1

Unit 1st Introduction

Introduction to Python:

 Python is a general purpose, dynamic, high level, and interpreted programming

language. It supports Object Oriented programming approach to develop
applications. It is simple and easy to learn and provides lots of high-level data
structures.
 Python is easy to learn yet powerful and versatile scripting language, which makes it
attractive for Application Development.
 Python's syntax and dynamic typing with its interpreted nature make it an ideal
language for scripting and rapid application development.
 Python supports multiple programming patterns, including object-oriented,
imperative, and functional or procedural programming styles.
 Python is not intended to work in a particular area, such as web programming. That
is why it is known as multipurpose programming language because it can be used
with web, enterprise, 3D CAD, etc.
 We don't need to use data types to declare variable because it is dynamically
typed so we can write a=10 to assign an integer value in an integer variable.

Python History and Versions:

 Python laid its foundation in the late 1980s.

 The implementation of Python was started in the December 1989 by Guido Van
Rossum at CWI in Netherland.
 In February 1991, van Rossum published the code (labeled version 0.9.0) to
alt.sources.
 In 1994, Python 1.0 was released with new features like: lambda, map, filter, and
reduce.
 Python 2.0 added new features like: list comprehensions, garbage collection system.
 On December 3, 2008, Python 3.0 (also called "Py3K") was released. It was designed
to rectify fundamental flaw of the language.
 ABC programming language is said to be the predecessor of Python language
which was capable of Exception Handling and interfacing with Amoeba Operating
System.
 Python is influenced by following programming languages:ABC language & Modula3

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Python Features:

1. Easy to Learn and Use: Python is easy to learn and use. It is developer-friendly and
high level programming language.

2. Expressive Language: Python language is more expressive means that it is more

understandable and readable.

3. Interpreted Language: Python is an interpreted language i.e. interpreter executes the

code line by line at a time. This makes debugging easy and thus suitable for beginners.

4. Cross-platform Language: Python can run equally on different platforms such as

Windows, Linux, UNIX and Macintosh etc. So, we can say that Python is a portable
language.

5. Free and Open Source: Python language is freely available at offical web
address.The source-code is also available. Therefore it is open source.

6. Object-Oriented Language: Python supports object oriented language and concepts

of classes and objects come into existence.

7. Large Standard Library: Python has a large and broad library and provides rich set of
module and functions for rapid application development.

8. GUI Programming Support: Graphical user interfaces can be developed using

Python.

Python Interpreter:

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Installing Python

Step 1) to download and install Python visit the official website of Python
http://www.python.org/downloads/ and choose your version. We have chosen
Python version 3.6.3

Step 2) once the download is complete, run the exe for install Python. Now click
on Install Now.

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Step 3) you can see Python installing at this point.

Step 4) when it finishes, you can see a screen that says the Setup was successful.
Now click on "Close".

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Unit 2nd Data Types & Control statement

Python Variables:

Variable is a name which is used to refer memory location. Variable also known as identifier and
used to hold value. In Python, we don't need to specify the type of variable because Python is a
type infer language and smart enough to get variable type. Variable names can be a group of both
letters and digits, but they have to begin with a letter or an underscore.

It is recommended to use lowercase letters for variable name. Rahul and rahul both are two
different variables.

Declaring Variable and Assigning Values:

Python does not bound us to declare variable before using in the application. It allows us to
create variable at required time.

We don't need to declare explicitly variable in Python. When we assign any value to the variable
that variable is declared automatically.

The equal (=) operator is used to assign value to a variable.

Ex:

a=10

b=10.5

Multiple Assignments:

Python allows us to assign a value to multiple variables in a single statement which is also
known as multiple assignments.

We can apply multiple assignments in two ways either by assigning a single value to multiple
variables or assigning multiple values to multiple variables. Lets see given examples,

1. Assigning single value to multiple variables

Eg:

x=y=z=50
print (x )

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print (y)
print (z)

2. Assigning multiple values to multiple variables:

Eg:

a,b,c=5,10,15
print (a)
print (b)
print (c)

Python Operators:

The operator can be defined as a symbol which is responsible for a particular operation between
two operands. Operators are the pillars of a program on which the logic is built in a particular
programming language. Python provides a variety of operators described as follows.

o Arithmetic operators
o Comparison operators
o Assignment Operators
o Logical Operators
o Bitwise Operators
o Membership Operators
o Identity Operators

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Arithmetic operators:
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations between two operands. It includes
+(addition), - (subtraction), *(multiplication), /(divide), %(reminder), //(floor division), and
exponent (**).

