Amplitude Modulation

P, =
2R\
(1.6)

1.12.1 Relation between Total Voltage and Carrier Voltage:

We know that the relation between Power and Voltage across a Resistor R is given by

P=
R

If the radiation resistance of an antenna is assumed as R then the relation between powers and voltages is
given by
v
P, = R

P R

Then the relation between Total voltage and Carrier voltage of an AM wave radiated by antenna with
resistance R is

m
+
RR 2

1+
V,=V,x 1- (1.7)

1.12.2 Relation between Total Current and Carrier Current:

We know that the relation between Power and Current through a Resistor R is given by
P='R
If the radiation resistance of an antenna is assumed as R then the relation between powers and voltages is
given by
P, =I;R
P,=R
Then the relation between Total current and Carrier current of an AM wave radiated by
antenna with
resistance R is

Analog and Digital Communication Systems 19

 Amplitude Modulation m)

(1.8)

very often arisec in AM

situation which
becausethe then necessary to calcula.
ofen useful
measurable, anditis
The above equation (0.8)is casily
cuurrents are
that the modulated and unmodulated
the modulation index from them.

by
must be modulated several sine
1.12.3 Modulation by several sine waves: that the carrier
it very oflen requires resulting power required when t
In a communication System, calculate the
to
there is a necd power required
waves simultancously. Accordingly.
signals. To calculate
the total under thg
carrier is modulated with several
modulating Imodulating signals.
several
modulationindex with
situation it is required to calculate the resulting modulating signal is given
voltage of the resulting by
RMS
When several sine waves are addedthe
V,= Ví+V+ V+ .. voltages.
resulting RMS voltage and V, ,V...are the individual RMS modulating
Where V,is the
The resulting maximum voltage is given by
2 2
+
V t..
m, m
Then the resulting modulation index is given by
2 2 2
Vmy m, +Vm,
V, Vc
Where V being the maximum value of the carrier.
y2 2 2
Vm, +

2 2
y
m, =
v
m, =
(1.9)

Analog and Digital Communication Systems

Amplitude Modulation

1.12.4 Problems:
Problem 1.1:
The tuned circuit of the oscillator in a simple AM transmitter employs 50 uH coil and a lnF capacitor. If the
oscillator output is modulated by audio frequencies up to 10k#:. Find the frequency range occupied by the
sidebands.
Given Data: L= S0 uH = 50 x10^ H, C= lnF= 1 x10°F; fm =10 kHz
Solution:
1
fe=
2r LC
1
fe= =712 kHz
2T 50 x 10-x1x 10-9
The frequency range occupied by lower sideband is fe-fm = 712 10 = 702 kHz.
The frequency range occupied by upper sideband is fe +fm=712 + 10 722 kHz.
Hence the band occupied by the AM signal is 702 kHz to 722 kHz.
Problem 1.2:
A 400W carrier signal is modulated to a depth of 75% by a modulating signal. Calculate the total power
required to transmit this AM signal.
Given Data: Pe =400W, m=75% =0.75
Solution:
m
2

=512.5 W
2

Problem 1.3 :
If a broadcast radio transmitter radiates 10 kW of
power, when modulated to a depth of 60%, find the carrier
power required.
Given Data: P,= 10 kW, m =60% = 0.6
Solution:

10 x 10 (0.6)
2

10 x 10° = P(1.18)
Analog and Digital Communication Systems
Amplitude Modulation
10 x 103
P.= =8.47 kW
1.18

Problem 1.4:
increases to 8.93 Awhen
The antenna current of an AM sent, but it
transmitter is 8 Awhen only carricr is determine the antenna
the carrier is modulated by asine of modulation, also
wave. Find the pcrcentage
current when depth of modulation changes to 0.8.
Given Data: i)) I= 8 A, I = 8.93 A, m =?
ii) I=8 A,m = 0.8, I, =?
Solution:
i) Required Formula is

I=1,x 1+
8.93 =8x
1t2
(8.93)² =1.246
82
m= 2 x (1.246 - 1) = 0.492
m = 0,701

Percentage of Modulation = 70.1%

ii)
(0.8)3
I, =8x 2

I,=8 x /(1.32) =9.19 A

Problem 1.5:
An AM transmitter radiates 9 kW with carrier unmodulated, and 10.125 kW when the carrier is sinusoidally
modulated. Calculate the modulation index. If another sine wave, corresponding to 40 percent modulation,
is simultaneously transmitted, determine the total radiated power.
Given Data: (i) P. =9kW, P, = 10.125 kW, m=?
(ii) mË=Ans of (i), m =40% = 0.4, P. = 9 kW, m, =?,P,=2
Solution:
()

