Mathematics project

for theyear
2022-2023
 THE FUTURE KIDSSCHOOL
(Affiliatedto the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations
(CISCE), New Delhi) School Affiliation Code : A.P 104 [ICSE (Std.X) and
ISC (Std. XI & XII)), Rajamahendravaram

This is to certify that the following candidate of the standard XI

has successfully completed the Mathematics Project file.
Proper care has been taken by students tocomplete the
project. All the work related to the project is done by the
candidate only. The approach towards the subject has been
sincere and scientific.

Icertify that this project is up to my expectation and as per the

guidelines issued by the I.S.C.

Name. :Chilukuri Sai Ankitha

Class :XI
Stream :MEC
Subject :Maths
Topic 1 Trigonometry
Topic 2 Index numbers
Submitted to : Mr. M.Jagadishwar Rao
Academic year: 2022-2023

Ciyae
External Examiner Internal Æxaminer

EUTURE
Prineipabal
THE FUTURE KID'S SCHOOL
88-1-26. Kavalagoyya Road, /1.I.S.C.
c.S.E.
RAJAHMUNDRY-533 107(A.P) A.P-104
AHWUND
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wish to thank my esteemed Maths teacher Mr. M.Jagadishwar

Rao with great pleasure and deep sense of gratitude for his
invaluable help and guidance.

Iam extremely thankful and greatly acknowledge the support

and encouragement from our Principal Mr. M.Seshagiridhar and
our coordinator Mr. M. Shriram in completing my project ,
helped me in gaining knowledge, searching literature and
enlightened me on this subject.

I would also like tothank my parents and my friends who

supported me and encouraged me in finishingthis project
within the stipulated time frame.

Ibelieve this project not only helped me in my academic growth

but also ignited the passion for doing further research on this
subject.

Name: Chilukuri SaiAnkitha

Date:
MATHEMATICS PROJECT
 TABLES OF CONTENT
S. No Contents Pg. No

1
Trigonometry

2 Index Numbers
 tott

I o r he

TRIGONOMETRY
AN OVERVIEW OF

IMPORTANT TOPICS

(hypotenuse)

(opposite)

(adjacent)
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Definition of trigonometric ratios and functions
In Trigonometry there are six trigonometric ratios that relates to the angle measures of s right
triangle to the length of its sides.(Remember a right triangle contains a 90° angle)
Aright angle triangle can be formed from an initial side x and a terminal side r, where r is the
radius and hypotenuse of the right triangle. (See the figure below) THE PYTHAGOREAN
THEOREM tells us that x'+ y' =r; therefore r= Vx'+y'.0 (theta) is used to label a non-right
angle. The six trigonometric functions are sine (sin), cosine(cos), tangent(tan), cosecant(cosec),
secant(sec), and contangent(cot). Below you will see the ratios formed by these functions.

Pe«. y)

opposite side
sin =, also referred to as
r
hypotenuse
adjacent side
cose =, also referredto as hypotenuse
opposite side
tan = ,alsoreferred to as adjacent side

These three functions have 3 reciprocal functions

cosece =-,which
y
is the reciprocal of sin

sec = ,which is the reciprocal of cos

cote =,
y
which is the reciprocal of tan
 You may recall a little something called SOH-CAH-TOH to help you remember the functions!
SOH...Sine =opposite/hypotenuse
CAH...Cosine =adjacent/hypotenuse
TOA... Tangent = opposite/adjacent
Example: Find the values of the trigonometric ratio angle

12

Before we can find the values of the six trigonometric ratios, we need to find the length of the
missing side. Any ideas?Good call we can use r =Vx+y' (fromthe Pythagorean Theorem)
r=v5²+ 12 = V25+ 144 = V169 =13
Nowwe can find the values of the 6 trigonometric ratios
12 13
sin = coseco =
13 12

5 13
Cos = sec
13

12 5
tan = cot
5 12

FINDTHEVALUES OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS GIVEN AN ANGLE MEASURE

