Instant Download Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences Frederick J. Gravetter PDF All Chapters
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Ed it i o n
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10 Essentials of Statistics
the Behavioral Sciences
for
Frederick J Gravetter
Late of The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Larry B. Wallnau
The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Lori-Ann B. Forzano
The College at Brockport, State University of New York
JAMES E. WITNAUER
The College at Brockport, State University of New York
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Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral © 2021, 2018 Cengage Learning, Inc.
Sciences, 10th Edition
Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage.
Frederick J Gravetter, Larry B. Wallnau,
Lori-Ann B. Forzano, James E. Witnauer
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,
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B rief Co ntents
C h a p te r 1 Introduction to Statistics 1
C h a p te r 2 Frequency Distributions 43
C h a p te r 3 Central Tendency 73
C h a p te r 4 Variability 109
C h a p te r 6 Probability 177
C h a p te r 15 The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit and Independence 533
iii
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Co ntents
C h a p te r 1 Introduction to Statistics 1
PREVIEW 2
1-1 Statistics and Behavioral Sciences 3
1-2 Observations, Measurement, and Variables 11
1-3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics 19
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1-4 Statistical Notation 28
Summary 32
Focus on Problem Solving 33
Demonstration 1.1 33
SPSS® 34
Problems 38
C h a p te r 2 Frequency Distributions 43
PREVIEW 44
2-1 Frequency Distributions and Frequency Distribution Tables 45
2-2 Grouped Frequency Distribution Tables 51
2-3 Frequency Distribution Graphs 54
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2-4 Stem and Leaf Displays 62
Summary 64
Focus on Problem Solving 65
Demonstration 2.1 65
Demonstration 2.2 66
SPSS® 67
Problems 70
C h a p te r 3 Central Tendency 73
PREVIEW 74
3-1 Overview 75
3-2 The Mean 77
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vi Contents
C h a p te r 4 Variability 109
PREVIEW 110
4-1 Introduction to Variability 111
4-2 Defining Variance and Standard Deviation 116
4-3 Measuring Variance and Standard Deviation for a Population 121
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4-4 Measuring Variance and Standard Deviation for a Sample 124
4-5 Sample Variance as an Unbiased Statistic 130
4-6 More about Variance and Standard Deviation 133
Summary 141
Focus on Problem Solving 142
Demonstration 4.1 142
SPSS® 143
Problems 145
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Contents vii
C h a p te r 6 Probability 177
PREVIEW 178
6-1 Introduction to Probability 179
6-2 Probability and the Normal Distribution 184
6-3 Probabilities and Proportions for Scores from a Normal
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Distribution 192
6-4 Percentiles and Percentile Ranks 198
6-5 Looking Ahead to Inferential Statistics 203
Summary 205
Focus on Problem Solving 206
Demonstration 6.1 206
SPSS® 207
Problems 210
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viii Contents
Summary 238
Focus on Problem Solving 239
Demonstration 7.1 239
SPSS® 240
Problems 240
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Contents ix
SPSS® 317
Problems 319
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x Contents
Summary 520
Focus on Problem Solving 522
Demonstration 14.1 522
SPSS® 524
Problems 528
A ppe n dix e s
A Basic Mathematics Review 569
A-1 Symbols and Notation 571
A-2 Proportions: Fractions, Decimals, and Percentages 573
A-3 Negative Numbers 579
A-4 Basic Algebra: Solving Equations 581
A-5 Exponents and Square Roots 584
B Statistical Tables 591
C Solutions for Odd-Numbered Problems in the Text 603
D General Instructions for Using SPSS® 629
Statistics Organizer: Finding the Right Statistics for Your Data 635
Summary of Statistics Formulas 647
References 651
Name Index 657
Subject Index 659
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Preface
M any students in the behavioral sciences view the required statistics course as an
intimidating obstacle that has been placed in the middle of an otherwise interest-
ing curriculum. They want to learn about psychology and human behavior—not about
math and science. As a result, the statistics course is seen as irrelevant to their education
and career goals. However, as long as psychology and the behavioral sciences in general
are founded in science, knowledge of statistics will be necessary. Statistical procedures
provide researchers with objective and systematic methods for describing and interpreting
their research results. Scientific research is the system that we use to gather information,
and statistics are the tools that we use to distill the information into sensible and justified
conclusions. The goal of this book is not only to teach the methods of statistics, but also
to convey the basic principles of objectivity and logic that are essential for the behavioral
sciences and valuable for decision making in everyday life.
Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Tenth Edition, is intended for an
undergraduate statistics course in psychology or any of the related behavioral sciences. The
overall learning objectives of this book include the following, which correspond to some of
the learning goals identified by the American Psychological Association (Noland and the
Society for the Teaching of Psychology Statistical Literacy Taskforce, 2012).
1. Calculate and interpret the meaning of basic measures of central tendency and
variability.
2. Distinguish between causal and correlational relationships.
3. Interpret data displayed as statistics, graphs, and tables.
4. Select and implement an appropriate statistical analysis for a given research design,
problem, or hypothesis.
5. Identify the correct strategy for data analysis and interpretation when testing
hypotheses.
6. Select, apply, and interpret appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics.
7. Produce and interpret reports of statistical analyses using APA style.
8. Distinguish between statistically significant and chance findings in data.
9. Calculate and interpret the meaning of basic tests of statistical significance.
10. Calculate and interpret the meaning of confidence intervals.
11. Calculate and interpret the meaning of basic measures of effect size statistics.
12. Recognize when a statistically significant result may also have practical significance.
The book chapters are organized in the sequence that we use for our own statistics
courses. We begin with descriptive statistics (Chapters 1–4), then lay the foundation for
inferential statistics (Chapters 5–8), and then we examine a variety of statistical procedures
focused on sample means and variance (Chapters 9–13) before moving on to correlational
methods and nonparametric statistics (Chapters 14 and 15). Information about modifying
this sequence is presented in the “To the Instructor” section for individuals who prefer a
xiii
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xiv preface
different organization. Each chapter contains numerous examples (many based on actual
research studies), learning objectives and learning checks for each section, a summary and
list of key terms, instructions for using SPSS®, detailed problem-solving tips and demon-
strations, and a set of end-of-chapter problems.
Those of you who are familiar with previous editions of Statistics for the
Behavioral Sciences and Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences will
notice that some changes have been made. These changes are summarized in the “To
the Instructor” section. Students who are using this edition should read the section of
the preface entitled “To the Student.” In revising this text, our students have been fore-
most in our minds. Over the years, they have provided honest and useful feedback, and
their hard work and perseverance has made our writing and teaching most rewarding.
We sincerely thank them.
To the Instructor
Previous users of any of the Gravetter-franchise textbooks should know that we have main-
tained all the hallmark features of our Statistics and Essentials of Statistics textbooks: the
organization of chapters and content within chapters; the student-friendly, conversational
tone; and the variety of pedagogical aids, including, Tools You Will Need, chapter out-
lines, and section-by-section Learning Objectives and Learning Checks, as well as end-
of-chapter Summaries, Key Terms lists, Focus on Problem Solving tips, Demonstrations
of problems solved, SPSS sections, and end-of-chapter Problems (with solutions to odd-
numbered problems provided to students in Appendix C).
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preface xv
■■ Chapter 3 (Central Tendency) has added coverage for the median when there are tied
scores in the middle of the distribution. It includes a formula for determining the
median with interpolation.
■■ The coverage of degrees of freedom in Chapter 4 (Variability) has been revised,
including a new box feature (Degrees of Freedom, Cafeteria-Style) that provides
an analogy for the student. Rounding and rounding rules are discussed in a new
paragraph in Section 4-2, Defining Variance and Standard Deviation. It was pre-
sented in this section because Example 4.2 is the first instance where the answer
is an irrational number. A section on quartiles and the interquartile range has
been added.
■■ Coverage of the distribution of sample means (Chapter 7) has been revised to pro-
vide more clarification. The topic is revisited in Chapter 9, where the distribution of
sample means is more concretely compared and contrasted with the distribution of
z-scores, along with a comparison between the unit normal table and the t distribution
table. Chapter 7 also includes a new box feature that depicts the law of large num-
bers using an illustration of online shopping (The Law of Large Numbers and Online
Shopping).
■■ In Chapter 8 (Introduction to Hypothesis Testing), the section on statistical power has
been completely rewritten. It is now organized and simplified into steps that the stu-
dent can follow. The figures for this section have been improved as well.
■■ A new box feature has been added to Chapter 10 demonstrating how the t statistic
for an independent-measures study can be calculated from sample means, standard
deviations, and sample sizes in a published research paper. There is an added section
describing the role of individual differences in the size of standard error.