Analog and Digital Communication Systems 22

 tenna when
tion, dally
22
Solution: Given
modulation The 1.6 :
Data: increases Problemn (ii) Modulation
Amplitude
Analog
antenna m,=
and 0.5,
to
Digital Now (ii) index current m;
(i) 12
due A 0.4
unication (ii) (1) as of =2
m'
x
m, I= I, I; to m,
second
= a an =
= m,= =0.755m,m,= = m,
mí-mË- 2 12 11 result AM J(o.5) 10125
o1+ =
A, A, broadcast =
1.039 wave? J0.41
2 11 + I, of 0.,5 =
m
Systems mË
n;
+ x = m 2 +
2 m Ans simultaneous
=40%
(1.285
(10.58)2 10.58 =
A =(0.4)
(12) transmitter, 0.64
Jo.755'-0.4? of
(i) 0.4, 10.845kW =0.25
-
1)=1.285 11 m=?,
= modulation
I,
2 =? modulated
0.57
m
=?
by to
another depth

of
audio 40%
by
sine
a
sine
wave.
wave,
What
is
11
is A.
the
It
23
 Since Comparing Solution:
frequency Problem
An 1.8: Solution: Problem
1.7: Modulation
Amplitude
Analog Given with 200 A
AM
and m=Vn/Ve modulation kHz
wave Data:
Digital spectrum
this AM carrier
is V=2
with wave
represented index
ommunication LSB mV/2 f. =0.6 =0.6, m Om
oe of with
V=SV,
=
haveWethe
= = ’ = is this V.f.= of an
200 1256x10 6280 general
fe- =0.6 Vm given wave 60o. M,
volta go
amplitude
fm
kHz;=0.6x5
’ 200 =
by 2V
x fm=6280/ AM by & 0ev.mV kHzSketch J0.41
Systems =200 5/2 fm=l ’ find the
= =3 f signal am expression of
= 5(1 max .=SkHz the =
mV2
-1 1.5 kHz, Je-fm=200-
fetfm=
V BW= mVc/2 195 2 0.64
199
= V
1256x10/ 2T= am+0.6 and
frequency V
kHz 100OHz, =V. 2fn= maximum
sin min Yam 200 =0.6x2/2 &m=60%0.0.
200
2n (1+ 6280t) amplitudeAM
=5(1+0.6sin6280t) of 2x +5 5
= 5 = spccirumn valuc
= = 195 -0.6
200 sin m sin 10 205
kHz om 125.6 kHz kHz kHz V 205 mV2 of is
t) AM
modulatcd
sin x wave. frequenoy
ot 10*t. wave.
sin by
125.6 Also a
x modulfind ating
10* the
volts. BW.
signal
Draw
of
kHS
the
 suppression:
Carrier
1.13.1 occupyless
quality, modulation bandwidth.
communication two received
signal. each signal,carrier Sideband
to AM 1.13 Modul
Amplitautdeion
resulting
Analog Irequency provide
sidebands other. signal DSBSC
Thus, it
component As From
and Equation narrow Single can the with
Digital (fsignal in Hence can consists
it be receiver Full the AND
+ the be
fm) bandwidth,systems sideband can will understood theory BWUSB
consists (1.5) second suppressing does seen
unication and also be Carrier) of SSB
not from wit h a of =fe
the showed beseen carrier of
MODULATION: the
of and
have half (SSB)
thatcontain enough signal. AM +
lower three suppressed. in the signal
fm=200
been of th e both 5V
this timne and and
that relatively modulation carrier However, is
Systems sideband
frequencies this any information
changed section of domain two time 2fm +1
when century. them
The information. 195 mVJ2 =2x1= =
low and/or sidebands.domain 201
frequency a power has resulting that consists equation it
carrier to to is kHz.
namely: the one 2
it. offers Itbeen reconstruct not equation, 200 kHz.
requirementAmong carrier of Further, of necessary This
(f is quite signal and
the so th e the
-amplitude discussed
standard
fm its manypossibly may sidebands same frequency the
original
). will if 205 rNJ2
This great to
are be we original
transmit
advantages require
removed
informationobserve
AM in frequenoy
modulated
is
carrier the
advantages, the spectrum kHz
does previous
automatic most
fastest less not from
signal. all signal
frequency, important. or and the
by that transmitted
suppressed, create of is
sections
spreading the three
consequence a th e are standard called
single very th e two
good any components
the sidebands
miror DSBFC it
large form power and distortion AM is
upper sine communication seen
of images signal,
amplitude wave, number of and one (Double that
sideband of to of of
analog AM AM the
the wil the the of the
25 of
 Analog sidebands, bandwidth when
consideration othermodulating
information that which 1.13.2 band
purpose.
SIdeband Amplitude
reduced,
compared (Tgiven constant sideband sidebands.
inSuppressing involved
the in, either
taken Modulation
Components during
the Cn modulation
compared sideband signal
and It (Pem)/4 100 M2.
two Again, Single If Ihus byFrom in
Digital in that is suppressed the to percent [(1H(m12)])It DSBFC full If
situations SSB also canvoltage
sidebands at the amplitude we
is the carrierobserve andthe of process
is toredundant.
clear be from
issideband the same power the if very is
mmunication required used receiver
exactly. carrier
powermodulation:; AM the
explains DSBFC conveyed
amplitude AM
from the required
