed vertex 'A' at the origin and the
7x 2
third vertex 'C' restricted to lie on the parabola y = 1 +. The point B starts at the point (0, 1) at time
36
t = 0 and moves upward along the y axis at a constant velocity of 2 cm/sec. How fast is the area of the
7
triangle increasing when t = sec.
2
Q.11 A circular ink blot grows at the rate of 2 cm2 per second. Find the rate at which the radius is increasing
6 22
after 2 seconds. Use = .
11 7
Q.12 Water is flowing out at the rate of 6 m3/min from a reservoir shaped like a hemispherical bowl of radius
AOD [133]
2
R = 13 m. The volume of water in the hemispherical bowl is given by V = · y (3R y) when the
3
water is y meter deep. Find
(a) At what rate is the water level changing when the water is 8 m deep.
(b) At what rate is the radius of the water surface changing when the water is 8 m deep.
Q.13 If in a triangle ABC, the side 'c' and the angle 'C' remain constant, while the remaining elements are
changed slightly, show that da db = 0.
cos A cos B
Q.14 At time t > 0, the volume of a sphere is increasing at a rate proportional to the reciprocal of its radius. At
t = 0, the radius of the sphere is 1 unit and at t = 15 the radius is 2 units.
(a) Find the radius of the sphere as a function of time t.
(b) At what time t will the volume of the sphere be 27 times its volume at t = 0.
3
Q.15 Use differentials to a approximate the values of ; (a) 25.2 and (b) 26 .
EXERCISE–III
Q.1 Find the acute angles between the curves y = x2 1 and y = x2 3 at their point of intersection.
[ REE '98, 6 ]
Q.2 Find the equation of the straight line which is tangent at one point and normal at another point of the
curve, x = 3t2 , y = 2t3. [ REE 2000 (Mains) 5 out of 100 ]
3
Q.3 If the normal to the curve , y = f (x) at the point (3, 4) makes an angle with the positive x–axis. Then
4
f (3) =
3 4
(A) – 1 (B) – (C) (D) 1
4 3
[JEE 2000 (Scr.) 1 out of 35 ]
Q.4 The point(s) on the curve y3 + 3x2 = 12y where the tangent is vertical, is(are)
4 11 4
(A) , 2 (B) 3 , 1 (C) (0, 0) (D) , 2
3 3
[JEE 2002 (Scr.), 3]
Q.5 Tangent to the curve y = x2 + 6 at a point P (1, 7) touches the circle x2 + y2 + 16x + 12y + c = 0 at a point
Q. Then the coordinates of Q are
(A) (– 6, –11) (B) (–9, –13) (C) (– 10, – 15) (D) (–6, –7)
[JEE 2005 (Scr.), 3]
AOD [134]
MONOTONOCITY
EXERCISE–I
Q.1 Find the intervals of monotonocity for the following functions & represent your solution set on thenumber line.
2
(a) f(x) = 2. e x 4x (b) f(x) = ex/x (c) f(x) = x2 ex (d) f (x) = 2x2 – ln | x |
Also plot the graphs in each case.
Q.2 Let f (x) = 1 – x – x3. Find all real values of x satisfying the inequality, 1 – f (x) – f 3(x) > f (1 – 5x)
Q.3 Find the intervals of monotonocity of the function
(a) f (x) = sin x – cos x in x [0 , 2 ] (b) g (x) = 2 sinx + cos 2x in (0 x 2 ).
Q.4 Show that, x3 3x2 9 x + 20 is positive for all values of x > 4.
max {f (t ) : 0 t x} , 0 x 1
Q.5 Let f (x) = x3 x2 + x + 1 and g(x) =
3x ,1 x 2
Discuss the conti. & differentiability of g(x) in the interval (0,2).
Q.6 Find the set of all values of the parameter 'a' for which the function,
f(x) = sin 2x – 8(a + 1)sin x + (4a2 + 8a – 14)x increases for all x R and has no critical points
for all x R.
Q.7 Find the greatest & the least values of the following functions in the given interval if they exist.
x 1
(a) f (x) = sin1 ln x in , 3 (b) y = xx in (0, ) (c) y = x5 – 5x4 + 5x3 + 1 in [ 1, 2]
2
x 1 3
1
Q.8 Find the values of 'a' for which the function f(x) = sinx a sin2x sin3x + 2ax increases throughout the
3
number line.
ex
Q.9
Prove that f (x) = 9 cos 2 (2 ln t ) 25 cos(2 ln t ) 17 dt is always an increasing function of x, xR
2
a 2 1
Q.10 If f(x) = x3 + (a - 1) x2 + 2x + 1 is monotonic increasing for every x R then find the range of
3
values of ‘a’.