Suppose you know the value of 6 45°, how can this help youfind the values of 6
function?
trigonometric
FIRST WAY: You can familiarize yourself with the unit circle we talked about
 (0,1)

(-)
(-1,0) 180
¿4)

0(1, 0)

27n }.)
(0. -1)

An ordered pair along the unit circle (x,y)can also be known as (cos0, sin®), since r value of
the unit circle is always 1. So tofind the trigonometric function values for 45° you can look on
the unit circle and easily see that sin450 =2 COs450= 22
2
With the information we can easily find the values of the reciprocal functions cosec45° =
Z2_ V2, sec45° = V2

We can also find the tangent and contangent function values using the quotient identities.
USING DEFINITIONS AND FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Fundamental identities

RECIPROCIAL IDENTITIES

sin = 1/(cosec) cosec = 1/(sin0)

cos = 1/(sec) sec® = 1/(cos0)

tan = 1/(cot) cot = 1/(tan®)
QUOITIENT IDENTITIES

tan = (sin0)/(cos) cot® = (cos0)/(sin )

PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES

sin'0+ cos?0 = 1
1+ tan' - sec0

1+ cot = cosec0
NEGATIVE ANGLE IDENTITIES
sin(-0) = -sin cos(-0) = cos0 tan(-0) =-tan
cosec(-) = -coseco sec(-0) = seco cot(-0) =-cot 0
COMPLEMENTRY ANGLE THEOREM
If 2 acute angles add up to be 90°, they are considered complementary.
The following are considered co-functions:

Sine and cosine tangent and cotangent

The complementary angle theorem says that co-functions of complementary angles are equal
Sum and Difference Formulas in this section we will use formulas that involve the sum or
difference of 2 angles, call the sum and difference formulas.
Sum and difference formulas for sines and cosines

sin(a + B) = sin oa cos B + cos a Ksin ß

sin(a B)= sin a cos B - cosa-sin ß

cos(a + B) = cos a cos ß - sin a sin ß

cos(a - B)= cos acos B + sin a sin

Howdo we use these formulas?

EXAMPLE: Findthe exact value of cos 1050

Well we can break 105° into 60 and 45° since those values are relatively easy to find the
cosine of

Therefore cos 105° = cos (60° + 45°) = cos60° cos45°- sin60 sin45o
Using the unit circle we obtain,

1 V2 V& v2
22 22
 2-vG)
v2 1
=772;V6-N2)
EXAMPLES: Find the exact value of sin
15° =sin(45°-30)
= sin45° cos30°- cos45°sin3o
V2 13 V2 1 16 V2
2 2 2 V 6-V2) 4

DOUBLE and HALF ANGLE FOMULAS

Below you will learn formulas that allow you to use the relationship between the six trig
functions for a particular angle and find the trig values of an angle that is either half or double
the original angle

Fnd trig values for 28

Grven

DOUBLE ANGLE FORMULAS :

Cos28= cos²0 -sin' =2cos²0 -1 =1- 2sin'0sin29 =2sin® cos0

2 tan
Tan 20 =
1-tan20

HALF ANGLE FORMULAS

cos=t *cose
sinVcost 2

tan l-cose sin 1-cose

2 l=cos00
tàn =
1+cose tan= sine

Let's see these formulas in action!

EXAMPLE: Use the double angle formula to find the exact value of each expression sin120°
 Sin 120° =sin2(60°) = 2sin 60°. cos 60°= 2

PRODUCT TO SUM FORMULAS

cos A
cos B=(cos (A +B) + cos(A -B) ]
sin Asin B=cos(A -8) - cos(A -B) ]
sin Acos B=[
2 sin(A +8) +sin(A -B) ]

cos AcosB=[sin (A + B) sin(A -B)]

2

EXAMPLE: Use the product-to-sum formula to change sin 75°sin 15° to asum
sin75° sin15° =lcos(75°- 15°)-cos(75°+ 15°)] =cos60° -cos90]

