M1.

(a) (i) conduction

1

convection
1
correct order only

(ii) to keep the ceramic bricks hot for a longer time

1

(b) (i) E=P×t

18.2
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie 2.6 × 7 provided that
no subsequent step is shown
2

(ii) 91 (p)
or their (b)(i) × 5 correctly calculated
accept £0.91
do not accept 0.91 without £ sign
1

(c) E=m×c×θ

2 250 000
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie 120 × 750 × 25
provided that no subsequent step is shown
answers 2250 kJ or 2.25 MJ gain both marks
2
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M2. (a) (i) conduction
1

(ii) atoms gain (kinetic) energy

accept particles / molecules for atoms
do not accept electrons for atoms
oratoms vibrate with a bigger amplitude
accept vibrate faster / more
do not accept start to vibrate
or
atoms collide with neighbouring atoms
1

transferring energy to (neighbouring / other) atoms

do not accept heat for energy
or
making these other atoms vibrate with a bigger amplitude
accept faster / more for bigger amplitude
mention of (free) electrons moving and passing on energy
negates this mark
1

(b) (i) 5 (°C) to 25 (°C)

either order
1

(ii) a correct example of doubling temperature difference doubling heat transfer

eg going from 5 to 10 (°C) difference doubles heat transfer from 30 to 60 (J/s)

accept for heat transfer number of joules / it
allow 1 mark for correctly reading 1 set of data eg at 5 °C the
heat transfer is 30
or
for every 5°C increase in temperature difference heat
transfer increases by 30 (J/s)
no credit for stating they are directly proportional
2

(iii) 1800

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 allow 1 mark for obtaining heat transfer value = 120
2

(c) payback time calculated as 33 years

calculations must be correct to score the first mark point
explanations must relate to it not being cost effective
1

this is greater than lifetime of windowsortotal savings (over 30 years) = £4800 (1)

this is less than cost of windows (1)or

= 176 (1)

this is more than the yearly savings (1)

1
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M3. (a) (i) 20
1

(ii) convection
1

(iii) fit draughtproof strips

1
accept lay carpet
accept fit curtains
accept close doors / windows / curtains
accept any reasonable suggestion for reducing a draught
‘double glazing’ alone is insufficient

(b) air is (a good) insulator

1

or air is a poor conductor

accept air cavity / ‘it’ for air

reducing heat transfer by conduction

accept stops for reduces
ignore convection
do not accept radiation
do not accept answers in terms of heat being trapped
1

(c) (i) most cost effective

accept it is cheaper or lowest cost
accept shortest payback time
accept in terms of reducing heat loss by the largest amount
do not accept it is easier
ignore most heat is lost through the roof
1

(ii) 4
1
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M4. (a) conduction
must be in correct order
1

convection
1

(b) (i) 70
accept ± half a square
(69.8 to 70.2)
1

(ii) 15
accept 14.6 to 15.4 for 2 marks
allow for 1 mark 70 − 55
ecf from (b)(i) ± half a square
2

(iii) C
1

biggest drop in temperature during a given time

accept it has the steepest gradient this is a dependent
1

(iv) starting at 70 °C and below graph for C

must be a curve up to at least 8 minutes
1

(v) because 20 °C is room temperature

accept same temperature as surroundings
1

(c) (i) 6720

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 correct answer with or without working gains 3 marks
6 720 000 gains 2 marks
correct substitution of E = 0.2 × 4200 × 8 gains 2 marks
correct substitution of E = 200 × 4200 × 8 gains 1 mark
3

(ii) the fastest particles have enough energy

accept molecules for particles
1

to escape from the surface of the water

1

therefore the mean energy of the remaining particles decreases

accept speed for energy
1

the lower the mean energy of particles the lower the temperature (of the
water)
accept speed for energy
1
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M5. (a) (matt) black is a good emitter of infrared / radiation
accept heat for infrared / radiationignore reference to good
absorberattracts heat negates this marking point
1

to give maximum (rate of) energy transfer (to surroundings)

accept temperature (of coolant) falls fast(er)
accept black emits more radiation for 1 mark
black emits most radiation / black is the best emitter of
radiation for 2 marks
1

(b) the fins increase the surface area

accept heat for energy
1

so increasing the (rate of) energy transferorso more fins greater (rate of)
energy transfer
1

(c) 114 000

allow 1 mark for correct temperature change, ie 15 (°C)
or
allow 2 marks for correct substitution, ie 2 × 3 800 × 15
answers of 851 200 or 737 200 gain 2 marks
or
substitution 2 × 3800 × 112 or 2 × 3800 × 97 gains 1 mark
an answer of 114 kJ gains 3 marks
3

(d) increases the efficiency

1

less (input) energy is wasted

accept some of the energy that would have been wasted is
(usefully) used

or

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 more (input) energy is usefully used
accept heat for energy
1
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M6. (a) (i) 5(.0)
1

(ii) 35 or their (a)(i) × 7 correctly calculated

allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 5 or their (a)(i) × 7
provided no subsequent step shown
2

(iii) 525(p)or(£) 5.25ortheir (a)(ii) × 15 correctly calculated

if unit p or £ given they must be consistent with the numerical
answer
1

(iv) decreases
1

temperature difference (between inside and outside) decreases

accept gradient (of line) decreases
do not accept temperature (inside) decreases
do not accept graph goes down
1

(b) air (bubbles are) trapped (in the foam)

do not accept air traps heat
foam has air pockets is insufficient
1

(and so the) air cannot circulate / move / form convection current

air is a good insulator is insufficient
no convection current is insufficient
answers in terms of warm air from the room being trapped
are incorrect and score no marks
1
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