Q.11 Find the set of values of 'a' for which the function,
21 4 a a 2 3
f(x) = 1 x + 5x + 7 is increasing at every point of its domain.
a 1
Q.12 Find the intervals in which the function f (x) = 3 cos4 x + 10 cos3 x + 6 cos2 x – 3, 0 x ; is
monotonically increasing or decreasing.
Q.13 Find the range of values of 'a' for which the function f (x) = x3 + (2a + 3)x2 + 3(2a + 1)x + 5 is monotonic
in R. Hence find the set of values of 'a' for which f (x) in invertible.
Q.14 Find the value of x > 1 for which the function
AOD [135]
x2
F (x) =
1 t 1 is increasing and decreasing.
t ln 32
dt
x
Q.15 Find all the values of the parameter 'a' for which the function ;
f(x) = 8ax a sin 6x 7x sin 5x increases & has no critical points for all x R.
Q.16 If f (x) = 2ex – ae–x + (2a + 1)x 3 monotonically increases for every x R then find the range of values
of ‘a’.
x2 9 2
Q.17 Construct the graph of the function f (x) = x and comment upon the following
x 3 x 1
(a) Range of the function,
(b) Intervals of monotonocity,
(c) Point(s) where f is continuous but not diffrentiable,
(d) Point(s) where f fails to be continuous and nature of discontinuity.
(e) Gradient of the curve where f crosses the axis of y.
Q.18 Prove that, x2 – 1 > 2x ln x > 4(x – 1) – 2 ln x for x > 1.
3
Q.19 Prove that tan2x + 6 ln secx + 2cos x + 4 > 6 sec x for x , 2 .
2
Q.20 If ax² + (b/x) c for all positive x where a > 0 & b > 0 then show that 27ab2 4c3.
Q.21 If 0 < x < 1 prove that y = x ln x – (x²/2) + (1/2) is a function such that d2y/dx2 > 0. Deduce
that x ln x > (x2/2) (1/2).
Q.22 Prove that 0 < x. sin x (1/2) sin² x < (1/2) ( 1) for 0 < x < /2.
Q.23 Show that x² > (1 + x) [ln(1 + x)]2 x > 0.
Q.24 Find the set of values of x for which the inequality ln (1 + x) > x/(1 + x) is valid.
Q.25 If b > a, find the minimum value of (x a)3+ (x b)3, x R.
EXERCISE–II
Q.1 Verify Rolles throrem for f(x) = (x a)m (x b)n on [a, b] ; m, n being positive integer.
Q.2 Let f : [a, b] R be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) < f (b), then show that
f ' (c) > 0 for some c (a, b).
Q.3 Let f (x) = 4x3 3x2 2x + 1, use Rolle's theorem to prove that there exist c, 0< c <1 such that f(c) = 0.
Q.4 Using LMVT prove that : (a) tan x > x in 0, , (b) sin x < x for x > 0
2
Q.5 Prove that if f is differentiable on [a, b] and if f (a) = f (b) = 0 then for any real there is an x (a, b)
such that f (x) + f ' (x) = 0.
3 x 0
2
Q.6 For what value of a, m and b does the function f (x) = x 3x a 0 x 1
mx b 1 x 2
satisfy the hypothesis of the mean value theorem for the interval [0, 2].
Q.7 Suppose that on the interval [–2, 4] the function f is differentiable, f (–2) = 1 and | f ' (x) | 5. Find the
bounding functions of f on [–2, 4], using LMVT.
AOD [136]
Q.8 Let f, g be differentiable on R and suppose that f (0) = g (0) and f ' (x) g ' (x) for all x 0. Show that
f (x) g (x) for all x 0.
Q.9 Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) = a and f (b) = b, show that there exist
distinct c1, c2 in (a, b) such that f ' (c1) + f '(c2) = 2.
Q.10 Let f (x) and g (x) be differentiable functions such that f ' (x) g (x) f (x) g ' (x) for any real x. Show that
between any two real solutions of f (x) = 0, there is at least one real solution of g (x) = 0.
Q.11 Let f defined on [0, 1] be a twice differentiable function such that, | f " (x) | 1 for all x [0, 1]
If f (0) = f (1), then show that, | f ' (x) | < 1 for all x [0, 1]
Q.12 f (x) and g (x) are differentiable functions for 0 x 2 such that f (0) = 5, g (0) = 0, f (2) = 8, g (2) = 1.
Show that there exists a number c satisfying 0 < c < 2 and f ' (c) = 3 g' (c).
Q.13 If f, , are continuous in [a, b] and derivable in ]a, b[ then show that there is a value of c lying between
a & b such that,
f (a ) f (b) f (c)
(a ) (b) (c) = 0
(a ) (b) (c)
Q.14 Show that exactly two real values of x satisfy the equation x2 = x sinx + cos x.
