NASA/CP—2018-219785

Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of

Thermodynamic System (T-MATS) Users’
Workshop Presentations

Jonathan S. Litt, Compiler

Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio

April 2018
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NASA/CP—2018-219785

Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of

Thermodynamic System (T-MATS) Users’
Workshop Presentations

Jonathan S. Litt, Compiler

Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio

Proceedings of a conference held at the Ohio Aerospace Institute

sponsored by NASA Glenn Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio
August 21, 2017

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Glenn Research Center

Cleveland, Ohio 44135

April 2018
 Acknowledgments

The organizers would like to thank the NASA Transformational Tools and Technologies (TTT) project, under the
Transformative Aeronautics Concepts Program (TACP) for funding the on-going development of T-MATS.

Contents were reproduced from author-provided

presentation materials.

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Transformative Aeronautics Concepts Program.

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Space Administration.

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This report is available in electronic form at http://www.sti.nasa.gov/ and http://ntrs.nasa.gov/

 Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1
In-House Development Activities ................................................................................................................. 3
Welcome/Overview
Jonathan S. Litt, NASA Glenn Research Center ............................................................................... 5
T-MATS Overview and Recent Capability Additions/NPSS T-MATS Relationship/NASA
Applications
Jeffryes W. Chapman, Vantage Partners, LLC ................................................................................ 11
T-MATS Volumetric Blocks
Aidan W. Rinehart, Vantage Partners, LLC..................................................................................... 35
General use Geared Turbofan Simulation in T-MATS
Jeffryes W. Chapman, Vantage Partners, LLC ................................................................................ 51
Applications ................................................................................................................................................ 71
Modeling an Aircraft Propulsion Subsystem for Developing Coordinating Controllers in a More
Electric Aircraft Using T-MATS
William Dunham, University of Michigan ...................................................................................... 73
Applications of T-MATS to Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Modeling
George Thomas, N&R Engineering ................................................................................................. 91
Target Code Generation from T-MATS Blocks
Jason Whitfield, MathWorks, Inc. ................................................................................................. 107
References ................................................................................................................................................. 125

NASA/CP—2018-219785 iii
 T-MATS Users’ Workshop
Abstract
NASA Glenn Research Center hosted a Users’ Workshop on the Toolbox for the Modeling and
Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems (T-MATS) on August 21, 2017. The objective of this
workshop was to update the user community on the latest features of T-MATS, and to provide a
forum to present work performed using T-MATS. Presentations highlighted creative applications
and the development of new features and libraries, and emphasized the flexibility and simulation
power of T-MATS.

Introduction
The Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems (T-MATS) was
developed at NASA Glenn Research Center to facilitate the rapid generation of turbomachinery
simulations in a standardized environment. T-MATS is an Open Source graphical
thermodynamic simulation package built in MATLAB/Simulink (The MathWorks, Inc). It
combines generic thermodynamic and controls modeling capability with a numerical iterative
solver to create a framework for the creation of complex simulations. A feature of the package is
the turbomachinery block set. This set of Simulink blocks gives a developer the tools required to
create virtually any steady-state or dynamic turbomachinery simulation, e.g., a gas turbine
simulation. In systems where the control or other related components are modeled in
MATLAB/Simulink, the T-MATS developer has the ability to create the complete system in a
single tool.

T-MATS was originally released in 2014, and is making an impact within NASA on a variety of
aeronautics projects. As T-MATS approaches 5000 external downloads, conference and journal
papers are beginning to appear documenting its use. Additionally, the developers of T-MATS at
NASA Glenn are aware of several unpublished proprietary applications. Based on this success
and the desire to encourage interaction between users to further community development of the
Open Source software, a T-MATS Users’ Workshop was planned. The 2017 T-MATS Users’
Workshop provided a forum for developers to describe new features being incorporated into
T-MATS, as well as for researchers to present new applications of interest to the user
community. The Workshop consisted of two sessions. The first covered the in-house
development activities; the second covered applications, both in-house and out-of-house, as well
as a new functionality developed by an outside entity.

The following sections contain the presentations from the Workshop. Some of this work has
appeared in the literature previously, other work is new and was shown for the first time at the
Workshop. A list of references is included after the presentations to give the reader some
background in T-MATS’ capabilities, and applications that utilize T-MATS for some aspect of
the work reported. It is the sincere hope of the Workshop organizers that this information will
enable the reader to recognize the power, flexibility, and ease of use provided by T-MATS, and
to consider it for future applications.

T-MATS is available for download at: https://github.com/nasa/T-MATS/releases

NASA/CP—2018-219785 1
NASA/CP—2018-219785

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of

Thermodynamic Systems (T-MATS) Users’
Workshop
3

In-House Development Activities

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Welcome/Overview

• The Toolbox for the Modeling and

Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems
is an open-source, graphical
simulation package developed at
NASA GRC
5

• It is primarily used to model gas

turbines, but has been used to model
other thermodynamic systems as
well
• It is built using MATLAB/Simulink and
C code, and is a plug-in to Simulink

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Welcome/Overview
• T-MATS was released in 2014
• First T-MATS Workshop held in April 2015
• T-MATS’ use is growing, with over 4500 downloads
to date
6

• At least two journal articles describing research

that involved the use of T-MATS appeared recently
• Used by NASA, industry, and academia, with
internal NASA use spread across Aeronautics
Programs

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T-MATS Development

• T-MATS is an Open Source Software package created at NASA Glenn

• Internal T-MATS development is supported by projects
• Internal T-MATS development does not generally occur for its own
sake
7

• However, Open Source software encourages collaborative

development, and user-defined blocks can be posted on our github
site
• A desired Workshop Outcome is to define a prioritized list of desired
improvements
• This list can be used to advocate for additional development

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Expectations

• Attendees will learn about T-MATS and its current features

• Presenters will describe various T-MATS applications,
current and planned
• Model developers will talk about their experience with T-
8

MATS:
• What features are good and why?
• Can they be improved?
• What is missing?
• The group will discuss new feature development options.
Can we reach a consensus?
• The group will prioritize these potential new features

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Agenda T-MATS Users’ Workshop

1:00 PM Welcome 10 Jonathan S. Litt
T-MATS Overview and Recent Capability Additions/NPSS T-MATS
Relationship/NASA Applications--Jeffryes W. Chapman
T-MATS
1:10 PM 80 T-MATS Volumetric Blocks--Aidan W. Rinehart
Overview
General use Geared Turbofan Simulation in T-MATS and demo--Jeffryes W.
Chapman
2:30 PM Demo 20 Jeffryes W. Chapman
2:50 PM Break 10
9