Consider the following table for a detailed explanation of arithmetic operators.

Operator Description

+ (Addition) It is used to add two operands. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a+b
= 30

- (Subtraction) It is used to subtract the second operand from the first operand. If the
first operand is less than the second operand, the value result negative.
For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a - b = 10

/ (divide) It returns the quotient after dividing the first operand by the second
operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a/b = 2

* It is used to multiply one operand with the other. For example, if a =

(Multiplication) 20, b = 10 => a * b = 200

% (reminder) It returns the reminder after dividing the first operand by the second
operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a%b = 0

** (Exponent) It is an exponent operator represented as it calculates the first operand

power to second operand.

// (Floor It gives the floor value of the quotient produced by dividing the two
division) operands.

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Comparison operator

Comparison operators are used to comparing the value of the two operands and returns Boolean
true or false accordingly. The comparison operators are described in the following table.

Operator Description

== If the value of two operands is equal, then the condition becomes true.

!= If the value of two operands is not equal then the condition becomes true.

<= If the first operand is less than or equal to the second operand, then the condition
becomes true.

>= If the first operand is greater than or equal to the second operand, then the
condition becomes true.

> If the first operand is greater than the second operand, then the condition
becomes true.

< If the first operand is less than the second operand, then the condition becomes
true.

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Python assignment operators

The assignment operators are used to assign the value of the right expression to the left operand.
The assignment operators are described in the following table.

Operator Description

= It assigns the the value of the right expression to the left operand.

+= It increases the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and
assign the modified value back to left operand. For example, if a = 10, b = 20 =>
a+ = b will be equal to a = a+ b and therefore, a = 30.

-= It decreases the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and
assign the modified value back to left operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 =>
a- = b will be equal to a = a- b and therefore, a = 10.

*= It multiplies the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and
assign the modified value back to left operand. For example, if a = 10, b = 20 =>
a* = b will be equal to a = a* b and therefore, a = 200.

%= It divides the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and
assign the reminder back to left operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a %
= b will be equal to a = a % b and therefore, a = 0.

**= a**=b will be equal to a=a**b, for example, if a = 4, b =2, a**=b will assign
4**2 = 16 to a.

//= A//=b will be equal to a = a// b, for example, if a = 4, b = 3, a//=b will assign
4//3 = 1 to a.

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Logical Operators

The logical operators are used primarily in the expression evaluation to make a decision. Python
supports the following logical operators.

Operator Description

and If both the expression are true, then the condition will be true. If a and b are the
two expressions, a → true, b → true => a and b → true.

or If one of the expressions is true, then the condition will be true. If a and b are the
two expressions, a → true, b → false => a or b → true.

not If an expression a is true then not (a) will be false and vice versa.

Membership Operators:- Python membership operators are used to check the membership
of value inside a Python data structure. If the value is present in the data structure, then the
resulting value is true otherwise it returns false.

Operator Description

in It is evaluated to be true if the first operand is found in the second operand (list,
tuple, or dictionary).

not in It is evaluated to be true if the first operand is not found in the second operand
(list, tuple, or dictionary).

Identity Operators

Operator Description

is It is evaluated to be true if the reference present at both sides point to the same
object.

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is not It is evaluated to be true if the reference present at both side do not point to the
same object.

Python Data Types:

Variables can hold values of different data types. Python is a dynamically typed language hence
we need not define the type of the variable while declaring it. The interpreter implicitly binds the
value with its type.

Python enables us to check the type of the variable used in the program. Python provides us
the type() function which returns the type of the variable passed.

Consider the following example to define the values of different data types and checking its type.

A=20
b="Hi Python developers…"
c = 10.45
print(type(a));
print(type(b));
print(type(c));

Output:

<type 'int'>
<type 'str'>
<type 'float'>

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Standard data types

A variable can hold different types of values. For example, a person's name must be stored as a
string whereas its id must be stored as an integer.

Python provides various standard data types that define the storage method on each of them. The
data types defined in Python are given below.

1. Numbers
2. String
3. List
4. Tuple
5. Dictionary

In this section of the tutorial, we will give a brief introduction of the above data types. We will
discuss each one of them in detail later in this tutorial.