Q.15 Let a > 0 and f be continuous in [–a, a]. Suppose that f ' (x) exists and f ' (x) 1 for all x (–a, a). If
f (a) = a and f (– a) = – a, show that f (0) = 0.
Q.16 Let a, b, c be three real number such that a < b < c, f (x) is continuous in [a, c] and differentiable
in (a, c). Also f ' (x) is strictly increasing in (a, c). Prove that
(c – b) f (a) + (b – a) f (c) > (c – a) f (b)
x 1
Q.17 Use the mean value theorem to prove, < ln x < x – 1, x > 1
x
Q.18 Use mean value theorem to evaluate, Lim
x
x 1 x .
Q.19 Using L.M.V.T. or otherwise prove that difference of square root of two consecutive natural numbers
1
greater than N2 is less than .
2N
Q.20 Prove the inequality ex > (1 + x) using LMVT for all x R0 and use it to determine which of the two
numbers e and e is greater.
EXERCISE–III
x x
Q.1 If f (x) = & g (x) = , where 0 < x 1, then in this interval :
sin x tan x
(A) both f (x) & g (x) are increasing functions (B) both f (x) & g (x) are decreasing functions
(C) f (x) is an increasing function (D) g (x) is an increasing function
[ JEE '97 (Scr), 2 ]
dg
Q.2 Let a + b = 4 , where a < 2 and let g (x) be a differentiable function . If > 0 for all x, prove that
dx
a b
g (x) dx g (x) dx increases as (b a) increases. [JEE ’97, 5]
0 0
Q.3(a) Let h(x) = f(x) (f(x))2 + (f(x))3 for every real number x. Then :
(A) h is increasing whenever f is increasing (B) h is increasing whenever f is decreasing
AOD [137]
(C) h is decreasing whenever f is decreasing (D) nothing can be said in general.
x2 1
(b) f(x) = , for every real number x, then the minimum value of f :
x2 1
(A) does not exist because f is unbounded (B) is not attained even though f is bounded
(C) is equal to 1 (D) is equal to 1. [ JEE '98, 2 + 2 ]
Q.4(a) For all x (0, 1) :
(A) ex < 1 + x (B) loge(1 + x) < x (C) sin x > x (D) loge x > x
(b) Consider the following statements S and R :
S : Both sin x & cos x are decreasing functions in the interval (/2, ).
R : If a differentiable function decreases in an interval (a, b), then its derivative also decreases in (a, b).
Which of the following is true ?
(A) both S and R are wrong
(B) both S and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation for S
(C) S is correct and R is the correct explanation for S
(D) S is correct and R is wrong.
(c) Let f (x) = ex (x 1) (x 2) d x then f decreases in the interval :
(A) (, 2) (B) ( 2, 1) (C) (1, 2) (D) (2, + )
[JEE 2000 (Scr.) 1+1+1 out of 35]
Q.5(a) If f (x) = xex(1 – x), then f(x) is
1
(A) increasing on ,1 (B) decreasing on R
2
1
(C) increasing on R (D) decreasing on , 1
2
1
(b) Let – 1 < p < 1. Show that the equation 4x3 – 3x – p = 0 has a unique root in the interval , 1 and
2
identify it. [ JEE 2001, 1 + 5 ]
Q.6 The length of a longest interval in which the function 3sinx – 4sin3x is increasing, is
3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 2
[JEE 2002 (Screening), 3]
Q.7(a) Using the relation 2(1 – cosx) < x2 , x 0 or otherwise, prove that sin (tanx) > x , x 0, .
4
(b) Let f : [0, 4] R be a differentiable function.
(i) Show that there exist a, b [0, 4], (f (4))2 – (f (0))2 = 8 f (a) f (b)
(ii) Show that there exist , with 0 < < < 2 such that
4
f(t) dt = 2 ( f (2) + f (2) ) [JEE 2003 (Mains), 4 + 4 out of 60]
0
x lnx , x 0
Q.8(a) Let f (x) = . Rolle’s theorem is applicable to f for x [0, 1], if =
0, x0
AOD [138]
1
(A) –2 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D)
2
f (x 2 ) f ( x )
(b) If f is a strictly increasing function, then Lim is equal to
x 0 f ( x ) f ( 0)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) 2
[JEE 2004 (Scr)]
Q.9 If p (x) = 51x101 – 2323x100 – 45x + 1035, using Rolle's theorem, prove that at least one root of p(x)
lies between (451/100, 46). [JEE 2004, 2 out of 60]
Q.10(a) If f (x) is a twice differentiable function and given that f(1) = 1, f(2) = 4, f(3) = 9, then
(A) f '' (x) = 2, for x (1, 3) (B) f '' (x) = f ' (x) = 2, for some x (2, 3)
(C) f '' (x) = 3, for x (2, 3) (D) f '' (x) = 2, for some x (1, 3)
[JEE 2005 (Scr), 3]
(b) f (x) is differentiable function and g (x) is a double differentiable function such that | f (x) | 1 and
f '(x) = g (x). If f2(0) +g2(0) = 9. Prove that there exists some c (–3, 3) such that g (c) · g"(c)<0.