carriercarrier) clear AM and
in are for AM : is
and (DSBFC) the advantages or
which required is equation
Power officially
for miror lowertransmission: suppressed from 1.frequency
AM wave. after wil
how system the power is Hence
DSBFC power using via to always
Systems only
wasterul notsystem, and this
AM
wave It the
sideband
theimages transmit for even andano
if equation generated is
would equation
just DSBFC statement and
known signal
the
one modulation
exponent the (DSBSC), more of
sideband or one of and
(1.6) is conveys
asequatiodin sadvantages
modul ationhappen
power be it receiverDSBSC purpose
each at AM power that it
independent A3E
sufficient that, sideband mVJ2 (Pm))4 can the the can
unless
index other, be system the S
(1.5)
would and
it is
(2/3)r carrier be no
is only.
=
recollected receiver, needs signal maximum
saved modulation, it
of, this
profocess, steps
bandwidth
suffice. 1s of seen of information.
if required Vm/2.because used is
to can with
is to
SSB I. as
power results that the
Further Therefore, it
generate the
quitesuppressing scction takenare
transmission to Therefore, each for that is still 100% power the ating The
remove
is transmit upper not be depth wil inmodul clear and to
required it the possible modulation. that only ratio carrier or
can the sideband reduced.
the of be that later prorevent
sideband. total sideband
it same is saved
modulation voloftage. the
removing attenuate
beonly carrier can sideband total component sections
to is to be it.
send used. seen16.67% be is But
If if carrier
is affected And recover carrier transmitted the As
that examined with the the power power to any it
the From superfluous, power is of of carrier
power it % carrier
reduced. deal
happens,
carrier only f
the DSBSCor of to AM the
these byquite is which carrier combinatio n
is demodulation
original modulation is 1s standard and/or with
half using that
changes (Pem)/2 wave steps
and points only Suppressed to
is the
of and all obvious (double equal power is remains either
26
both SSB base (l/3)d factors of may
in the the the in double
in is of the be
 amplitude shown
to is V,(Message)and modulating modulation inModulation Amplitude
Analog shown mobile
carrier is
V;
and
in shown with Waveforms In
Digital frequency
is fig.1.9d.fig.1.9c, in consists systems,
is practice,
equal in
higher amplitudes
also
fig.
Fig Fig
cation to This 1.9b. of showing used in SSB
1.9 1.9 half plus and frequency
two which
in
d) c) Fig V1
clearly the The nd
aapplications is
Used
of or different
Lower Upper 1.9 the lower upper fmfrequencies SSB weight
minus
demonstrates 2
Fig a) amplitude as to
ystems
sideband sideband Message sideband are save
1/T1=fm1 shown
sidebandfrequencies
1.9 modulating naturally in and
b) of are which power power
with with Carrier with the that (LSB) (USB) Fig.in
shown bandwidth of in
mplitudes amplitudes two modulating the and consumptionapplications
frequency with with I.9a. intercst
with different SSB two for
amplitudes
frequency wave amplitudesCarrier different
comparison. and has
V/2, V2, voltage. (plus
thesc prime must where
amplitudes is wave
V2 nothing
Vy2 fo for Vi/2, V1/2, amplitudes arc naturally such
importance.
and amplitude form The
prescnted
and USB but V/2 V»/2 a
quencies frequencies and 1/T2=fm2 withmodulating power
and a be
frequencies single and and Vi
V. minusfrequencies
frequency with in kept saving
frequencies
radio Fig. low.
f-fmls f:+fmb lower
for voltage 1. 9. is
Ve frequency fe Single-sideband warranted,
fetfm? |v/2 LSB) and
f-fmi, f+fmi, frequency Two
fefmz
amplitude waveform different
and
equal
f-fm2 ftfm2
fmi 1.e.,
27 its is
 Analog aisisson Amplitude
ofinstantaneous carricr, Modulation
modulation tasc
and Carrier
f-fm ftfm USB
LSBFig.I.10
SUM
AM LSB f
Digital depn
Fig Is and
reduced ampl1tudes
1.10a) 65.33% a)
nication ot USB
modulation shows
Fig
WWwwwWwwwwwWWw to
Instantaneous 50% with signals
1.10 of that
SUM LSB USB as 100°% LSB and the
Systems b) illustrated is
stantaneous reduced. standard
wwwwwwwwwwwwww modulation and also
AM Fig.1.10
USB
(DSBFC) in This AM
the signals.
DSB$c nercentave The
problem b)signal
DSBSC
signal shows
nerccnta The is
signal 1.9. tobtaincd
hat
as ofminimum
a oe the
as sum power of
a
by
sum of saved power power
DSBSC adding
carrier,
of issaved
LSB increases that signal the
LSB
and with instantaneous
can is
USB and obtained
to SSB be
USB y4.+* saved
can
by
amplitudes
inurner withadding
depth SSB
be the