1;-o1=}
Sum to Product Formulas

sin A+sin B-2sin () cos( 2

sin A- sin B= 2cos (°) sin)

2

cos A+cos B=2cos () cos 2

coS A- cosB= -2 sin (") sin()

EXAMPLE : Use the sum-to-product formula to change sin70°- sin30° into a product

Sin70°- sin30° =2cos ( 2 sin ( ) =2cos50°. sin 20°

2
 INDEX NUMBERS and MOVING AVERAGES
INDEX NUMBERS

The values of money is going down, we here every day. This means that since prices of things
are grown up,we get lesser and lesser guantities of the same item for a rupee. The workers
say the increases in wages are not keeping up with inflation, andso actual wages are going
down - or that standard of living is going down. People in Delhisay that property prices have
skyrocketed compared to cities like Kolkata and Chennai, or even Hong Kong. Similarly, crime
rate in Delhi is increasing, even outstripping increase in population. In all these cases, we are
making comparisons, either in terms of time, or in terms of geographic locations. This leads us
to define a very useful and widely used statistic - the index number. An index number is
simply a ratio of two quantities, such as prices, values or other economic variables taken at
two different periods of time. Thus, it helps tocompare the change with similar data collection
in the base period or fixed period.
Index numbers is a specified average designed to measure the change in the level of an
activity or item either with respect to time or geographic location or some other
characteristic . It is described either as a ratio or a percentage. For example, when we say that
consumer price is index for 2008 is 175 compared to 2001, it means that consumer prices have
risen by 75 %over these seven years.
Study of index numbers reveals long terms also by using suitable time frame to calculate
index number, we can find seasonal variations, cyclical variations, irregular (or abnormal)
changes and long term trends of any activity - weather it is sale of ice-cream, or absence from
school, or literacy level in a district ,or unemployment problem, or sale of Ambassador cars by
Birla's,and so on.

WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX (WPI) and CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI) are widely used terms.
They indicate the inflation rates, and also changes in standard of living. Consumer price index
based on prices of five sets of items - Food, Housing (Rent), Household goods, Fuel and light,
and Miscellaneous. Each item is based on study of a number of items - e.g. Food includes Rice.
Wheat, Dal, Milk, and so on.
 Thus, the characteristics of index numbers are:
They are expressed as ratio or percentages.
They are specialized averages.
They measure the change in the level of aphenomenon.
They measure the effect of change over a period of time.
They measure changes not capable of direct measurement i.e. they measure
relative changes in an economic activity by measuring those factors which
affect that activity.
USES OF INDEX NUMBERS

Index numbers are important tools of business and economic activity.

Their main uses are

1. They are used to feel the pulse of the economy. Thus the index numbers
work as barometers of economic activity
2. They help in framing suitable policies and take decisions relating to wages ,
prices, consumption etc.
3. They reveal trends and tendencies. They are used as indicators of inflationary
or deflationary tendencies.
4. They are used to measure the purchasing power of money.
5. They help in forecasting future economicactivity.
CLASSIFICATION of INDEX NUMBERS

According to the activity they measure, the index numbers are classified as
(i) Price indexes
(i)Quantity index
(ii) Values index
(iv) Special purpose indexes.
Price indexes measure changes in somne price characteristic.
Wholesale price index and
consumer price index are two examples of Price indexes.
Quantity indexes measures the changes in some quantity (volume)
index of industrial production, or index of scooters sold. characteristic, for example.
 value indexes measures change in some oriterion of value, while Specal Purpose index
are constructed from time to time to measure certain special characteriste
Problems in the construction of Index Numbers