[JEE 2005 (Mains), 6]
AOD [139]
MAXIMA - MINIMA
EXERCISE–I
1
Q.1 A cubic f(x) vanishes at x = 2 & has relative minimum/maximum at x = 1 and x = .
3
1
14
If f ( x ) dx = 3
, find the cubic f (x).
1
x
Q.2 Investigate for maxima & minima for the function, f (x) = [2 (t 1) (t 2)3 + 3 (t 1)2 (t 2)2] dt
1
Q.3 Find the maximum & minimum value for the function ;
(a) y = x + sin 2x , 0 x 2 (b) y = 2 cos 2x cos 4x , 0 x
Q.4 Suppose f(x) is real valued polynomial function of degree 6 satisfying the following conditions ;
(a) f has minimum value at x = 0 and 2
(b) f has maximum value at x = 1
f ( x)
x 1 0
1 1
(c) for all x, Limit
x0 ln 0 x 1 = 2.
x
1 0 1
x
Determine f (x).
Q.5 Find the maximum perimeter of a triangle on a given base ‘a’ and having the given vertical angle.
Q.6 The length of three sides of a trapezium are equal, each being 10 cms. Find the maximum area of such a
trapezium.
Q.7 The plan view of a swimming pool consists of a semicircle of radius r attached to a rectangle of length '2r'
and width 's'. If the surface area A of the pool is fixed, for what value of 'r' and 's' the perimeter 'P' of the
pool is minimum.
Q.8 For a given curved surface of a right circular cone when the volume is maximum, prove that the semi
vertical angle is sin1 1 .
3
6
Q.9 Of all the lines tangent to the graph of the curve y = 2 , find the equations of the tangent lines of
x 3
minimum and maximum slope.
Q.10 A statue 4 metres high sits on a column 5.6 metres high. How far from the column must a man, whose eye
level is 1.6 metres from the ground, stand in order to have the most favourable view of statue.
Q.11 By the post office regulations, the combined length & girth of a parcel must not exceed 3 metre. Find the
volume of the biggest cylindrical (right circular) packet that can be sent by the parcel post.
Q.12 A running track of 440 ft. is to be laid out enclosing a football field, the shape of which is a rectangle with
semi circle at each end. If the area of the rectangular portion is to be maximum, find the length of its sides.
AOD [140]
22
Use : .
7
Q.13 A window of fixed perimeter (including the base of the arch) is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by
a semicircle. The semicircular portion is fitted with coloured glass while the rectangular part is fitted with
clean glass. The clear glass transmits three times as much light per square meter as the coloured glass
does. What is the ratio of the sides of the rectangle so that the window transmits the maximum light?
Q.14 A closed rectangular box with a square base is to be made to contain 1000 cubic feet. The cost of the
material per square foot for the bottom is 15 paise, for the top 25 paise and for the sides 20 paise. The
labour charges for making the box are Rs. 3/-. Find the dimensions of the box when the cost is minimum.
Q.15 Find the area of the largest rectangle with lower base on the x-axis & upper vertices on the
curve y = 12 x2.
Q.16 A trapezium ABCD is inscribed into a semicircle of radius l so that the base AD of the trapezium is a
diameter and the vertices B & C lie on the circumference. Find the base angle of the trapezium ABCD
which has the greatest perimeter.
ax b
Q.17 If y = has a turning value at (2, 1) find a & b and show that the turning value is a
(x 1) (x 4)
maximum.
Q.18 Prove that among all triangles with a given perimeter, the equilateral triangle has the maximum area.
Q.19 A sheet of poster has its area 18 m². The margin at the top & bottom are 75 cms and at the sides
50 cms. What are the dimensions of the poster if the area of the printed space is maximum?
x2 y 2
Q.20 A perpendicular is drawn from the centre to a tangent to an ellipse 2 + 2 = 1. Find the greatest value
a b
of the intercept between the point of contact and the foot of the perpendicular.
x
2
Q.21 Consider the function, F (x) = ( t t ) dt , x R.
1
(a) Find the x and y intercept of F if they exist.
(b) Derivatives F ' (x) and F '' (x).
(c) The intervals on which F is an increasing and the invervals on which F is decreasing.
(d) Relative maximum and minimum points.
(e) Any inflection point.