■■ The comparison of independent- and repeated-measures designs has been expanded
in Chapter 11, and includes the issue of power.
■■ In Chapter 12 the section describing the numerator and denominator in the F-ratio
has been expanded to include a description of the sources of the random and unsys-
tematic differences.
■■ Chapter 13 now covers only the two-factor, independent-measures ANOVA. The
single-factor, repeated-measures ANOVA was dropped because repeated-measures
designs are typically performed in a mixed design that also includes one (or more)
between-subject factors. As a result, Chapter 13 now has expanded coverage of the
two-factor, independent-measures ANOVA.
■■ For Chapter 14, three graphs have been redrawn to correct minor inaccuracies and
improve clarity. As with other chapters, there is a new SPSS section with figures and
end-of-chapter Problems have been updated with current research examples.
■■ Chapter 15 has minor revisions and an updated SPSS section with four figures. As
with other chapters, the end-of-chapter Problems have been extensively revised and
contain current research examples.
■■ Many research examples have been updated with an eye toward selecting examples
that are of particular interest to college students and that cut across the domain of the
behavioral sciences.
■■ Learning Checks have been revised.
■■ All SPSS sections have been revised using SPSS® 25 and new examples. New screen-
shots of analyses are presented. Appendix D, General Instructions for Using SPSS®,
has been significantly expanded.
■■ A summary of statistics formulas has been added.
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xvi preface
■■ This edition of Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences has been edited to
align with Gravetter and Forzano, Research Methods, providing a more seamless tran-
sition from statistics to research methods in its organization and terminology. Taken
together, the two books provide a smooth transition for a two-semester sequence of
Statistics and Methods, or, even an integrated Statistics/Methods course.
To the Student
A primary goal of this book is to make the task of learning statistics as easy and painless
as possible. Among other things, you will notice that the book provides you with a number
of opportunities to practice the techniques you will be learning in the form of Examples,
Learning Checks, Demonstrations, and end-of-chapter Problems. We encourage you to
take advantage of these opportunities. Read the text rather than just memorizing the for-
mulas. We have taken care to present each statistical procedure in a conceptual context that
explains why the procedure was developed and when it should be used. If you read this
material and gain an understanding of the basic concepts underlying a statistical formula,
you will find that learning the formula and how to use it will be much easier. In the “Study
Hints” that follow, we provide advice that we give our own students. Ask your instructor
for advice as well; we are sure that other instructors will have ideas of their own.
■ Study Hints
You may find some of these tips helpful, as our own students have reported.
■■ The key to success in a statistics course is to keep up with the material. Each new
topic builds on previous topics. If you have learned the previous material, then the
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preface xvii
new topic is just one small step forward. Without the proper background, however,
the new topic can be a complete mystery. If you find that you are falling behind, get
help immediately.
■■ You will learn (and remember) much more if you study for short periods several
times a week rather than try to condense all of your studying into one long session.
Distributed practice is best for learning. For example, it is far more effective to study
and do problems for half an hour every night than to have a single three-and-a-half-
hour study session once a week. We cannot even work on writing this book without
frequent rest breaks.
■■ Do some work before class. Stay a little bit ahead of the instructor by reading the
appropriate sections before they are presented in class. Although you may not fully
understand what you read, you will have a general idea of the topic, which will make
the lecture easier to follow. Also, you can identify material that is particularly confus-
ing and then be sure the topic is clarified in class.
■■ Pay attention and think during class. Although this advice seems obvious, often it is
not practiced. Many students spend so much time trying to write down every example
presented or every word spoken by the instructor that they do not actually understand
and process what is being said. Check with your instructor—there may not be a need
to copy every example presented in class, especially if there are many examples like
it in the text. Sometimes, we tell our students to put their pens and pencils down for a
moment and just listen.
■■ Test yourself regularly. Do not wait until the end of the chapter or the end of the
week to check your knowledge. As you are reading the textbook, stop and do the ex-
amples. Also, stop and do the Learning Checks at the end of each section. After each
lecture, work on solving some of the end-of-chapter Problems and check your work
for odd-numbered problems in Appendix C . Review the Demonstration problems,
and be sure you can define the Key Terms. If you are having trouble, get your ques-
tions answered immediately—reread the section, go to your instructor, or ask ques-
tions in class. By doing so, you will be able to move ahead to new material.