Numbers

Number stores numeric values. Python creates Number objects when a number is assigned to a
variable. For example;

a = 3 , b = 5 #a and b are number objects

Python supports 4 types of numeric data.

1. int (signed integers like 10, 2, 29, etc.)

2. long (long integers used for a higher range of values like 908090800L, -0x1929292L,
etc.)
3. float (float is used to store floating point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2, etc.)
4. complex (complex numbers like 2.14j, 2.0 + 2.3j, etc.)

Python allows us to use a lower-case L to be used with long integers. However, we must always
use an upper-case L to avoid confusion.

A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x and y denote the real and
imaginary parts respectively).

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String

The string can be defined as the sequence of characters represented in the quotation marks. In
python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to define a string.

String handling in python is a straightforward task since there are various inbuilt functions and
operators provided.

In the case of string handling, the operator + is used to concatenate two strings as the
operation "hello"+" python" returns "hello python".

The operator * is known as repetition operator as the operation "Python " *2 returns "Python
Python ".

The following example illustrates the string handling in python.

str1 = 'hello java' #string str1

str2 = ' how are you' #string str2
print (str1[0:2]) #printing first two character using slice operator
print (str1[4]) #printing 4th character of the string
print (str1*2) #printing the string twice
print (str1 + str2) #printing the concatenation of str1 and str2

Output:

he
o
hello javahello java
hello java how are you

List
Lists are similar to arrays in C. However; the list can contain data of different types. The items
stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed within square brackets [].

We can use slice [:] operators to access the data of the list. The concatenation operator (+) and
repetition operator (*) works with the list in the same way as they were working with the strings.

Consider the following example.

l = [1, "hi", "python", 2]

print (l[3:]);
print (l[0:2]);
print (l);
print (l + l);

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15

print (l * 3);

Output:

[2]
[1, 'hi']
[1, 'hi', 'python', 2]
[1, 'hi', 'python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'python', 2]
[1, 'hi', 'python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'python', 2]

Tuple

A tuple is similar to the list in many ways. Like lists, tuples also contain the collection of the
items of different data types. The items of the tuple are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed
in parentheses ().

A tuple is a read-only data structure as we can't modify the size and value of the items of a tuple.

Let's see a simple example of the tuple.

t = ("hi", "python", 2)
print (t[1:]);
print (t[0:1]);
print (t);
print (t + t);
print (t * 3);
print (type(t))
t[2] = "hi";

Output:

('python', 2)
('hi',)
('hi', 'python', 2)
('hi', 'python', 2, 'hi', 'python', 2)
('hi', 'python', 2, 'hi', 'python', 2, 'hi', 'python', 2)
<type 'tuple'>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "main.py", line 8, in <module>
t[2] = "hi";
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment

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Dictionary

Dictionary is an ordered set of a key-value pair of items. It is like an associative array or a hash
table where each key stores a specific value. Key can hold any primitive data type whereas value
is an arbitrary Python object.

The items in the dictionary are separated with the comma and enclosed in the curly braces {}.

Consider the following example.

d = {1:’Amol’, 2:’Arun’, 3:’Shaym’, 4:’Mahesh'};

print("1st name is "+d[1]);
print("2nd name is "+ d[4]);
print (d);
print (d.keys());
print (d.values());

Output:

1st name is Amol

2nd name is Mahesh
{1: 'Amol', 2: 'Arun', 3: 'Shaym', 4: 'Mahesh'}
[1, 2, 3, 4]
['Amol', 'Arun', 'Shaym', 'Mahesh']

Python String:-

In python, strings can be created by enclosing the character or the sequence of characters in the
quotes. Python allows us to use single quotes, double quotes, or triple quotes to create the string.

Consider the following example in python to create a string.

str = "Hi Python !"

Here, if we check the type of the variable str using a python script

print(type(str)), then it will print string (str).

In python, strings are treated as the sequence of strings which means that python doesn't support
the character data type instead a single character written as 'p' is treated as the string of length 1.

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String Operators:

Operator Description

+ It is known as concatenation operator used to join the strings given either side
of the operator.

* It is known as repetition operator. It concatenates the multiple copies of the

same string.

[] It is known as slice operator. It is used to access the sub-strings of a particular

string.