T-MATS analysis of a rotating detonation engine--Guillermo Paniagua, Purdue

University
Modeling an Aircraft Propulsion Subsystem for Developing Coordinating
Controllers in a More Electric Aircraft Using T-MATS--William Dunham,
Outside
3:00 PM 80 University of Michigan
Presentations
Applications of T-MATS to Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Modeling--George
Thomas, N&R Engineering
Embedded controller code generation from T-MATS blocks--Jason Whitfield,
MathWorks, Inc.
Discussion on
Future
4:20 PM 40 All
Capabilities/
Needs
5:00 PM Adjourn
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of

Thermodynamic Systems
(T-MATS)
11

2nd T-MATS Workshop

Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI)
Cleveland, OH
August 21, 2017
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Team

• Jeffryes W. Chapman
Vantage Partners, LLC. Cleveland, OH 44142
• Thomas M. Lavelle
NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44135
• Jonathan S. Litt
12

NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44135

• Aidan W. Rinehart
Vantage Partners, LLC. Cleveland, OH 44142

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Outline

• T-MATS Overview
• Description
• General Use
• Features
• Types of Blocks
13

• Advanced Capabilities
• New Features and Updates
• Project Role and Status
• Summary

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T-MATS Description
• Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of Thermodynamic
systems, T-MATS
– Modular thermodynamic modeling framework
– Designed for easy creation of custom Component Level Models
(CLM)
– Built in MATLAB®/Simulink®
• Package highlights
14

– General thermodynamic simulation design framework

– Variable input system solvers
– Advanced turbo-machinery block sets
– Control system block sets
• Development being led by NASA Glenn Research Center
– Non-proprietary, free of export restrictions, and open source
• Open collaboration environment

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T-MATS Framework
• Plug-in for the industry-standard MATLAB/Simulink platform
– additional blocks in the Simulink Library Browser:

Added Simulink
Thermodynamic
modeling and numerical
solving functionality
15

Faster and easier

model creation

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T-MATS Framework
Dynamic Simulation
Example:
• Multi-loop structure
– The “outer” loop
(green) iterates in
the time domain
• Not required for
16

steady-state
models
– The “inner” loop
(blue) solves for
plant
convergence
during each time
step

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Blocks: Turbo-machinery
• T-MATS contains component blocks necessary for
creation of turbo-machinery systems
– Modeling theory based on common industry
practices
• 0-D flow components, Win = Wout
• Energy balance modeling approach
• Compressor models utilize R-line
compressor maps
17

• Turbine models utilize Pressure Ratio

turbine maps
– Blocks types: compressor, turbine, nozzle,
flow splitter, and valves among others.
• Color Coding for easy setup
– Built with S-functions, utilizing compiled C
code/ MEX functions

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Blocks: Numerical Solver

• T-MATS contains libraries of solvers based on the Newton Raphson
method to ensure system convergence.
• Why is an external solver necessary?
– In gas turbines, air flow through the engine is dependent on system architecture
and a solver is required to achieve a balance the flow.

Air flow Compressor Fuel flow Burner Turbine

Shaft
18

Components must
agree on W for the
system
Convergence
Effectors:
Shaft speed
Pressure
Temperature
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Blocks: Controls
• T-MATS contains component blocks designed for fast
control system creation
• General Design • Engine Design
– Sensors: – PI Regulator
Controller:

– Limit selection
19

– Actuators:
logic:

– PI controllers:

– Standardized table
lookups:

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Advanced Capabilities
• Integration with Cantera
– Cantera models chemical kinetics, thermodynamics,
and/or transport properties.
• It is C++ based code with interfaces for python, MATLAB,
C, and Fortran 90 (Code-based and open source)
• Enables modeling of fuel cells, engines using alternative
20

fuels, etc.
• Integration with T-MATS
enables Cantera’s
capabilities to be utilized
in a graphical plug and
play modeling
environment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Combustion_reaction_of_methane

Combustion reaction of methane

.jpg

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Simplification
T-MATS custom class based scripts and blocks simplify
Cantera and allow easy creation of complex systems.

while abs (lasterr)>.000000001 && count < 50

set(fs,'Y',obj.CompVal_Can);
set(fs, 'T', Ttg*5./9.,'P',Ptg*6894.75729 );
equilibrate(fs, 'TP');
htg = enthalpy_mass( fs )*.0004302099943161011;
root = htg-htOut;
sec_out = TMATSC.FlowDef.iterSecant( root, Ttg, last,
lasterr, .1 );
TMATSC.set_hP(FlowObj,ht,Pt)
next = sec_out(1);
21

last = sec_out(2);
lasterr = sec_out(3);
Ttg = next;
end

Cantera Code T-MATS Script

T-MATS Blocks

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New Features: Enhancing capability

• Code generation
– Generation of executables for
operation outside of MATLAB
environment or MATLAB
accelerator modes
22

• Off Nominal Gas Property Tables

– Create property tables to explore
alternative fuels or air compositions
with faster run times.

BioFuels

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New Features: Visualization

• T-MATS plotting tools
– Makes use of timeseries “To Workspace” blocks along with known
output bus format to auto generate sets of plots to help to visualize
engine performance.
Dynamic map plotting:
Station Performance traces:
23

Simple Syntax, after running

the model use:
TMATS.TDplot('JT9D_Model_Dyn');
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Additional Major Updates

• Engine heat soak dynamics
– Add engine temperature effect to the simulation
– Utilized lumped system approach

ܳ ൌ ݉ ‫ܥ כ‬௣ ܶሶ௠௘௧௔௟
24

• Volume dynamics components

Solver used to converge the 1-D flow problem
Line
– Generate upstream and downstream
Line pressures and enthalpies
Vol – Sum flows at volume node
– Converge to known density and internal
Line energy.
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Additional Major Updates

• Health parameter handles for turbomachinery

• Dynamically scale
component maps to
account for
degradation in the
turbomachinery.
25

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Additional Major Updates

• Piecewise linear model creation
– Utilizes perturbation method to generate linear models throughout a
defined envelope.
ܺሶ ൌ ‫ ܺ ܣ‬െ ܺ଴ ൅ ‫ ܷ ܤ‬െ ܷ଴
ܻ െ ܻ଴ ൌ ‫ ܺ ܥ‬െ ܺ଴ ൅ ‫ ܷ ܦ‬െ ܷ଴
Where X is the system state, U is the system input, and Y is the plant output.
0 values are the trim point values. This block assumes U is dimension 1x1.
26

The simulation operates dynamically, pausing at each state to perform

linearization.
Output of the block is a .mat file that
contains:
ABCD matrix
Matrix of non-input effectors
X0,Y0, and U0 values
Controller value, used to generate U
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Additional Major Updates

