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A complete note of computer

CSIT (Tribhuvan Vishwavidalaya)

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Part-1 Part-2

Introduction To Computers Computer Hardware

1.1 What is Computer 2.1 What are Different Types of Hardware
1.2 What are Characteristics of Computer 2.2 What are Different Types of Input Devices
1.3 What are the basic units or components of a 2.3 Explain Different Types Of Output Devices
computer 2.4 Explain Parts of CPU and its Working
1.4 What are Different Types of Computer 2.5 What are Dual Devices or Both Input/ Output Devices
1.5 Write a note on Classification of Computers 2.6 What is RAM, Explain Different Types of RAM
1.6 What are the basic operations of a computer 2.7 What is ROM Explain Different Types of ROM
1.7 Explain The Concept of A Computer System 2.8 Discuss Differences Between RAM and ROM
1.8 What are uses of computer at Home 2.9 Explain different types of storage devices
1.9 Uses Of Computer in Business Organizations 2.10 What are Pointing Input Devices
1.10 Uses Of Computer In Education Field 2.11 Different Types of Mouse Input Device
1.11 Uses Of Computer in Medical Field 2.12 Types Of Scanners Input Device
1.12 Uses Of Computer In Industry
1.13 Uses Of Computer In Science
1.14 Differentiate between Analog and Digital
Computers

Part-3 Part-4

Computer Software Data, Data Processing, Information

3.1 Explain Computer Software With Examples 4.1 Define Data and Information With Examples
3.2 Explain Different Types of Software 4.2 Differences Between Data and Information
3.3 System Software and Application 4.3 Explain Data Processing Cycle
Software:Differences 4.4 Types of Data Processing
3.4 Customized and Packaged Software 4.5 Electronic Data Processing In Business
Part-5 Part-6

Internet Important Objective Type Questions For M.Com. I

5.1 Explain Internet and History of Internet
1. Important Objective type questions 1-50
5.2 Services Of Internet
2. Important Objective Type Questions 51-100
5.3 Advantages / Disadvantages Of Internet
3. Important Objective Type Questions 101-155
5.4 Define Web Server, Web Browser, WWW, ISP
Part-7
Part-8
Important Short Questions for Computer Test
Computer Networking & Networks
or Interview for a Computer Job.
7.1 Introduction To Computer VIVA 8.1 Explain Advantages Of Networks
7.2 Computer Hardware Test Interview VIVA 8.2 Types Of Computer Networks
7.3 Computer Software VIVA 8.3 Differences between LAN and WAN
7.4 Computer Internet Test Interview Viva Voce 8.4 Bus Topology Advantages Disadvantages

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8.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology

7.5 Computer Networks - Test Interview Viva 8.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ring Network Topo
Voce 8.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Tree Topology
7.6 Fundamentals of Data Processing - For Test, 8.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
Interview

Part-9

Free Web Page Designing Course

(Easy HTML Tutorials / Notes)

9.1 Introduction To HTML

9.2 How To Create a Web Page In HTML
9.3 Basic Structure of HTML Document
9.4 Create Your First Web Page in HTML

Table Of Contents

What is Computer
Computer is an electronic machine that takes data and instructions, processes data
according to the given instructions, gives results and stores them for later use.

Today, computers are being used in every field of life. It can be used for different
tasks.
It is used for data processing. It is used to calculate or perform some mathematical
work. It can be used for word processing, record keeping, listening music, playing
computer games etc. And above all, it is being used to access Internet.
So, Computers are being used in every field of life.

What are Charachteristics of Computer

Following are the important characteristics of a computer:
1. Speed
Computers work at a very high speed. They are much faster than humans.

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A computer can perform billions of calculations in a second. Computer speed is

measured in Mega Hertz (MHz).
2. Storage
A computer can store large amounts of data permanently.
3. Processing
A computer can process the given instructions. It can perform different types of
processing like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
4. Accuracy
Accuracy means the capability to provide results without any errors. Computer can
process large amounts of data and produce 100% accurate results.
5. Recalling
A computer can recall the stored data and information at any time, as and when
required.
6. Cost Reduction
Computer can reduce cost. We can do a work in less time and cost by computer. A
single person, with computer, can do work of many people in an office.
8. Versatile
A computer can perform different types of tasks. We can use a computer in hospital,
bank or at home.
9. No Feelings
Computer has no feelings. It cannot be affected by sorrows and happiness.
10. No Intelligence
Computer itself is not intelligent. It only follows the given instructions. If a computer is
given a program for addition it cannot perform subtraction by itself.