■■ Do not kid yourself! Avoid denial. Many students observe their instructor solving
problems in class and think to themselves, “This looks easy, I understand it.” Do you
really understand it? Can you really do the problem on your own without having to
read through the pages of a chapter? Although there is nothing wrong with using ex-
amples in the text as models for solving problems, you should try working a problem
with your book closed to test your level of mastery.
■■ We realize that many students are embarrassed to ask for help. It is our biggest chal-
lenge as instructors. You must find a way to overcome this aversion. Perhaps contact-
ing the instructor directly would be a good starting point, if asking questions in class
is too anxiety-provoking. You could be pleasantly surprised to find that your instruc-
tor does not yell, scold, or bite! Also, your instructor might know of another student
who can offer assistance. Peer tutoring can be very helpful.
■ Contact Us
Over the years, the students in our classes and other students using our book have given
us valuable feedback. If you have any suggestions or comments about this book, you can
write to Professor Emeritus Larry Wallnau, Professor Lori-Ann Forzano, or Associate Pro-
fessor James Witnauer at the Department of Psychology, The College at Brockport, SUNY,
350 New Campus Drive, Brockport, New York 14420. You can also contact us directly at:
[email protected] or [email protected] or [email protected].
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xviii preface
Ancillaries
Ancillaries for this edition include the following.
■■ MindTap® Psychology MindTap® Psychology for Gravetter/Wallnau/Forzano/
Witnauer’s Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, Tenth Edition, is the
digital learning solution that helps instructors engage and transform today’s students
into critical thinkers. Through paths of dynamic assignments and applications that
you can personalize, real-time course analytics, and an accessible reader, MindTap
helps you turn cookie cutter into cutting edge, apathy into engagement, and memoriz-
ers into higher-level thinkers. As an instructor using MindTap, you have at your fin-
gertips the right content and unique set of tools curated specifically for your course,
such as video tutorials that walk students through various concepts and interactive
problem tutorials that provide students opportunities to practice what they have
learned, all in an interface designed to improve workflow and save time when plan-
ning lessons and course structure. The control to build and personalize your course is
all yours, focusing on the most relevant material while also lowering costs for your
students. Stay connected and informed in your course through real-time student track-
ing that provides the opportunity to adjust the course as needed based on analytics of
interactivity in the course.
■■ Online Instructor’s Manual The manual includes learning objectives, key terms, a
detailed chapter outline, a chapter summary, lesson plans, discussion topics, student
activities, “What If” scenarios, media tools, a sample syllabus, and an expanded test
bank. The learning objectives are correlated with the discussion topics, student activi-
ties, and media tools.
■■ Online PowerPoints Helping you make your lectures more engaging while effec-
tively reaching your visually oriented students, these handy Microsoft PowerPoint®
slides outline the chapters of the main text in a classroom-ready presentation. The
PowerPoint slides are updated to reflect the content and organization of the new edi-
tion of the text.
■■ Cengage Learning Testing, powered by Cognero® Cengage Learning Testing,
powered by Cognero®, is a flexible online system that allows you to author, edit,
and manage test bank content. You can create multiple test versions in an instant and
deliver tests from your LMS in your classroom.
Acknowledgments
It takes a lot of good, hard-working people to produce a book. Our friends at Cengage
have made enormous contributions to this textbook. We thank: Laura Ross, Product
Director; Josh Parrott, Product Manager; Kat Wallace, Product Assistant; and Bethany
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preface xix
Larry B. Wallnau
Lori-Ann B. Forzano
James E. Witnauer
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Ab o ut t h e Aut h o r s
xxi
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xxii About the Authors
Dr. Forzano has also coauthored Essentials of Statistics for the Behavioral
Sciences, Ninth Edition, and all previous editions of Research Methods for
the Behavioral Sciences, now in its sixth edition.
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Ch A p t er
Introduction to Statistics
1
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PREVIEW
1-1 Statistics and Behavioral Sciences
1-2 Observations, Measurement, and Variables
1-3 Three Data Structures, Research Methods, and Statistics
1-4 Statistical Notation
Summary
Focus on Problem Solving
Demonstration 1.1
SPSS®
Problems
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avec elle, il n’est pas possible de nourrir ces illusions qui nous
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cachent, elle l’étale. Je parie qu’à mon retour de Crimée, je saurai le
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comédies coutumières. »
Dans cette humeur, il lui écrivit une lettre gaie, avouant d’un ton
vif qu’il ne pouvait se passer des longues conversations dont elle
avait su charmer le séjour de Moscou et se promettant mille félicités
des semaines à venir en Crimée. Il eut un mot d’elle qui s’était croisé
avec le sien ; elle ne parlait pas du voyage projeté et décrivait d’une
façon spirituelle sa vie entre un oncle amoureux et une tante que la
jalousie avait bien de la peine à faire sortir de l’indolence qui lui était
ordinaire. Sa lettre avait l’allure leste et dégagée qu’elle apportait à
toute chose.