• Piecewise linear block example
– Created to linearize the JT9D example in T-MATS
– State space equation defined as U: Wf, X: Nf, N_hp
– Control variable set to corrected fan speed (Nc below)
– Input temperature and pressure are the two Env parameters
– Linear models are generated at various Nc, T and P
27

Lin Lin Lin

Lin
Lin Lin
Lin

Lin Update T Lin Update T,P Lin Update T

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Help Files
Help files have been updated to be more…. Helpful.
28

Access through
the Block
Guide or
by clicking on
Help for any
T-MATS or
block

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NPSS and T-MATS Relationship

• T-MATS works in harmony with and in parallel to industry standard engine
modeling software, the Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS)
• NPSS: Cycle design, truth models, high fidelity modeling
• T-MATS: Controls design, fast development, fast hardware in the loop capability
Engine Cycle Controls Design S-function based design
Design NPSS • Ideal for projects where
S-function multidisciplinary teams can
NPSS models collaborate
• High Fidelity NASA
• Exact model match with truth model
Design Decisions Control
• Promotes rapid prototyping between
29

Activities engine cycle design and controls

T-MATS T-MATS based research
generation
• Allows conceptual designs to be
model
quickly brought to testing platforms
Testing platforms • Needs based model fidelity
NASA • Enables controls research using a
Flight Simulator
Controls single tool
Research Test Bench • Promotes aero propulsion to
Controls community engineers without NPSS experience
Academia • Allows independent research
activities with the controls
Small Business
community
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New Features: Model Auto-Generation

• NPSS to T-MATS auto coder

– Utilizes a like-for-like building process to generate a T-MATS model
directly from an NPSS model.

NPSS Data Gathering Model Setup T-MATS Model

Model NPSS Scripts MATLAB Script
30

Component
Linking Data and Utilize gathered
block Setup Data data to
Npss.run BlockTransMTLB_TMATS.fnc automatically
Npss.mdl generate
…
Map Data T-MATS model
mapplot_matlab.fnc AutoLinker_TMATS.m

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NASA T-MATS usage

• Major NASA activities that make use of T-MATS
– Aircraft Engine Icing Detection and Mitigation
• Developed a turbofan engine model that captures system-level effects of ice
particle ingestion and ice blockage in the compression system under closed-loop
control operation
– Gas Electric propulsion for Civilian Commuter Operations (GECCO)
• Ongoing project to develop a small turbogenerator (turboshaft + generator)
propulsion system model for small commuter aircraft.
– Distributed Engine Control (DEC)
31

• Modified and built a geared turbofan model to operate within the distributed
engine controls rig.
– Active Turbine Tip Clearance Control (ATTCC)
• Created an engine model that simulates the mechanical growth of components
relating to turbine tip clearance. Integrated this tip clearance model with an
advanced geared turbofan.
– Model Based Engine Control (MBEC)
• Ongoing work to develop an engine model for validation of MBEC algorithms
before they are implemented within the test cell.

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Status

• Released in early 2014

• Over 4500 downloads, roughly 125 a month.
• 49 forks (collaborative development agreements)
• Fully operational, worldwide dissemination and use
• Broadly applicable to a wide variety of applications,
32

both aerospace and non-aerospace

• Continually updated and improved, over 180 commits
• Open Source encourages collaboration within the
community

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Summary

• T-MATS offers a comprehensive

thermodynamic simulation system
– Major updates include NPSS model translation, data
visualization, and platform compatibility.
33

– Increased engine modeling functionality ranging

from health parameters to heat soak
– T-MATS can be downloaded at the address:
https://github.com/nasa/T-MATS/releases
– Write to the community at the T-MATS user’s forum:
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/t-mats-user-group

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this work was provided by the Transformative

Aeronautics Concepts Program (TACP)/Transformational
Tools and Technologies (TTT) project.
34

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T-MATS Volumetric Blocks

Aidan W. Rinehart
35

Vantage Partners LLC

T-MATS Workshop
August 21, 2017
Cleveland, Ohio

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NASA/CP—2018-219785

Outline

• Modeling Fundamentals

• Currently Developed Blocks

36

• Simple Servo-valve Dual Action Piston Example

• Future Development

• Conclusions

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Objective
• Develop fundamental blocks within the T-MATS
environment that can model working fluid systems
that are capable of capturing the dynamic responses
of the fluid and associated mechanical systems.
Including but not limited to hydraulic actuators and
high pressure rocket lines.
37

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Fundamental Modeling Principles

• Fluid property tables developed

through National Institute of
Standards and Technology
(NIST) program RefProp
• Refprop utilizes Helmholtz
38

equations of state to calculate

working fluid properties
• 2D property lookup tables built ‘Example T-s diagram’ Kaboldy (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

using Refprop for working fluid

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Fundamental Modeling Principles

• Volumetric blocks solve for • Density and internal energy

working fluid properties are both calculated and
through property lookup tables recalled from lookup tables
• Independent variables: • The difference between the
– Pressure
two methods provides the
39

– Enthalpy
error term used to drive the
– Temperature*
solution
• Dependent variables:
– Density
– Internal energy
– Temperature

*Lookup tables can be designed to use any two properties. Pt-ht and Pt-Tt have been used as the test cases
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Flow Start

– Inputs: – Look up properties of working

• Mass flow rate fluid based on inlet pressure
• Inlet temperature and temperature
• Inlet pressure
– Initiates flow conditions based
– Outputs on user supplied inputs
• Outlet flow properties
40

• Fluid properties

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Constant Volume

– Inputs: – Fixed volume

• Volume
– Supports multiple in and out flows
• Inlet flow properties
• Downstream flow properties – Calculates instantaneous change in
• Enthalpy density and internal energy
• Integrated density
– Looks up density and internal energy
• Integrated internal energy
based on pressure and enthalpy
41

– Outputs – Pressure and enthalpy varied until

• Outlet flow properties difference between integrated and
• Change in density lookup values are within solution
• Change in internal energy error limits
• Density error
• Internal energy error

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Variable Volume
– Inputs:
• Volume
• Inlet flow properties
– Supports multiple in and out flows
• Outlet flow properties – Calculates instantaneous change in
• Enthalpy pressure and internal energy
• Integrated density – Looks up internal energy based on
• Integrated internal energy pressure and enthalpy
• Integrated mass – Pressure and enthalpy varied until
difference between integrated and
– Outputs lookup values are within solution error
42

• Outlet flow properties limits

• Change in density – Internal pressure calculated based on
• Change in internal energy Redlich-Kwong equation of state
• Pressure error
ହ
• Internal energy error
ͲǤͶʹ͹Ͷͺܴത ܶ௖ଶ
ଶ ത ௖
ͲǤͲͺ͸͸Ͷܴܶ
ܽൌ „ൌ
ܲ௖ ܲ௖

