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Module-5 Lecture - Cell

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10 views15 pages

Module-5 Lecture - Cell

Ggvbhf

Uploaded by

a.shankar.7768
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemical equilibrium

Rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the concentrations


of the reactants raised to their respective stoichiometric coefficients’.
Equilibrium Constants and their significance

Equilibrium Constant & Gibbs Free energy:


The Equilibrium constant is related to the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction.

From Thermodynamics

Temperature Van’t Hoff equation


Dependence
Equilibrium Constants and their significance
Equilibrium Constants and their significance
Some simple Electrochemical processes
Weak and strong electrolytes
A redox reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one chemical species to another.

For salt AB:

•Strong electrolytes: Those electrolytes which completely ionise or dissociate into ions are
known as strong electrolytes. Some of the examples of strong electrolytes are HCl, NaOH,
K2SO4.
•Weak electrolytes: Those electrolytes that dissociate partially are known as weak
electrolytes. Some of the examples of weak electrolytes are CH3COOH, H2CO3, NH4OH,
etc.

The energy from a redox reaction can be used to accomplish work by constructing an electrochemical cell.

In an electrochemical cell, the oxidation process and the reduction process are separated into two half-cells
connected by an external wire.

The half-cell with the oxidation process is losing negative charge (e− loss) while the half-cell with the reduction
process is gaining negative charge (e− gain).
To maintain electrical neutrality in both half-cells, a salt bridge (or semipermeable membrane)
must connect the two half-cells to permit the transfer of ions between the two solutions. Thus,
the salt bridge completes the electrical circuit between the half cells.
The transfer of electrons through the external wire create a current that can do work.

The driving force pushing the electrons through the wire is the difference in the attraction for
electrons in the two half-cells. This voltage difference is called the cell potential (Ecell/EMF)
and is measured in volts.

The cell potential (Ecell) is directly related to the magnitude of the equilibrium constant for
the overall oxidation-reduction reaction occurring in the cell.
galvanic cell is constructed from solutions in two beakers connected by a salt bridge and an external
wire. One beaker contains 0.15 M Cd(NO3)2 and a Cd metal electrode. The other beaker contains
0.20 M AgNO3 and Ag metal electrode.

Rules:
The anode half-cell is described first; the cathode half-cell follows

A single vertical line indicates that species are in different phases (e.g. solid electrode |liquid with electrolyte), but in
physical contact with each other. A double vertical line indicates a salt bridge or porous membrane separating the
individual half-cells.
Standard electrode potential
(E°) for oxidation and reductions reactions measured under standard conditions
(1.00 M solutions, 1.00 atm pressure, 298 K).

The Standard Potential Table in the textbook lists many half-cell reactions and their
voltages. These potentials are measured relative to a selected standard half-reaction (usually
the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE).
EMF and its measurement and application
When the concentrations of solutes or partial pressures of gases are not at standard
conditions, the cell potential (Ecell) can be determined with the Nernst equation. For
the general cell reaction occurring at 298 K, the Nernst equation can be written as
shown;
Batteries
A battery is an electrochemical cell or series of cells that produces an electric current.

Primary battery: Dry cell


The dry cell is a zinc-carbon battery. The zinc can serve as both a container and the negative
electrode. The positive electrode is a rod made of carbon that is surrounded by a paste of
manganese(IV) oxide, ammonium chloride, carbon powder, and a small amount of water. The
reaction at the anode can be represented as the ordinary oxidation of zinc:
Alkaline batteries
Alkaline batteries were developed in the 1950s partly to address some of the
performance issues with zinc–carbon dry cells. As their name suggests, these types
of batteries use alkaline electrolytes, often potassium hydroxide. The reactions are;
Fuel Cells
A fuel cell is a galvanic cell that requires a constant external supply of reactants because the
products of the reaction are continuously removed.

Hydrogen/oxygen fuel cell : requires a continuous input of H2(g) and O2(g), as illustrated in
Figure.

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