Q.22 A beam of rectangular cross section must be sawn from a round log of diameter d. What should the
width x and height y of the cross section be for the beam to offer the greatest resistance (a) to compression;
(b) to bending. Assume that the compressive strength of a beam is proportional to the area of the cross
section and the bending strength is proportional to the product of the width of section by the square of its
height.
Q.23 What are the dimensions of the rectangular plot of the greatest area which can be laid out within a triangle
of base 36 ft. & altitude 12 ft ? Assume that one side of the rectangle lies on the base of the triangle.
Q.24 The flower bed is to be in the shape of a circular sector of radius r & central angle . If the area is fixed
& perimeter is minimum, find r and .
Q.25 The circle x2 + y2 = 1 cuts the x-axis at P & Q. Another circle with centre at Q and varable radius
AOD [141]
intersects the first circle at R above the x-axis & the line segment PQ at S. Find the maximum area of
the triangle QSR.
EXERCISE–II
3
Q.1 The mass of a cell culture at time t is given by, M (t) =
1 4e t
(a) Find Lim M ( t ) and Lim M ( t )
t t
dM 1
(b) Show that = M (3 M )
dt 3
(c) Find the maximum rate of growth of M and also the vlaue of t at which occurs.
Q.2 Find the cosine of the angle at the vertex of an isosceles triangle having the greatest area for the given
constant length l of the median drawn to its lateral side.
Q.3 From a fixed point A on the circumference of a circle of radius 'a', let the perpendicular AY fall on the
tangent at a point P on the circle, prove that the greatest area which the APY can have
a2
is 3 3 sq. units.
8
Q.4 Given two points A ( 2 , 0) & B (0 , 4) and a line y = x. Find the co-ordinates of a point M on this line
so that the perimeter of the AMB is least.
Q.5 A given quantity of metal is to be casted into a half cylinder i.e. with a rectangular base and semicircular
ends. Show that in order that total surface area may be minimum , the ratio of the height of the cylinder
to the diameter of the semi circular ends is /(+ 2).
Q.6 Depending on the values of p R, find the value of 'a' for which the equation x3 + 2 px2 + p = a has three
distinct real roots.
Q.7 Show that for each a > 0 the function eax. xa² has a maximum value say F (a), and that F (x) has a
minimum value, ee/2.
1a
3
Q.8 For a > 0, find the minimum value of the integral (a 4 x a 5 x 2 )e ax dx .
0
1
x
Q.9 Find the maximum value of the integral | x a |e dx where | a | 1.
1
x ln x when x 0
Q.10 Consider the function f (x) =
0 for x 0
(a) Find whether f is continuous at x = 0 or not.
(b) Find the minima and maxima if they exist.
(c) Does f ' (0) ? Find Lim f ' ( x ) .
x 0
(d) Find the inflection points of the graph of y = f (x)..
AOD [142]
Q.11 Consider the function y = f (x) = ln (1 + sin x) with – 2 x 2. Find
(a) the zeroes of f (x)
(b) inflection points if any on the graph
(c) local maxima and minima of f (x)
(d) asymptotes of the graph 2
(e) sketch the graph of f (x) and compute the value of the definite integral f (x ) dx .
Q.12 A right circular cone is to be circumscribed about a sphere of a given radius. Findthe
2 ratio of the altitude
of the cone to the radius of the sphere, if the cone is of least possible volume.
Q.13 Find the point on the curve 4 x² + a²y² = 4 a², 4 < a² < 8 that is farthest from the point (0 , 2).
3 2 5
Q.14 Find the set of value of m for the cubic x3 – x + = log1 4 (m) has 3 distinct solutions.
2 2
Q.15 Let A (p2, p) , B (q2, q) , C (r2, r) be the vertices of the triangle ABC. A parallelogram AFDE is drawn
with vertices D, E & F on the line segments BC, CA & AB respectively. Using calculus, show that
1
maximum area of such a parallelogram is : (p + q) (q + r) (p – r).
4
Q.16 A cylinder is obtained by revolving a rectangle about the x axis , the base of the rectangle lying on the
x axis and the entire rectangle lying in the region between the curve
x
y = 2 & the x axis. Find the maximum possible volume of the cylinder..
x 1
Q.17 For what values of ‘a’ does the function f (x) = x3 + 3 (a 7) x2 + 3 (a2 9) x 1 have a positive point
of maximum.
Q.18 Among all regular triangular prism with volume V, find the prism with the least sum of lengths of all edges.
How long is the side of the base of that prism?
Q.19 A segment of a line with its extremities on AB and AC bisects a triangle ABC with sides a, b, c into two
equal areas. Find the length of the shortest segment.
Q.20 What is the radius of the smallest circular disk large enough to cover every acute isosceles triangle of a
given perimeter L?