ത
ܴܶ ܽ
ܲൌ െ
‫ݒ‬ҧ െ ܾ ‫ݒ‬ሺҧ ‫ݒ‬ҧ െ ܾሻܶ ଴Ǥହ
Dual action piston schematic

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 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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Valve

– Inputs: – Variable cross section area

• Inlet flow properties – The pressure differential determines
• Down stream pressure the flow direction
• Down stream enthalpy – Discharge coefficient determines the
• Cross sectional area open losses associated with orifice shape
• Maximum cross sectional area – Auxiliary function provides current
• Discharge coefficient cross sectional area that is open
– 4-land spool is a valve system used to
43

control flow to actuator systems

– Outputs
• Outlet flow properties
• Down stream enthalpy

ʹሺܲଵ െ ܲଶ ሻ
ܹ ൌ ‫ߩ כ ܿܣ כ ݀ܥ‬
ߩ

Schematic of 4 land spool valve

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 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Pipe

– Inputs:
• Diameter
• Length
• Pressure differential
• Inlet density and viscosity
Fully developed turbulent pipe flow schematic
• Outlet density and viscosity

– Outputs
44

• Mass flow rate

• Enthalpy ସ
‫ܦ‬
• Total temperature ሺܲଵ െ ܲଶ ሻߩߨ
• Total pressure ܹ௟௔௠௜௡௔௥ ൌ ʹ
ͺߤ‫ܮ‬
– Circular cross section
– Fully developed laminar and turbulent ܹ ߩ ܲଵ െ ܲଶ ‫ܦ‬ସǤ଻ହ
௧௨௥௕௨௟௘௡௧ ൌ
mass flow rates calculated ͲǤʹͶʹ‫ ߤܮ‬଴Ǥଶହ ߩ଴Ǥ଻ହ ଵΤଵǤ଻ହ
– Flow is considered laminar when
ܴ௟௔௠௜௡௔௥ ൏ ʹͲͲͲ and turbulent for Ͷܹ௟௔௠௜௡௔௥
ܴ௟௔௠௜௡௔௥ ൒ ʹͲͲͲ ܴ௟௔௠௜௡௔௥ ൌ
ߨ‫ߤܦ‬

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Example

• Simple 4 land servo valve attached to a dual action

piston
Var. Constant
FlowStart Pipe Volume Valve Volume Valve Volume Pipe
45

Valve Valve Pipe

Schematic of Servo-valve Piston System Constant
Var.
Volume
Volume

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NASA/CP—2018-219785

Results

• Modulation of servo valve through 15 cycles of

opening and closing head and rod piston chambers
46

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Future Work

• Develop more fundamental blocks to enable wider

range of modeling
• Compare results with other modeling tools
• Investigate revisions to speed up simulation run time
47

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Summary

• Established a modeling technique for capturing the

dynamics of working fluids
• Developed several fundamental block elements that
can be combined to model working fluid systems
48

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Acknowledgments

This work was conducted under the Transformative

Aeronautics Concepts Program (TACP)/Transformational
Tools and Technologies (TTT) project.
49

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References
• Chapman, Jeffryes W., Lavelle, Thomas M., May, Ryan D., Litt, Jonathan S., Guo, Ten-
Huei, “Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems (TMATS) User’s
Guide,” NASA/TM—2014-216638, January 2014.
• Chapman, Jeffryes W., Lavelle, Thomas M., May, Ryan D., Litt, Jonathan S., Guo, Ten-
Huei, “Propulsion System Simulation Using the Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of
Thermodynamic Systems (T-MATS),” AIAA 2014-3929, 50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint
Propulsion Conference, Cleveland, OH, July 28-30, 2014, also NASA/TM—2014-218410,
November 2014.
• Zinnecker, Alicia M., Chapman, Jeffryes W., Lavelle, Thomas M., Litt, Jonathan S.,
50

“Development of a twin-spool turbofan engine simulation using the Toolbox for Modeling
and Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems (T-MATS),” AIAA 2014-3930, 50th
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Cleveland, OH, July 28- 30, 2014,
also NASA/TM—2014-218402, November 2014.
• Chapman, Jeffryes W., Lavelle, Thomas M., Litt, Jonathan S., Guo, Ten-Huei, “A Process
for the Creation of T-MATS Propulsion System Models from NPSS data,” AIAA 2014-3931,
50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Cleveland, OH, July 28-30,
2014, also NASA/TM—2014-218409, November 2014.
• Lavelle, Thomas M., Chapman, Jeffryes W., May, Ryan D., Litt, Jonathan S., Guo, Ten-
Huei, “Cantera Integration with the Modeling and Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems (T-
MATS)," AIAA 2014-3932, 50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference,
Cleveland, OH, July 28-30, 2014.
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

General use Geared Turbofan

Simulation in T-MATS
51

Jeffryes W. Chapman, Vantage Partners, LLC.

2nd T-MATS Workshop

Ohio Aerospace Institute (OAI)
Cleveland, OH
August 21, 2017
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Background
• In preparation for the next generation of aircraft, T-MATS has been used
to model advanced high-efficiency engine concepts.

The Advanced Geared Turbofan, 30,000 lbf (AGTF30) engine simulation

was developed to investigate possible next generation engine system
designs including:
1. Dual spool Geared Turbofan engine design
2. Ultra-high bypass configuration
3. Small engine core
52

4. Variable area fan nozzle (VAFN)

5. Fully operational dynamic control system

• Purpose
– Provide a dynamic platform for next generation engine system research.

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Engine Model Description

• Advanced Geared Turbofan features
– Variable area fan nozzle (VAFN)
– Dual spool with low pressure shaft connected to fan via a gear box
• Performance
– BPR = 24, OPR = 50, TIT = 3000, TSFC = 0.46 at cruise
– 30,000 lbf takeoff thrust
• Control Effectors: VAFN, fuel flow (Wf), and variable bleed valve (VBV)
53

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Validation, Design Point

• AGTF30 model, based on NPSS cycle model
– 2 operational points compared: Cruise and Take off
• Utilizes steady-state solving techniques with a known VAFN area

All Differences
Less than 1%
54

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AGTF30 engine, model

• T-MATS Engine model

BypNoz
55

LPT/Noz
Core

Fan/LPC
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Expected Deviations, Off Design

• Several assumptions were made in the NPSS cycle model that
are not practical for a controls development model
– VAFN converged to a Fan Op-line
– Bleed air set to maintain low pressure compressor(LPC) stability margin
(SM) > 10
– NPSS Fan map range does not extend to idle
• Planned Adjustments for T-MATS model
56