Il lui télégraphia son arrivée et confirma leur départ pour le
lendemain.
Sur le quai de la gare, Ariane Nicolaevna l’attendait et dans la
voiture qui les emmenait à l’hôtel se serra affectueusement contre
lui. Elle avait passé son dernier examen le jour même de la façon la
plus brillante. Elle n’éleva aucune difficulté au sujet du voyage de
Crimée et raconta l’ingénieuse façon dont, avec la complicité d’une
amie, elle trompait son père, son oncle, sa tante Varvara et les
nombreux amis qui l’attendaient en province. Elle affirma seulement
qu’elle devait être le dix juin chez elle pour des raisons de la plus
haute gravité et que sur ce point il n’y aurait pas de discussion. Elle
avait donc une semaine à donner à son ami.
Le lendemain, l’express de Sébastopol les emportait.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ils étaient seuls, étendus sur une petite plage de sable roux et
chaud au ras de la mer. A droite, à gauche et derrière eux, des
rochers tout proches, déchiquetés, rouges ; à leurs pieds les vagues
molles venaient mourir avec le bruit d’une étoffe qu’on déchire. Dans
le ciel pur, quelques petits nuages chargés de lumière restaient
immobiles, comme accrochés dans l’azur. Ainsi que l’avait promis
Constantin Michel, ils vivaient comme des dieux et, nus au bord des
flots sous le soleil qui baignait leurs corps allongés, respiraient sans
parler l’air marin. Il y avait plus de huit jours qu’ils étaient près
d’Yalta, dans une intimité de chaque minute. Ils habitaient la maison
qu’un peintre ami de Constantin lui avait cédée, une petite maison
aux murs blancs, au toit rouge, perdue dans les rochers, non loin de
la route qui va d’Yalta à Aloutcha. La maison ne comprenait que
deux pièces ; l’une, la plus grande, donnait au midi sur la mer par
trois fenêtres, avait des murs crépis à la chaux, sur lesquels étaient
tendues quelques étoffes orientales ; et des divans revêtus de tapis
persans étaient disposés le long des parois ; elle servait de salon et
de salle à manger ; — l’autre, la chambre à coucher, plus petite, mais
spacieuse encore, regardait, au couchant, un étrange paysage de
cactus, de plantes grasses, de fleurs, de rochers et de pins. Sur le
derrière de la maison, la cuisine et la chambre de la bonne qui
préparait leurs repas. C’était une fille de sang tatar, aux cheveux
noirs, aux beaux pieds nus, qui glissait doucement dans la maison
sans qu’on l’entendît.
Ariane avait fait le tour du logis que Constantin avait choisi pour
leur vie à deux, à la façon d’un chat qui inspecte une demeure
nouvelle, puis avait disparu dans la cuisine où elle eut un long
entretien avec la Tatare. Constantin l’avait chargée de diriger la
maison, non sans craindre que le ménage ne fût tenu de façon
fantaisiste. Il se trompait. Ariane se révéla maîtresse de maison
accomplie. Non seulement les repas étaient servis à heure fixe, mais
la chère était excellente et variée. Ariane ne dédaignait pas de
donner des recettes à la Tatare, — des recettes venues de la
cuisinière renommée de Varvara Petrovna — et en surveillait
l’exécution. Il y eut tel chaud-froid de poisson au caviar devant
lequel Constantin s’extasia et un coulibiak dont on parla longtemps.
La jeune fille prenait au sérieux ses devoirs nouveaux et, à table, se
réjouissait à voir Constantin faire honneur au menu.