Q.21 Find the magnitude of the vertex angle ‘’ of an isosceles triangle of the given area ‘A’ such that the
radius ‘r’ of the circle inscribed into the triangle is the maximum.
Q.22 Prove that the least perimeter of an isosceles triangle in which a circle of radius r can be inscribed
is 6 r 3 .
Q.23 The function f (x) defined for all real numbers x has the following properties
(i) f (0) = 0, f (2) = 2 and f ' (x) = k(2x – x2)e –x for some constant k > 0. Find
(a) the intervals on which f is increasing and decreasing and any local maximum or minimum values.
(b) the intervals on which the graph f is concave down and concave up.
(c) the function f (x) and plot its graph.
Q.24 Find the minimum value of | sin x + cos x + tan x + cot x + sec x + cosec x | for all real x.
2x
Q.25 Use calculus to prove the inequality, sin x in 0 x .
2
AOD [143]
x2
You may use the inequality to prove that, cos x 1 – in 0 x
2
EXERCISE–III
Q.1 A conical vessel is to be prepared out of a circular sheet of gold of unit radius. How much sectorial area
is to be removed from the sheet so that the vessel has maximum volume. [ REE '97, 6 ]
Q.2(a) The number of values of x where the function f(x) = cos x + cos 2 x attains its maximum is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
(b) Suppose f(x) is a function satisfying the following conditions :
5
(i) f(0) = 2, f(1) = 1 (ii) f has a minimum value at x = and
2
2ax 2ax 1 2ax b 1
(iii) for all x f (x) =b b 1 1
2(ax b) 2ax 2b 1 2ax b
Where a, b are some constants. Determine the constants a, b & the function f(x).
[JEE '98, 2 + 8]
Q.3 Find the points on the curve ax2 + 2bxy + ay2 = c ; c > b > a > 0, whose distance from the origin is
minimum. [ REE '98, 6]
x
Q.4 The function f(x) = t (et 1) (t 1) (t 2)3 (t 3)5 dt has a local minimum at x =
1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
[ JEE '99 (Screening), 3]
Q.5 Find the co-ordinates of all the points P on the ellipse (x2/a2) + (y2/b2) = 1 for which the area of the
triangle PON is maximum, where O denotes the origin and N the foot of the perpendicular from O to the
tangent at P. [JEE '99, 10 out of 200]
Q.6 Find the normals to the ellipse (x2/9) + (y2/4) = 1 which are farthest from its centre. [REE '99, 6]
Q.7 Find the point on the straight line, y = 2 x + 11 which is nearest to the circle,
16 (x2 + y2) + 32 x 8 y 50 = 0. [REE 2000 Mains, 3 out of 100]
| x | for 0 | x | 2
Q.8 Let f (x) = [1 for x 0
. Then at x = 0, ' f ' has :
(A) a local maximum (B) no local maximum
(C) a local minimum (D) no extremum.
[ JEE 2000 Screening, 1 out of 35 ]
Q.9 Find the area of the right angled triangle of least area that can be drawn so as to circumscribe a rectangle
of sides 'a' and 'b', the right angles of the triangle coinciding with one of the angles of the rectangle.
[ REE 2001 Mains, 5 out of 100 ]
Q.10(a) Let f(x) = (1 + b2)x2 + 2bx + 1 and let m(b) be the minimum value of f(x). As b varies, the range
of m (b) is
1 1
(A) [0, 1] (B) 0, (C) , 1 (D) (0, 1]
2 2
(b) The maximum value of (cos 1) · (cos 2).......... (cos n), under the restrictions
O < 1, 2,..............., n < and cot 1 · cot 2.......... cot n = 1 is
2
AOD [144]
1 1 1
(A) n/ 2 (B) (C) (D) 1
2 2n 2n
[ JEE 2001 Screening, 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
Q.11(a) If a1 , a2 ,....... , an are positive real numbers whose product is a fixed number e, the minimum value of
a1 + a2 + a3 +....... + an–1 + 2an is
(A) n(2e)1/n (B) (n+1)e1/n (C) 2ne1/n (D) (n+1)(2e)1/n
[ JEE 2002 Screening]
(b) A straight line L with negative slope passes through the point (8,2) and cuts the positive coordinates axes
at points P and Q. Find the absolute minimum value of OP + OQ, as L varies, where O is the origin.
[ JEE 2002 Mains, 5 out of 60]
Q.12(a) Find a point on the curve x2 + 2y2 = 6 whose distance from the line x + y = 7, is minimum.