[:] It is known as range slice operator. It is used to access the characters from the
specified range.

in It is known as membership operator. It returns if a particular sub-string is

present in the specified string.

not in It is also a membership operator and does the exact reverse of in. It returns
true if a particular substring is not present in the specified string.

r/R It is used to specify the raw string. Raw strings are used in the cases where we
need to print the actual meaning of escape characters such as "C://python". To
define any string as a raw string, the character r or R is followed by the string.

% It is used to perform string formatting. It makes use of the format specifiers

used in C programming like %d or %f to map their values in python. We will
discuss how formatting is done in python.

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Built-in String functions:

1. capitalize () Method:- Python capitalize() method converts first character of the

string into uppercase without altering the whole string. It changes the first character only
and skips rest of the string unchanged.
Ex:

str = "python"
# Calling function
str2 = str.capitalize()
# Displaying result
print("Old value:", str)
print("New value:", str2)

2. Center() Method:- Python center() method alligns string to the center by filling
paddings left and right of the string. This method takes two parameters, first is a width
and second is a fillchar which is optional. The fillchar is a character which is used to fill
left and right padding of the string.
Ex:

# Python center () function example

# Variable declaration
str = "Hello Python"
# Calling function
str2 = str.center(20,'#')
# Displaying result
print("Old value:", str)
print("New value:", str2)

3. Count() Method:- It returns the number of occurrences of substring in the specified

range. It takes three parameters, first is a substring, second a start index and third is last
index of the range. Start and end both are optional whereas substring is required.
Ex:

str = "Hello Javatpoint"

str2 = str.count('t')
# Displaying result
print("occurences:", str2)

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4. endswith() Method:-
Python endswith() method returns true of the string ends with the specified substring,
otherwise returns false.

Signature
endswith(suffix[, start[, end]])

Parameters
o suffix : a substring
o start : start index of a range
o end : last index of the range

Ex:-

str = "Hello this is javatpoint."

isends = str.endswith(".")
# displaying result
print(isends)

5. format() Method:- Python format() method is used to perform format operations on

string. While formatting string a delimiter {} (braces) is used to replace it with the value.
This delimiter either can contain index or positional argument.
Ex:

str = "Java"
str2 = "C#"
# Calling function
str3 = "{} and {} both are programming languages".format(str,str2)
# displaying result
print(str3)

Output:

Java and C# both are programming languages

6. find() Method:- Python find() method finds substring in the whole string and returns
index of the first match. It returns -1 if substring does not match.
str = "Welcome to the python."
# Calling function
str2 = str.find("the")
# Displaying result
print(str2)

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7. istitle() Method: Python istitle() method returns True if the string is a titlecased string.
Otherwise returns False.

str = "Welcome To Python."

# Calling function
str2 = str.istitle()
# Displaying result
print(str2)

Python Loops:-
The flow of the programs written in any programming language is sequential by default.
Sometimes we may need to alter the flow of the program. The execution of a specific code may
need to be repeated several numbers of times.

For this purpose, the programming languages provide various types of loops which are capable
of repeating some specific code several numbers of times.

Why we use loops in python?

The looping simplifies the complex problems into the easy ones. It enables us to alter the flow of
the program so that instead of writing the same code again and again, we can repeat the same
code for a finite number of times. For example, if we need to print the first 10 natural numbers
then, instead of using the print statement 10 times, we can print inside a loop which runs up to 10
iterations.

Advantages of loops
There are the following advantages of loops in Python.

1. It provides code re-usability.

2. Using loops, we do not need to write the same code again and again.
3. Using loops, we can traverse over the elements of data structures (array or linked
lists).

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Python for loop

The for loop in Python is used to iterate the statements or a part of the program several
times. It is frequently used to traverse the data structures like list, tuple, or dictionary.

The syntax of for loop in python is given below.

for iterating_var in sequence:

statement(s)
Example

i=1
n=int(input("Enter the number up to which you want to print the natural numbers?"))
for i in range(0,10):
print(i,end = ' ')

Output:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Python for loop example: printing the table of the given number

i=1;
num = int(input("Enter a number:"));
for i in range(1,11):
print("%d X %d = %d"%(num,i,num*i));

Output:

Enter a number:10
10 X 1 = 10
10 X 2 = 20
10 X 3 = 30
10 X 4 = 40
10 X 5 = 50
10 X 6 = 60
10 X 7 = 70
10 X 8 = 80
10 X 9 = 90
10 X 10 = 100

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Nested for loop in python

Python allows us to nest any number of for loops inside a for loop. The inner loop is
executed n number of times for every iteration of the outer loop. The syntax of the
nested for loop in python is given below.

for iterating_var1 in sequence:

for iterating_var2 in sequence:
#block of statements
#Other statements

Example 1
n = int(input("Enter the number of rows you want to print?"))
i,j=0,0
for i in range(0,n):
print()
for j in range(0,i+1):
print("*",end="")

Output:

Enter the number of rows you want to print?5

*
**
***
****
*****

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Python while loop

The while loop is also known as a pre-tested loop. In general, a while loop allows a part of the
code to be executed as long as the given condition is true.