Leur vie coulait monotone, mais exquise. Ils se réveillaient tard
dans la chambre claire. Ariane frappait dans ses mains. Au bruit, la
Tatare aux pieds nus, souriante et silencieuse, arrivait, portant un
plateau chargé de chocolat, de thé, de crème, de pain frais, de
beurre et de confitures. Ils déjeunaient, côte à côte, de grand
appétit et tardaient à se lever. Vers onze heures, pourtant, ils
quittaient le grand lit tiède et gagnaient la petite plage voisine. Là,
ils s’ébattaient en pleine lumière, jouaient comme des enfants dans
les rochers, entraient dans l’eau presque tiède, en ressortaient pour
y retourner encore, puis venaient s’étendre nus sur le sable chaud.
Ariane alors détachait ses longs cheveux. Ils restaient immobiles
sous le soleil brûlant, les paupières closes. Il semblait que les rayons
pénétrassent jusqu’au centre de leur être. C’était, sous la peau,
comme le crépitement de millions de petites étincelles électriques.
La vie universelle paraissait couler en eux. Ils étaient les frères des
rochers, du sable et des fleurs qui les entouraient. Le vent salin
caressait leurs corps et passait entre leurs doigts de pied libres.
C’était un long engourdissement exquis ; ils ne parlaient pas. A peine
se sentaient-ils vivre.
Vers une heure, alors que le soleil tombait d’aplomb sur eux, ils
rentraient comme ivres dans la salle fraîche et déjeunaient de grand
appétit. Puis c’était une longue sieste pendant les heures chaudes.
Au premier jour, Constantin s’était étendu sur un divan. Ariane
reposait sur le lit et, le second jour, à sa grande surprise, l’appela.
Lisant, fumant et dormant, ils reposaient ainsi près l’un de l’autre, à
peine vêtus, et à cinq heures prenaient le thé. Il fallait s’habiller
enfin. Ariane soupirait, mais se coiffait et passait une robe légère
comme toile d’araignée.
Au crépuscule, ils sortaient de leur domaine et marchaient sur la
route d’Yalta. Souvent, ils allaient jusqu’à la ville, voisine de
quelques verstes, traversant les riches vergers et les jardins de fleurs
qui bordent le rivage. Là, une fois la nuit venue, ils soupaient sur la
terrasse d’un hôtel dominant la mer. Au-dessous d’eux des bateaux
se balançaient dans le port qu’éclairaient de grands globes
électriques. Des musiques lointaines passaient dans l’air embaumé.
Les gens regardaient avec envie ce couple dont le bonheur éclatait
comme un défi. Ils regagnaient enfin leur villa. Le long de la route,
les lucioles piquaient les buissons odorants de leurs pointes de feu
qui voltigeaient de branche en branche, s’éteignant pour se rallumer
plus loin, faisant à leur promenade nocturne un décor passionné où
l’amour à chaque pas brûlait en flammes brèves et vives. Chez eux,
ils trouvaient le samovar sur la table et, se déshabillant et
s’embrassant, restaient à causer tard dans la nuit.
La réserve extérieure qu’Ariane avait toujours gardée avait
disparu dans l’intimité de la vie à deux. Maintenant, elle tutoyait son
amant qui lui avait fait remarquer que pour une fille de son naturel
le « vous » manquait de simplicité. Elle était dans les bras de
Constantin une maîtresse tendre et passionnée, avec quelque chose
de raffiné et d’éperdu dans les caresses qu’elle lui prodiguait.
Mais il sentait qu’intérieurement elle n’avait changé en rien. Elle
restait ironique, spirituelle, d’une liberté d’esprit qui allait jusqu’au
cynisme le plus étalé. La seule idée qu’il pouvait être question
d’amour entre eux l’aurait fait éclater d’un rire insolent et juvénile.
L’amour, c’est les rêves blancs d’une jeune fille innocente. Les sages
en cherchent dans le physique les seules réalités, et les plaisirs
extrêmes de la sensualité n’ont nul besoin de se compliquer d’une
maladie sentimentale propre à rendre stupides les gens les plus
intelligents.
Elle remerciait donc son amant d’avoir su lui organiser de façon
merveilleuse une existence qui satisfaisait ses sens et lui laissait le
cœur et le cerveau libres.
Elle avait eu la délicatesse, pendant leur première semaine au
bord de la mer, de ne pas rappeler ses expériences antérieures. Tout
ce qu’elle disait sur l’amour, elle avait le soin de le généraliser. Ce
trésor de sagesse matérialiste dans la bouche d’Ariane faisait un
étrange contraste avec la jeunesse éclatante de ses dix-huit ans et
Constantin Michel ne cessait de s’en étonner.