[JEE-03, Mains-2 out of 60]
(b) For a circle x2 + y2 = r2, find the value of ‘r’ for which the area enclosed by the tangents drawn from the
point P(6, 8) to the circle and the chord of contact is maximum. [JEE-03, Mains-2 out of 60]
Q.13(a) Let f (x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + d, 0 < b2 < c. Then f
(A) is bounded (B) has a local maxima
(C) has a local minima (D) is strictly increasing [JEE 2004 (Scr.)]
3x ·(x 1)
(b) Prove that sin x 2 x x 0, . (Justify the inequality, if any used).
2
[JEE 2004, 4 out of 60]
Q.14 If P(x) be a polynomial of degree 3 satisfying P(–1) = 10, P(1) = – 6 and P(x) has maximum at x = – 1
and P'(x) has minima at x = 1. Find the distance between the local maximum and local minimum of the
curve. [JEE 2005 (Mains), 4 out of 60]
Q.15(a) If f (x) is cubic polynomial which has local maximum at x = – 1. If f (2) = 18, f (1) = – 1 and
f '(x) has local maxima at x = 0, then
(A) the distance between (–1, 2) and (a, f (a)), where x = a is the point of local minima is 2 5 .
(B) f (x) is increasing for x [1, 2 5 ]
(C) f (x) has local minima at x = 1
(D) the value of f(0) = 5
e x 0 x 1 x
(b) f (x) = 2 e x 1
1 x 2 and g (x) = f t dt , x [1, 3] then g(x) has
x e 2x3 0
(A) local maxima at x = 1 + ln 2 and local minima at x = e
(B) local maxima at x = 1 and local minima at x = 2
(C) no local maxima
(D) no local minima [JEE 2006, 5marks each]
(c) If f (x) is twice differentiable function such that f (a) = 0, f (b) = 2, f (c) = – 1, f (d) = 2, f (e) = 0,
2
where a < b < c < d < e, then find the minimum number of zeros of g( x ) f ' ( x ) f ( x ).f " ( x ) in the
interval [a, e]. [JEE 2006, 6]
AOD [145]
ANSWER KEY
TANGENT & NORMAL
EXERCISE–I
Q.1 2 3 x y = 2
3 1 or 2 3 x + y = 2 3 1 Q.2 (0, 1)
Q.3 x = 1 when t = 1, m ; 5x – 4y = 1 if t 1, m = 1/3]
Q.7 T : x – 2y = 0 ; N : 2x + y = 0 Q.8 x + 2 y = /2 & x + 2 y = 3 /2
1
Q.9 (a) n = 2 Q.12 a = 1 Q.14 – ; x – 4y = 2 Q.16 a = 1/2 ; b = 3/4 ; c = 3
x2
2 m m
Q.20 2e–x/2 Q.22 (b) a b = a b Q.23 = tan–1 Q.25
C 2
EXERCISE–II
Q.1 1/9 m/min Q.2 (i) 6 km/h (ii) 2 km/hr Q.3 (4 , 11) & ( 4, 31/3)
Q.4 3/8 cm/min Q.5 1 + 36 cu. cm/sec Q.6 1/48 cm/s Q.7 0.05 cm/sec
2 66 1
Q.8 cm/s Q.9 200 r3 / (r + 5)² km² / h Q.10 Q.11 cm/sec.
4 7 4
1 5 80
Q.12 (a) – m/min., (b) – m/min. Q.14 (a) r = (1 + t)1/4, (b) t = 80 Q.15 (a) 5.02, (b)
24 288 27
EXERCISE–III
4 2
Q.1 = tan1 7
Q.2 2 x+ y2 2 = 0 or 2 xy2 2 =0
Q.3 D Q.4 D Q.5 D
*************************************
MONOTONOCITY
EXERCISE–I
Q.1 (a) I in (2 , ) & D in ( , 2) (b) I in (1 , ) & D in ( , 0) (0 , 1)
(c) I in (0, 2) & D in ( , ) (2 , )
1 1 1 1
(d) I for x > or < x < 0 & D for x < or 0 < x <
2 2 2 2
Q.2 (–2, 0) (2, )
Q.3 (a) I in [0, 3/4) (7/4 , 2 ] & D in (3/4 , 7 /4)
(b) I in [0 , /6) (/2 , 5/6) (3/2 , 2 ] & D in (/6 , /2) (5/6, 3 /2)]
Q.5 continuous but not diff. at x = 1 Q.6
a < 2 5 or a > 5