The following points should be kept in mind while constructing index numbers
1. Defining the purpose of the index cdearty. There is no all-purpose index if you are
constructing a consumer price index, then don't incude wholesale prices, and so on
2. Selecting base year (or base period) carefully. The period against which relative change
is to be measured should be chosen carefuly. It should not be too distant in the past. It
should be normal period - free of abnormalities like wars, floods, epidemics etc
Sometimes, instead of a fixed base, the chain base method may be used for example.
where the prices of a year are linked to the previous year and not with the fxed year.
3. Selecting the numbers of items to be included. As every item cannot be induded, only
the relevant representative items should be chosen. Also items should be standardized
so that after a lapse they can be easilyidentified.
4. Selection of price quotations and choice of places. Once the items and their numbers
has been decided, the locations (markets, shops) should be selected carefully so that a
representative sample of price quotations can be obtained.
5. Choice of an average. Since index numbers are specialized averages, we have to decide
which average (arithmetic mean, median, mode, geometric mean or harmonic mean) is
to be used while constructing the index. Though geometric mean gives best results,
usually arithmetic mean is used tosave calculation work.
6. Selection of appropriate weights. Since different items are consumed in different
quantities, suitable weights may be used to reflect the relative importance of different
items.

Methods of construction of Index Numbers

If onlyone item is involved and its two different values are given at two different times or
places etc... then index number is simply the ratio of two numbers, expressed as a
percentage. For example, if in 1990, only 2lac cars were registered, and in year 2000 ten lac
10lac
cars were registered, then the (quantity) index is x 100 = 500. Similarly, if in
Mumbai the commercial space rent is $1 per sq. 2 lac foot per month, while in New York it
is 2.50$ per sq. foot per month, then index of rental of New York compared to Mumbai is
2.50 x 100 = 250
 Generally instead of one item, rates of a number of items are
well as for base year. Sometimes given, for current year as
different weights or quantities are also given for those
There are anumbers of ways to items.
calculate index numbers in such cases.
INDEX NUMBERS

Unwelghted Weighted(orArithmettcMeanmethod)
Simple Simple Average WeightedWeighted average of price
Aggregativeof price relatives Aggregate relatives

Simple aggregative method

If Ep, is the sum total of current prices of commodities under consideration, and Epo is
the sum totalof prices of these commodities in the base year, then the price index
number for the current year is

Ep, x 100

Pol = Epo
Price Relative means the ratio of price of a certain item in current year to the price of p'x
100. That item in base year, expressed asa percentage i.e. Price Relative =

For example, if a colour TV cost 12000 in 1995 and 18000 in 2008, the price relative is
18000 x 100 = 150.

When a number of items are involved, we first calculate the price relative of each item and
then simply take their average to calculate the index numbers. Thus, the formula for
computing price index using this method is
E(p1 x 100)
PO1 = (pON), where Nisthe number of items.
Sometimes, to simplify calculations, the following form is used:
PO1 = |[2po1]| × 100N

Or N1 El[pp01 x 100]|||
Weighted aggregate method
If along with base prices, and current prices of a number of items, the weights or quantities of
each are given, then index number based on weighted aggreagates is given by

Epw1x 100

PO1 = E pw0

4. Weighted average of price relatives method

This is the commonly used method to construct consumer or wholesale price index when
base and current prices of a number of items, along with weights or quantities are given.
Weighted average of price relatives is given by
Ip1 x 100l|x w
PO1 =2|p02w, or
Po1 =E w",wherel=Pox 100, the price relative.
MOVING AVERAGES

Consider the following data :monthly sale of ice cream in last year ; annual rainfall in last 20
at
years; weekly price index for last 52 weeks. This type of data, where objectives are taken
specified time is called time series. Usually, equal intervals are used. Many times, long term
secular trend, is
and short term analysis of time series is required. Long term trend, called
usually calculated by finding regression line,
y - y= bya(x x)
important:
There are three other kinds of variations which are
summer
Seasonal variation: For example, sale of soft drinks and ice creams is higher in
Christmas, etc..)than
than in winter; crockery sales are higher in festival season (Diwali,
at other times, and so on.
Empire, in fashion
Cvclicalvariation: You must have heard about rise and fall of Roman
rise, fall, raise, fall
magazines, you read about raise and fall of hemlines. Share markets
(otherwise we
like yoyo. Only thing is we are not sure about the duration of the cycle
time series.
would be millenaries!), but such cyclical trends are found in many
Irregular variation: With sudden ban on mustard oil, soya oilshows a marked, irregular
income of
upward sales. With announcement of elections, there is unusual rise in
 printing presses. With floods, there is irregular fall in crop yield, Such
be attributed to some spikes in data can
unusual phenomenon.
Above analysis shows that for analysis of data or for prediction, regression lines may not
always be useful.
Basicallyanalysis/prediction requires "smoothening of curve".
Purpose of moving averages
Moving averages are used in cyclical variations to eliminate fluctuations due to cyclical
changes in time series. The cyclical variations are smoothened by averaging the values
for a specified number of successive years (months or weeks etc..). The number of
years
(months or weeks etc..) over which the averages are take is called the period of the
cycle.