– VAFN scheduled based on corrected fan speed

– VBV added with position scheduled based corrected fan speed
– NPSS Fan map was extended to reach idle values

• Other items to be aware of:

– The NPSS model calculates stability margin (SM) based on map value
(unscaled), this results in a SM different than SMavail (based on scaled
map). To maintain matching with the NPSS model, it is suggested to use
SMmap for research purposes.
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Modeling to Match
• To gain a better matching with the NPSS
model several T-MATS blocks were modified
– NPSS duct model scales dP by normalized MN

T-MATS default GTF NPSS model

ଶ
‫ܰܯ‬
57

݀ܲ ൌ ܿ‫ݐ݊ܽݐݏ݊݋‬ ݀ܲ ൌ ݀ܲ݀݁‫ݏ‬
‫ݏ݁݀ܰܯ‬

– Gear box efficiency was applied directly to LPT torque

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Fuel Control Architecture

• Fuel Control methodology based on literature
– Power Management generates fan speed request based on power lever angle (PLA)
– Fan speed controller generates a fuel flow request
– Sets of limiters adjust the fuel flow request to operate the engine safely; avoiding engine
stall, structural limits, combustor blowout, etc.
– Controllers utilize PI method, tuned to meet requirements throughout the envelope

Nf_req
58

PLA Wf_req

Wf_limMX
Wf_dmd
Wf_limMN
Limit
Selection

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Fuel Control Architecture

• Each fuel limiter designed to protect the
engine.

Acceleration limit
for stall margin mitigation, Wf/Ps3

Structural limits, T45,

N_fan, N_hp, Ps3
59

Deceleration and Pressure

limits for combustor blow out
protection, Wf/Ps3, Ps3
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Fuel Control Tuning

• PI controller gains tuned to ideal values throughout envelope
– Linear models were generated throughout the envelope and at various power
levels
– PI controller gains were tuned for each defined linear model.
– Gains were collected into schedules that provide the optimum gain at each
operational point.
60

Speed Controller
Operational Envelope
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VBV Control Architecture

• Variable bleed valve opens to reduce low pressure compressor (LPC)

pressure ratio (PR), increasing stall margin.
– Schedules constructed to maintain 10% stall margin during steady-state operation.

Opening VBV to
increase LPC stall
61

margin

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VAFN Control Architecture

Fan Performance
Optimal efficiency
62

VAFN Schedule
• Variable area fan
nozzle area scheduled
to maintain optimal fan
efficiency.
– Nozzle area increased to
reduce fan PR
– Nozzle area decreased to
increase fan PR

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Model Validation

• Engine Model validation

• Simulation of an abbreviated mission profile
– Engine idling
– Acceleration from idle
to full power followed
by a take off at sea
level static conditions
63

– Engine climbs to cruise

at 35,000 ft
– Deceleration and
descent
– Aircraft lands then
returns to idle

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Model Validation, full profile

Control regulators
hit: accel, T45,
Ps3, and Nf.
64

For the validation profile, all parameters remain within acceptable

ranges and the engine performs as expected
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Model Validation, takeoff and climb

Wf/Ps3 max

T45 max
65

Approaches
min limit

During acceleration and climb to altitude the control regulators act to

maintain stall margin and maximum T45 limit
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Model Validation, approach and landing

Ps3 min
Nf max
Wf/Ps3
max
66

Approaches
min limit

During approach and landing the control regulators act to maintain stall
margin, maximum Nf limit and minimum Ps3 limit
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NASA/CP—2018-219785

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Summary
• A simulation of a next generation engine has been presented
– Advanced Geared Turbofan 30,000lbf (AGTF30)
• Ultrahigh bypass, small engine core, VAFN design
• Full envelope dynamic control system
• Built with the Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of Thermodynamic
systems (T-MATS), https://github.com/nasa/T-MATS/releases
• Planned to be made publicly available
• Control system design described
– Fuel control based on classical architecture
67

– Variable geometries scheduled

• AGTF30 simulation meets all requirements
– Simulation provides a realistic and dynamic platform for research into
advanced geared turbofan technologies.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for this work was provided by the Transformative

Aeronautics Concepts Program (TACP)/Transformational
Tools and Technologies (TTT) project and the Advanced Air
Vehicles Program (AAVP)/Advanced Air Transport
68

Technology (AATT) project.

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Demo
69

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of

Thermodynamic Systems (T-MATS) Users’
Workshop
71

Applications

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NASA/CP—2018-219785

Modeling an Aircraft Propulsion

Subsystem for Developing Coordinating
Controllers in a More Electric Aircraft
Using T-MATS
73

William Dunham
Department of Aerospace Engineering
University of Michigan

Acknowledgements: Ilya Kolmanovsky, Anouck Girard, Brandon Hencey, and Jinwoo Seok
This research was supported by the US Air Force Research Laboratory
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Motivation
Traditionally, aircraft subsystems
are controlled separately

Increased power loads from

electro-mechanical actuators and
74

advanced avionics will impact

other subsystems

Each subsystem has local safety

and specification constraints that
must be met while following upper-
level commands.
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Approach

Separately controlled subsystems

which communicate to improve
tracking and constraint
75

enforcement
AircraftSystem Engine Power

Require models of an aircraft

engine and power subsystem
including interactions between
them
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Engine Model – Modified JT9D Example

76

T-MATS is used as it:

¾ Models the thermodynamics at the desired level of detail and computational

speed

¾ Works in the Simulink graphical environment (a big plus for a controls

engineer)

¾ Is packaged with a working turbine example which can be easily followed and
modified
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Interactions w/Generators
The models are mechanically
coupled through the spool shafts

The engine drives the generator

shafts which feedbacks a torque
77
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Engine From a Controls Perspective

Controlled input ( ):
: Fuel-to-air ratio entering the engine flow path

Outputs ( ):
78

HP Compressor
LP Compressor
: Surge Margin of the LP Compressor
: Surge Margin of the HP Compressor Flow Path

: Thrust force out from the engine

Interaction variables:
: Electrical generator torques
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Simplified Model
In order to apply model predictive control, a linear model is needed. We’ve found
that the Linear Analysis toolbox works well in identifying linear models without
much difficulty. Additionally, data can be manually collected for the System ID
Matlab application.
79
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Control problem
Accurately track set-points ‫ݎ‬௘ ǡ ‫ݎ‬௣ in order to provide mission critical power and
thrust while satisfying constraints.
Assume (current work) all states needed for control are measured or estimated.
‫ݔ‬ො
‫ݑ‬
80