It can be viewed as a repeating if statement. The while loop is mostly used in the case where the
number of iterations is not known in advance.

The syntax is given below.

while expression:
statements

Here, the statements can be a single statement or the group of statements. The expression should
be any valid python expression resulting into true or false. The true is any non-zero value.

Example 1

i=1;
while i<=10:
print(i);
i=i+1;

Output:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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Python If-else statements

Decision making is the most important aspect of almost all the programming languages. As the
name implies, decision making allows us to run a particular block of code for a particular
decision. Here, the decisions are made on the validity of the particular conditions. Condition
checking is the backbone of decision making.

In python, decision making is performed by the following statements.

Statement Description

If Statement The if statement is used to test a specific condition. If the condition is

true, a block of code (if-block) will be executed.

If - else The if-else statement is similar to if statement except the fact that, it
Statement also provides the block of the code for the false case of the condition to
be checked. If the condition provided in the if statement is false, then
the else statement will be executed.

Nested if Nested if statements enable us to use if ? else statement inside an

Statement outer if statement.

Indentation in Python
For the ease of programming and to achieve simplicity, python doesn't allow the use of
parentheses for the block level code. In Python, indentation is used to declare a block. If two
statements are at the same indentation level, then they are the part of the same block.

Generally, four spaces are given to indent the statements which are a typical amount of
indentation in python.

Indentation is the most used part of the python language since it declares the block of code. All
the statements of one block are intended at the same level indentation. We will see how the
actual indentation takes place in decision making and other stuff in python.

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The if statement
The if statement is used to test a particular condition and if the condition is true, it executes a
block of code known as if-block. The condition of if statement can be any valid logical
expression which can be either evaluated to true or false.

The syntax of the if-statement is given below.

if expression:
statement

Example 1
num = int(input("enter the number?"))
if num%2 == 0:
print("Number is even")

Output

enter the number?10

Number is even

Example 2: Program to print the largest of the three numbers.

a = int(input("Enter a? "));
b = int(input("Enter b? "));
c = int(input("Enter c? "));
if a>b and a>c:
print("a is largest");
if b>a and b>c:
print("b is largest");
if c>a and c>b:
print("c is largest");

Output:

Enter a? 100
Enter b? 120
Enter c? 130
c is largest

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26

The if-else statement

The if-else statement provides an else block combined with the if statement which is executed in
the false case of the condition.If the condition is true, then the if-block is executed. Otherwise,
the else-block is executed.

The syntax of the if-else statement is given below.

if condition:
#block of statements
else:
#another block of statements (else-block)

Example 1: Program to check whether a person is eligible to vote

or not.
age = int (input("Enter your age? "))
if age>=18:
print("You are eligible to vote !!");
else:
print("Sorry! you have to wait !!");

Output:

Enter your age? 90

You are eligible to vote !!

Example 2: Program to check whether a number is even or not.

num = int(input("enter the number?"))
if num%2 == 0:
print("Number is even...")
else:
print("Number is odd...")

Output:

enter the number?10

Number is even

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27

The elif statement

The elif statement enables us to check multiple conditions and execute the specific block of
statements depending upon the true condition among them. We can have any number of elif
statements in our program depending upon our need. However, using elif is optional.

The elif statement works like an if-else-if ladder statement in C. It must be succeeded by an if
statement.

The syntax of the elif statement is given below.

if expression 1:
# block of statements

elif expression 2:
# block of statements

elif expression 3:
# block of statements

else:
# block of statements

Example 1
number = int(input("Enter the number?"))
if number==10:
print("number is equals to 10")
elif number==50:
print("number is equal to 50");
elif number==100:
print("number is equal to 100");
else:
print("number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100");

Output:

Enter the number?15

number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100

B.Sc(SE) TY Python Programming

Prof. Ajinkya Ban, COCSIT College,Latur.