Method for finding moving averages

The average value for a number of years (months or weeks etc..)is taken and placed against
the middle
Rogrescionline of the
Iregular (s0culertrend)
variation period. If
the period
ea
taken is
equalto the
IC
length of
one cycle
le
(or two
Dotted curveropresents Cyclica trend
cycles, or
more

cycles),
Time than this
results in elimination of cycles.

If x1, X2, X3,..., Xn ÍS given annual time series, then

i. 3-yearlymoving averages are x1+ +x2 x3, x2 + +x3 x4, x3 + +x4 x5, ...
Which are placed
3 3 3

against years 2, 3, 4, .. Respectively.

 ii.
Syearly movingaverages are x1 + 2x3 x4 x5, x2*3 xA x5 xo,
Which are placed
5

Against years 3,4,... Respectively.

ii.
4-yearly mnoving averages are x1+ ++x2 x3 x4, x2 ++ +x3 xM x5,...Which
are placed
4 4

Against years 2.5, 3.5, ...tespectively. Further, to synchronize time frane

for moving averages and originaldata, we have toaverage every two
moving averages; average of first and second moving average in this case
would be placed against 25. +35,=
3rd year; average of second and third moving average would be placed
against
35.+ 45. =4h year, and so on.
This is called 4-yearly centered moving average.
NOTE: If the period is even, then the centered moving average is to be found out Following
examples will make the above concept very clear.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1: ()Obtain the three year moving averages for the following series of observations.
Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Annual
sales 3.6 4.3 4.3 3.4 4.4 5.4 3.4 2.4

(in
0000)
(ii) Obtain the five year moving average.
(ii) Construct also 4-year centered moving average.
12.2
3
3.6+4.3+4.3

(i) Solution: First 3-year moving average is = 4.067, and is placed

4.3+4.3+3.4
3

against 2nd year i.e. 1996; second 3-year moving average is = 4.0, and is
placed against 3r year i.e. 1997, andso on. Thus, we have:
Calculation of 3-year moving averages:
Year Annual sale 3-year moving total3-year moving average
1995
3-6 1/3
1996
4-3 12-2 4-067

1997 4-00
4-3 12-0
1998 4-03
3-4 12-1
1999 4-40
4-4 13-2
2000 4-40
5-4 13-2
2001 3-4 11-2 3-73
2002 2-4

3.6+4.3+3.4+4.3+4.4 20.0
(ii) First 5-yearly 5

Moving average is = 4.00, and is placed

Against

3rd year i.e. 1997. Second 5-yearly moving 4.3+4.3+3.4+4.4+5.4

5
Average is = 4.36,
And is placed against 4n year i.e. 1998, and so on. Thus, we have :
Calculation of 5-year moving averages :
 Year Annual sale 5-year moving total
5-year moving
1995 3-6
average
1996
4-3 1/5
1997 4-3 20-0 4-00
1998 21-8
3-4 4-36
1999 4-4 20-9 4-18
2000 5-4 19-0 3-80
2001 3-4
2002 2-4
(ii) In4-years moving
placing these in between averages,
the first step of averaging of 4
years - so we take averages of each values each results in
averages tosynchronize them with given time two successive moing
frame.