Ils étaient arrivés ainsi, un jour entraînant l’autre dans une suite
continue et passionnée, au dix juin, date à laquelle Ariane devait
être chez elle. Une fois pourtant Ariane avait fait allusion à la
nécessité d’être exacte à un rendez-vous sur lequel elle ne
s’expliquait pas autrement. En vain Constantin dont la curiosité était
éveillée et qui croyait tout savoir de sa maîtresse avait essayé de la
pousser sur ce point. Elle avait répondu en termes vagues et
volontairement équivoques ; il s’agissait d’un engagement d’honneur
auquel elle ne pouvait faillir. A certains mots, il put comprendre que
des questions d’argent y étaient mêlées. Lorsqu’elle en parlait, elle
devenait soucieuse, irritable et finalement pria Constantin d’éviter ce
sujet qui lui était pénible. Il se tut, mais il sentit qu’il y avait là
quelque chose d’obscur dont il aurait donné beaucoup pour pénétrer
le mystère angoissant. Une semaine encore passa. Ariane regardait
plus souvent le calendrier et son humeur se modifiait.
Un soir, comme ils soupaient sur la terrasse d’un hôtel d’Yalta,
elle parla de leur séparation prochaine et, cette fois-ci, définitive.
— Tu recommenceras à courir le monde et les femmes, et moi,
l’automne prochain, je reprendrai à Moscou les cours de l’Université.
Je pense aller en Europe après le premier semestre, à Paris et à
Londres.
— Alors nous nous rencontrerons là-bas, dit Constantin
joyeusement. Tu verras quelle belle vie je t’arrangerai.
— Je ne te reverrai jamais, fit-elle, sans élever la voix. A quoi
bon ? Les plats réchauffés ne valent rien. Nous avons vécu fort bien
ensemble ; restons-en là. Et puis, continua-t-elle avec un charmant
sourire à l’adresse de Constantin, j’ai eu la chance de ne pas
m’attacher à toi. Je courais de grands risques, car tu es dangereux.
J’ai su les éviter. Vois-tu que je me mette à t’aimer ? Veux-tu que je
souffre de ton absence ?
— Oui, dit Constantin simplement, je le veux.
— Eh bien, je ne le veux pas. J’ai ma jeunesse devant moi. Ne
crois pas que je te la sacrifie. Tu m’auras vite oubliée. Une petite
fille, comme tu dis, cela compte-t-il dans une liste longue ? Grâce à
Dieu, tout s’est passé entre nous comme il était convenu. Nous
n’allons pas entamer un autre morceau pour lequel nous ne sommes
faits ni l’un ni l’autre. Avoue que tu ne me vois pas en amante
éplorée. Est-ce un rôle pour moi ? Nous nous dirons adieu dans
quelques jours…
Constantin sentait une irritation grandir en lui. Il regardait Ariane.
Elle était gaie et s’exprimait sur un ton de détachement qui le
blessait au vif.
Ils continuèrent longtemps à se déchirer l’un l’autre, souriants,
impassibles, cherchant chacun la place faible de l’adversaire pour y
enfoncer un trait acéré. Les gens qui les regardaient avec envie
imaginaient qu’ils échangeaient les mille tendresses qui sont
coutumières entre amants. Constantin conclut en ces termes :
— Nous sommes tout près l’un de l’autre. Mais entre nous, il y a
un abîme que rien ne peut combler. J’y renonce… Allons-nous-en.
Ariane avait un sourire douloureux au coin des lèvres. Ils se
levèrent et regagnèrent à pied leur logis. La lune jouait sur les flots
et baignait les vergers endormis d’Yalta. Ariane se taisait et
Constantin sentait je ne sais quelle amertume au fond de son cœur.
Ils se couchèrent en silence. Mais une fois dans le lit, comme ils
allaient s’endormir, Ariane se serra contre son amant, lui prit la tête
entre ses mains et la couvrit de baisers.
— Pardonne-moi, dit-elle tout bas à son oreille, j’ai été méchante,
je ne le serai plus.
Et Constantin retrouva la voix humble, enfantine, qu’il avait
entendue une fois seulement, quand Ariane s’était donnée à lui.
§ VIII. Séparation
Hourrah.
Elle ne signa pas, jeta le télégramme au guichet avec de l’argent
et s’enfuit comme si elle était poursuivie.
§ X. Reprise