‫ݑ‬௘ ‫ݑ‬௣
‫ݎ‬௘ ‫ݎ‬௙௚ ‫ݑ‬ி஺ோ
‫ݑ‬௏ǡு௉
‫ݎ‬ு௏஽஼ ‫ݑ‬௏ǡ௅௉
‫ݎ‬௣ ‫ݎ݈݈݁݋ݎݐ݊݋ܥ‬ ‫ݑ‬௜ǡ௉௅
ܵ‫݉݁ݐݏݕ‬
‫ݎ‬௜ǡ௉௅ ‫ݑ‬௜ǡ஻௔௧௧
‫ݕ‬ு௏஽஼ ‫ݕ‬ௌெǡ௅௉ ‫ݕ‬ௌெǡ௅௉ ‫ܻא‬
‫ݕ‬௜ǡ௉௅ ‫ݕ‬ு௏஽஼ ‫ݕ‬௙௚
՜‫ݎ‬
‫ݕ‬௣ ‫ݕ‬௘
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Prediction model
A linearized model, converted to discrete-time (ܶ௦ ൌ ͲǤͲͳ sec)
81

The model can also be split as

NASA/CP—2018-219785

Rate-based model
Let
82

Then
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Centralized rate-based MPC (Cent)

83
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Distributed, Cooperative MPC (CD)

‫ݎ‬௘  ‫ݑ‬௘
‫ܥܲܯ݁݊݅݃݊ܧ‬ ‫ݕ‬௘
‫݉݁ݐݏݕݏܾݑܵ݁݊݅݃݊ܧ‬

ȟܷ௘௔ ȟܷ௣௔ ߱ு௉Ȁ௅௉ ߬ு௉Ȁ௅௉

84

‫ݑ‬௣ ‫ݕ‬௣
ܲ‫ܥܲܯݎ݁ݓ݋‬ ܲ‫݉݁ݐݏݕݏܾݑܵݎ݁ݓ݋‬
‫ݎ‬௣
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Engine subsystem results

ඹ
ර ල
ඹ

ල ය
඼ ඹ
ය
85

඼
ර

Total thrust from the jet engine. High Pressure Compressor Surge Margin.
ᬚ Atroughlyt=0.6sec,theHPsurgemarginconstraintisviolatedbyallcontrollers.
Thrusttrackingperformanceisaffected,howeverCentandCDareassistedbythe
powersubsystem.TheinsertshowsthattheCentcontrolleractuallyviolatesthe
඼ constrainttwicebutallthreeremainclose.

ඹ ල ය Att=1sec,thepowerloadisgreatlyincreased.ThenewtorquespushtheHPsurge
marginawayfromtheconstraintandtheNDcontrollerregainsthrusttracking.
ර
ය ර Att=4sec,thepowerloadisdropped.

඼,ල Asecond,smallerpowerloadcomesonatt=6secandendsatt=9sec.

Low Pressure Compressor Surge Margin.

NASA/CP—2018-219785

Power subsystem results – power splits

ර ර
඼ ල ඼ ල

ඹ
ඹ
86

ය
ය
Battery, HP, and LP Generator power loads for Central case.
Battery, HP, and LP Generator power loads for CD case.
ර
ᬚ Atroughlyt=0.6sec,theCentandCDcontrollerssplitthepowerloadsunevenlyoverthetwo
඼ ල generatorsinresponsetotheHPsurgemarginconstraintintheenginesubsystem.

ය Att=1sec,thepowerloadisgreatlyincreased.ThebatteriesareusedintransientforHVDCvoltage
stabilitywhilethegeneratorssupplythebulkoftheload.
ඹ
ර Att=4sec,thepowerloadisdropped.
ය
඼,ල Asecond,smallerpowerloadcomesonatt=6secandendsatt=9sec.

Battery, HP, and LP Generator power loads for ND case.

NASA/CP—2018-219785

Power subsystem - outputs

ය

඼ ල

ය Att=1sec,thepowerloadisgreatlyincreased.Thebatteriesareusedin
transientforHVDCvoltagestabilitywhilethegeneratorssupplythebulkof
theload.TheNDcontrollerlagsbehindtheothertwoinreachingthe
ර referencepowerloadcurrent.
87

ර Att=4sec,thepowerloadisdropped.TheCentcontrollerhasan
Power load current. acceptablevoltageviolation,accordingtoMILͲSPEC.TheNDcontroller
violatestheconstraintrepeatedlyinrapidsuccession,whichisnot
ල acceptable.
඼

඼,ල Asecond,smallerpowerloadcomesonatt=6secandendsatt=9
sec.
ර
ර
ය

HVDC Voltage.
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Concluding Remarks
T-MATS is a powerful and robust tool for control design. It’s robustness and
speed enables the testing of interesting system configurations and control
scenarios.
88
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Publications from this Model

Seok, J., Kolmanovsky, I., and Girard, A., “Coordinated
Model Predictive Control of aircraft gas turbine engine and
power system,” AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control and
Dynamics, 2017.

Dunham, W. Hencey, B. Kolmanovsky, I., and Girard, A.,

89

2017. “Predictive propulsion and power control for large

transient power loads in a more electric aircraft”. American
Controls Conference (ACC).

Dunham, W. Hencey, B., Girard, A., and Kolmanovsky, I.,

2017. “Distributed MPC via ADMM for Coordination and
Control of More Electric Aircraft Sybsystems”, DSCC, under
review

….and more to come!

NASA/CP—2018-219785
90

Questions,comments,orsuggestions??
NASA/CP—2018-219785

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Applications of T-MATS to Hardware-in-the-

Loop Simulation Modeling

2017 TMATS Workshop

91

George Thomas
N&R Engineering
Intelligent Control & Autonomy Branch
August 21, 2017

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Outline
• Introduction
• Distributed Engine Control (DEC)
• Distributed Engine Control System Simulator (DECSS)
• HIL Test Design
92

• Prototype AGTF30 Distributed Control Network

• Conclusions

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Introduction
• Objectives:
• Develop infrastructure for HIL test of distributed engine
control (DEC) technologies
• Be able to test
• Variety of engine plant simulations in system with hardware
• Advanced control techniques/logic
93

• Prototype hardware (smart node, communications devices)

• Combinations of hardware and software
• HIL test infrastructure allows improving DEC TRL and
evaluating system benefits
• Plan:
• Leverage TMATS to model engines with DEC devices/concepts
• Conduct HIL tests for DEC research
• Use existing NASA GRC lab capabilities & add more as necessary

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Introduction – DEC
• Distribution of previously centralized control elements
• Different architecture, performs same functions as centralized
• However, indirect benefits due to reduced system constraints
• Fuel burn (nacelle diameter, cabling weight)
• Cost (maintenance, design, life cycle)
• Also enables future capability
94

• Faster local control with slower supervisory control

• Greater computing resources

Centralized Distributed

vs

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Introduction – DECSS
• Distributed Engine Control System Simulator
• 16-core Intel rack mounted server
• Real-time Linux with “Sim Workbench” IDE
• Variety of digital, analog, serial I/O DECSS
• Capacity to add more (e.g. PCIe expansion chassis)
• HIL LAN constitutes a “Virtual Test Cell”
• LAN also connects test articles (e.g. smart nodes)
95

• Build MATLAB/Simulink, C language, Python, etc

simulation components into individual, parallel
executables and drivers for real-time, HIL execution
• (e.g., engine plant, T5 sensor, fuel metering valve, etc.)