Q.7 (a) (/6)+(1/2)ln 3, (/3) – (1/2)ln 3, (b) least value is equal to (1/e)1/e, no greatest value, (c) 2 & 10
Q.8 [1, ) Q.10 a (– , – 3] [1 , ) Q.11 [ 7, 1) [2, 3]
Q.12 increasing in x (/2 , 2/3) & decreasing in [0 , /2) (2/3 , ]
3
Q.13 0 a Q.14 in (3, ) and in (1, 3) Q.15 (6, ) Q.16 a 0
2
AOD [146]
5 5 5
Q.17 (a) (– , 0] ; (b) in 1, and in ( ,1) , { 3} ; (c) x = ;
3 3 3
(d) removable discont. at x = –3 (missing point) and non removable discont. at x = 1 (infinite type)
(e) – 2
Q.24 ( 1, 0) (, ) Q.25 (b a)3/4
EXERCISE–II
mb na
Q.1 c= which lies between a & b Q.6 a = 3, b = 4 and m = 1
mn
Q.7 y = – 5x – 9 and y = 5x + 11 Q.18 0
EXERCISE–III
Q.1 C Q.3 (a) A, C ; (b) D Q.4 (a) B ; (b) D ; (c) C
1 1
Q.5 (a) A, (b) cos cos p Q.6 A Q.8 (a) D ; (b) C Q.10 (a) D
3
*************************************
MAXIMA - MINIMA
EXERCISE–I
Q.1 f (x) = x3 + x2 x + 2 Q.2 max. at x = 1 ; f(1) = 0 , min. at x = 7/5 ; f(7/5) = 108/3125
Q.3 (a) Max at x = 2 , Max value = 2 , Min. at x = 0 , Min value = 0
(b) Max at x = /6 & also at x = 5 /6 and
Max value = 3/2 , Min at x = /2 , Min value = 3
2 6 12 5
Q.4 f (x) = x x + 2 x4 Q.5 Pmax = a 1 cos ec Q.6 75 3 sq. units
3 5 2
2A 2A
Q.7 r= s = Q.9 3x + 4y – 9 = 0 ; 3x – 4y + 9 = 0
4 4
Q.10 4 2 m Q.11 1/ cu m
Q.12 110 ' , 70 ' Q.13 6/(6 + ) Q.14 side 10', height 10'
Q.15 32 sq. units Q.16 = 600 Q.17 a = 1, b = 0
Q.19 width 2 3 m, length 3 3 m Q.20 a b
Q.21 (a) (–1, 0), (0, 5/6) ; (b) F ' (x) = (x2 – x), F '' (x) = 2x – 1, (c) increasing (– , 0) (1, ),
decreasing (0, 1) ; (d) (0, 5/6) ; (1, 2/3) ; (e) x = 1/2
d d 2
Q.22 (a) x = y = , (b) x = , y= d Q.23 6' × 18'
2 3 3
4
Q.24 r = A , = 2 radians Q.25
3 3
AOD [147]
EXERCISE–II
3
Q.1 (a) 0, 3, (c) , t = ln 4 Q.2 cos A = 0.8 Q.4 (0 , 0)
4
32 p 3 32 p 3
Q.6 p < a < + p if p > 0 ; + p < a < p if p < 0 Q.8 4 when a = 2
27 27
Q.9 Maximum value is (e + e–1) when a = – 1
2
Q.10 (a) f is continuous at x = 0 ; (b) – ; (c) does not exist, does not exist ; (d) pt. of inflection x = 1
e
3
Q.11 (a) x = – 2, – , 0, , 2, (b) no inflection point, (c) maxima at x = and – and no minima,
2 2
3
(d) x = and x = – , (e) – ln 2
2 2
1 1
Q.12 4 Q.13 (0 , 2) & max. distance = 4 Q.14 m , Q.16
32 16 4
1/ 3
4V (c a b)(a b c)
Q.17 ( , 3) (3 , 29/7) Q.18 H = x = Q.19
3 2
Q.20 L/4 Q.21
3
Q.23 (a) increasing in (0, 2) and decreasing in (–, 0) (2, ), local min. value = 0 and local max. value = 2
(b) concave up for (– , 2 – 2 ) (2 + 2 , ) and concave down in (2 – 2 ), (2 + 2)
1 2 ·x 2
(c) f (x) = e ·x Q.24 2 2 1
2
EXERCISE–III
2 1 5 1
Q.1 1 sq. units Q.2 (a) B, (b) a = ; b = ; f(x) = (x2 5x + 8)
3 4 4 4
c c c c
Q.3 , & , Q.4 (a) B, D,
2 (a b) 2 (a b) 2 (a b) 2 (a b)
a2 b2
Q.5 ± , ± Q.6 ± 3 x ± 2 y= 5 Q.7 (–9/2 , 2)
a 2 b2 a 2 b2
Q.8 A Q.9 2ab Q.10 (a) D ; (b) A Q.11 (a) A ; (b) 18 Q.12 (a) (2, 1) ; (b) 5
Q.13 (a) D Q.14 4 65 Q.15 (a) B, C; (b) A, B, (c) 6 solutions
*************************************
AOD [148]
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