Switch Smart Node

PLA

Price Induction Workbench HIL Test Articles

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Prototype AGTF30 DEC Network

• AGTF30: Advanced geared turbofan concept engine in TMATS
• Concept/demo DEC architecture built around this engine
• Sensing and actuation responsibilities grouped by station location
• Groups shown with circles, (red are core locations, green are bypass)
• Each group is assigned a particular smart node
96

Node 6
(at station 160-190, trailing
zero often omitted)

N3

N1 N2
Engine Station
Numbers
(for core gas path)

Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4 Node 5

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Prototype AGTF30 DEC Network

• Sensor simulation logic Sensor Simulation Model
• 1st
order linear dynamics
• Noise u 1st order
y
Noise
dynamics
• Actuator simulation logic
• Local PI loop containing:
• PI control signal DAC Actuator Simulation Model
97

• Quantization, reconstruction filter

r + PI u
• 1st order actuator dynamics with noise DAC
Controller
–
• Actuator nonlinearities (final response)
• Backlash (deadband) and slew rate limit yout
1st order Actuator
dynamics Nonlinearities
• 1st order feedback sensor dynamics + noise
• Feedback sensor ADC 1st order
ADC
• Quantization, anti-aliasing filter ysens dynamics

• Made these blocks consistent with

TMATS library block format
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Prototype AGTF30 DEC Network

• Process to create distributed AGTF30 model for HIL
• Took AGTF30 model and distributed its system components into individual model
reference blocks that live
in a “top-level” model
• Typical of Sim Workbench
modeling workflow
• Used DEC sensor/actuator
comms system models
98

Top-level model
(using model ref blocks)

Engine Model
“Smart” Sensor models

Old Top-level model “Smart” Actuator models

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Prototype AGTF30 DEC Network

• Build, deploy, and run on DECSS using Sim WB API script
• Takes in “top-level model” and parses it to find model ref blocks to build
• Creates real-time database (shared memory) from parsed models
• Copies all of these models to TMATS_Library/MEX folder and builds there
• Solves Simulink Coder “can’t find dependency” issues
• Deletes copies of model files to restore original MEX folder
Setup Build each sub-model Clean up
99

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HIL Test Design

• Each model reference block compiled for real-time Linux
• All inport/outport variables having a given naming convention are
added into the RTDB
• Take built models, RTDB, and create a “test” to be conducted
RTDB Variables, ICs, and hookups to IO
“Test” C-based interface program
creation
100

window

Compiled Simulink/TMATS model Model reference block name (RTDB var)

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HIL Test Design

• Can construct a GUI and connect to hardware to do
man-in-the-loop test with real-time TMATS engine
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HIL Test Results

Results:
x 10
4
• NPSS (s-function) engine plant model with
Altitude, ft

dTamb, qF
2 40
1 20
TMATS controller on Windows® platform
0 0
1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 • Baseline TMATS AGTF30 engine model &
controller, real time HIL platform
Mach Number

PLA, degrees

0.5 60
• Distributed TMATS AGTF30 engine plant
0 40
1000 2000 3000 1000 2000 3000 model & controller with simulated DEC
time, seconds time, seconds nodes and network on real time HIL platform
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6000 • Network-in-the-Loop TMATS AGTF30 engine

N2, rpm

4000 plant model & controller with physical nodes

x 10
4 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 and network on real time HIL platform
2.2
• Shows several capabilities
N3, rpm

2
1.8 • Can bring engine described in NPSS into TMATS-
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 based HIL environment
time, seconds
NASA Ames Flight Profile
• Approach applies to any engine system
NPSS Actual
FD_687200104131515 NPSS Sensor • Can add DEC modeling fidelity to simulated
Baseline Actual
Baseline Sensor
control elements and compare with hardware
NPSS Inputs
Baseline Inputs Distributed Actual
Distributed Sensor
• Appropriately designed DEC system (Network-in-
Distributed Inputs
Network-in-the-loop Actual the-Loop) successfully performs same function as
Network-in-the-loop Inputs
Network-in-the-loop Sensor centralized

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Conclusions
• Demonstrated infrastructure for DEC system HIL test
• Can build TMATS model for real-time HIL simulation
• NASA GRC HIL test capabilities allow
• Testing of
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• Different engine models in an environment with real hardware

• Advanced control techniques/logic
• Hardware prototypes of DEC devices
• DEC system benefits and constraints to be investigated
• New capabilities (e.g., active control) to be researched

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

References
1. Behbahani, A. R., “Achieving AFRL Universal FADEC Vision with Open Architecture Addressing Capability and
Obsolescence for Military and Commercial Applications,” 42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion
Conference Exhibit, , No. AIAA 2006-4302, July 2006.
2. Culley, D. E., Thomas, R., and Saus, J., “Concepts for Distributed Engine Control,” Proceedings of the 43rd Joint
Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, AIAA-2007-5709, Cincinnati, OH, July 2007.
3. Aretskin-Hariton, E. D., Zinnecker, A. M., Kratz, J. L., Culley, D. E., and Thomas, G. L., “Benchmarking model
variants in development of a hardware-in-the-loop simulation system,” AIAA Science and Technology Forum and
Exposition, AIAA-2016-1425, San Diego, CA, January 2016.
4. Zinnecker, A. M., Culley, D. E., and Aretskin-Hariton, E. D., “A modular approach to modeling hardware elements
in distributed engine control systems,” AIAA Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition 2014: 50th
104

AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, AIAA-2014-3530, Cleveland, OH, July 2014.

5. Aretskin-Hariton, E. D., Zinnecker, A. M., and Culley, D. E., “Extending the Capabilities of Closed-Loop Engine
Simulation using LAN Communication,” AIAA Propulsion and Energy
6. Culley, D. E., Thomas, G. L., Aretskin-Hariton, E. D., “A Network Scheduling Model for Distributed Control
Simulation,” 52nd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conferencen, Salt Lake City, Utah, July 2016.
7. Thomas, G. L., Culley, D. E., and Brand, A. “The Application of Hardware in the Loop Testing for Distributed Engine
Control.” 52nd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference (2016).
8. Scardelletti, M. C., Jordan, J. L., Meredith, R. D., et. al. “Demonstration of a Packaged Capacitive Pressure Sensor
System Suitable for Jet Turbofan Engine Health Monitoring.” 2016 IEEE 66th Electronic Components and
Technology Conference (ECTC) (2016)
9. Laurel, F., Usrey, M. W, and Watts, O, A. “Technical Opportunities for High Temperature Smart P3 Sensors and
Electronics for Distributed Engine Control.” 52nd AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference (2016).

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National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Thank you!
105

Questions?

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Target Code Generation From T-MATS Blocks

Jason Whitfield
107

© 2017 The MathWorks, Inc.

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Project Objectives

ƒ Refactor the T-MATS block S-function code to enable code generation with
MathWorks’ Embedded Coder product
ƒ Advantages:
– Model Based Engine Control
– Support for SIL and PIL simulation mode
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– Improved performance on HIL systems

ƒ Demonstrate on embedded hardware
NASA/CP—2018-219785

Refactoring the S-function Code

ƒ Split S-function setup code and block calculation code into two files:

– File containing S-function setup code.

ƒ Initializes Simulink block parameters.
ƒ Reads block input ports and mask parameters.
109

ƒ Passes inputs and parameters to calculation function.

ƒ Writes calculation results to block output ports.

– File containing block calculation function.

ƒ Implements core block calculation.
ƒ Not reliant on S-function headers or code.
NASA/CP—2018-219785

The Role of Target Language Compiler (TLC)

ƒ Allows Simulink to generate setup code for target hardware.

ƒ Uses same block calculation function as original S-function code.
ƒ TMATS Thermo functions implemented entirely in TLC file.
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Generated Code Comparison

Old T-MATS Code New T-MATS Code
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 +1,400 lines of code
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Total lines of code

115

Old version: 1,832

New version: 415
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Test Beds

ƒ Created test beds for each T-MATS block to ensure that functionality did not
change.
ƒ Compared old blocks against new blocks and generated code.
ƒ Used input data from T-MATS example models and old NASA test models.
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Processor-in-the-Loop (PIL) Simulation

MATLAB® and Simulink®

Algorithm and System Design
117

Algorithm Executable

Target Hardware
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118

Code
Generation

BeagleBone Black (PIL)

Object Code for

Algorithm Under Test

PIL Test Harness

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119

Non-real-time execution
synchronized with host at each time step
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Demo

ƒ Dynamic JT9D engine model running on BeagleBone Black hardware

ƒ AM335X 1GHz ARM Cortex A8 processor
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JT9D Dynamic Engine Model on BeagleBone Black

124
 References
1. Chapman, J. W., Lavelle, T. M., May, R. D., Litt, J. S., Guo, T.-H., “Toolbox for the Modeling
and Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems (T-MATS) User’s Guide,” NASA/TM—2014-
216638, January 2014.
2. Chapman, J.W., Lavelle, T.M., May, R. D., Litt, J.S., and Guo, T. H., “Propulsion System
Simulation Using the Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems
(T-MATS),” NASA/TM—2014-218410, November 2014.
3. Zinnecker, A. M., Chapman, J.W., Lavelle, T.M., and Litt, J.S., “Development of a Twin-
Spool Turbofan Engine Simulation Using the Toolbox for the Modeling and Analysis of
Thermodynamic Systems (T-MATS),” NASA/TM-2014-218402, Nov. 2014.
4. Chapman, J. W., Lavelle, T. M., Litt, J. S., Guo, T.-H., “A Process for the Creation of T-MATS
Propulsion System Models from NPSS data,” AIAA 2014-3931, 50th AIAA/ASME/
SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, July 2014, Cleveland, OH.
5. Lavelle, T. M., Chapman, J. W., May, R. D., Litt, J. S., Guo, T.-H., “Cantera Integration with
the Modeling and Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems (T-MATS),” AIAA 2014-3932, 50th
AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, Cleveland, OH, July 28-30, 2014.
6. Chapman, J.W., Lavelle, T.M., and Litt, J.S., “Practical Techniques for Modeling Gas Turbine
Engine Performance,” NASA/TM-2016-219147, July 2016.
7. Papathakis, K.V., Kloesel, K.J., Lin, Y., Clarke, S.C., Ediger, J.J., Ginn, S.R., “NASA Turbo-
electric Distributed Propulsion Bench,” AIAA 2016-4611, 52nd Joint Propulsion Conference,
July 2016, Salt Lake City, UT.
8. Chapman, J.W., Guo, T.-H., Kratz, J.L., Litt, J.S., “Integrated Turbine Tip Clearance and Gas
Turbine Engine Simulation,” NASA/TM—2016-219146, October 2016.
9. Seok, J., Kolmanovsky, I., Girard, A., “Integrated/Coordinated Control of Aircraft Gas Turbine
Engine and Power System: Towards Large Electrical Load Handling,” 2016 IEEE 55th
Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), December 12-14, 2016, Las Vegas, NV.
10. Aretskin-Hariton, E., Thomas, G., Kratz, J.L., Culley, D.E., “Design and Benchmarking of a
Network-In-the-Loop Simulation for Use in a Hardware-In-the-Loop System,” AIAA 2017-
1943, 53rd Joint Propulsion Conference, Jan. 2017, Grapevine, Texas.
11. Connolly, J.W., Csank, J., Chicatelli, A., Franco, K., “Propulsion Controls Modeling for a
Small Turbofan Engine,” AIAA 2017-4787, 53rd Joint Propulsion Conference, Jan. 2017,
Grapevine, Texas.
12. Dunham, W., Hencey, B., Kolmanovsky, I., Girard, A., “Predictive Propulsion and Power
Control for Large Transient Power Loads in a More Electric Aircraft,” 2017 American Control
Conference, May 24–26, 2017, Seattle, WA.
13. Sousa, J., Paniagua, G., Collado Morata, E., “Thermodynamic analysis of a gas turbine engine
with a rotating detonation combustor,” Applied Energy, 195 (2017) 247–256.
14. Seok, J., Kolmanovsky, I., Girard, A., “Coordinated Model Predictive Control of Aircraft Gas
Turbine Engine and Power System,” Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 40,
No. 10 (2017), pp. 2538-2555.
15. Chapman, J.W., Litt, J.S., “Control Design for an Advanced Geared Turbofan Engine,” AIAA-
2017-4820, Propulsion and Energy Forum, June 10-12, Atlanta, GA.

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