What are Different Types of Computer

Computers can be divided into the following 3 types on the basis of their working
mechanism:

1) Analog Computers
2) Digital Computers
3) Hybrid Computers
1. Analog Computers
Analog computer is used to measure continuous values. It measures a physical
property like voltage, pressure, speed, time and temperature. An analog computer
takes input in analog form and gives output in analog form.
Its output is usually displayed on a meter or scale. Analog computer has low memory
and fewer functions. Analog computer is mainly used in the field of engineering and
medicine. Examples include:

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Examples of Analog Computers include:

1. Thermometer
2. Speedometer
3. Analog clock

2. Digital Computers
A digital computer works with digital data. Digital computer uses binary number
system. Binary number system consists of only two digits 0 and 1. A digital computer
represents data in digital signals. A 0 represents OFF and a 1 represents ON. Digital
computer performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. It gives output in digital
form.
Digital computers are very fast. These computers can store results. They have large
Memory(that is data storing capacity). Today most of the computers used in offices
and homes are Digital computers.
Examples:

1. Personal Computer-(also called PC or Micro Computer)

2. Digital Score board
3. Digital watch

3. Hybrid Computers
A hybrid computer is a combination of both analog and digital computer. Hybrid
ccomputer can handle both analog and digital data. A hybrid computer combines the
best characteristics of both the analog and digital computer. It can accept data in

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both analog and digital form.

Examples:

1. Hybrid computer devices are used in hospitals that may calculate patient's heart
function, temperature and blood pressure etc. This calculation may be converted into
numbers and shown in digital form. For example,

The Vital Signs Monitoring unit

also called VSM in short. It has Blood Pressure monitor, ECG monitor, respiratory
monitor, and is also used for monitoring anesthesia.
2. Hybrid computers are also used in spaceships and missile system.
3. Hybrid Computer Machines are generally used in scientific applications
4. Hybrid computers are used for controlling industrial processes

Differentiate between Analog and Digital Computers

The differences between analog and digital computers are as follows:

Digital Computers
Analog Computers

Analog Computers Work on Digital computers Work on discrete

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1 continuous values. values.

Analog Computers have low Digital computers have a very large

2 memory. memory

Analog computers have Slow speed. Digital computers have fast speed.
3

Analog computers are less reliable. Digital computers are more reliable.
4

Analog computers used in

Digital computers are used in all
engineering and science and
5 fields of life.
medical fields.

Digital computers are used to

Analog computers are used to calculate mathematical and logical
calculate / measure analog operations. It can solve addition,
6 quantities like speed and subtraction, division, multiplication
temperature. and other mathematical and
statistical operations.

Analog computers provide less Digital computers provide 100%

7 accurate results. accurate results.

Normally Analog Computers are Digital Computers are general

8
specific purpose purpose

9 Analog computers are difficult to use Digital computers are easy to use

Examples of Analog computers are: Examples of digital computers are:

10 thermometer, analog clock, Personal Computer, laptops, smart
speedometer etc. phones etc.

Classification of Computers
Computers are classified on the basis of size, speed and price as under:
• Microcomputer or Personal Computer
• Mini Computer
• Mainframe Computer
• Super Computer
1. Micro Computers

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Desktop Model computer

Micro computer is also called personal computer. It was introduced in

1970. It contains input devices, output device, storage device, memory
and processor. It is used by one person at a time. Examples of personal
computers are PC and Apple Macintosh. The major types of personal
computers are desktop computer and portable computer.
Desktop Computers
These computers can easily fit on a table or desktop, hence the name.
These computers come in two models or casings. In Desktop model, the
system unit is placed on the desktop or table. Monitor is placed on the
system unit. In Tower model, both monitor and system unit are placed on
the table.

Tower Model computer

Portable Computer
Portable is a personal computer that can be carried from one place to
other easily. Notebook computer and handheld computer (smart phone)
are examples of portable computers. Notebook computer is also called
laptop computer. Laptop computers are very small in size and can be
placed easily on lap.

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Lap top computer or notebook computer

Hand held computer

Handheld Computers (like smart phone) are also potable. Handheld computer is also
known as palmtop computer. It easily fits in the hand of the user.
Uses of Micro Computer
The PC is the most common type of computer used in the office. It is now widely
used in many homes. These are also used for business and engineering application.
2. Mini Computers
Mini computers were introduced in the 1960s. Mini computer is larger and more
powerful computer than personal computer. It can execute five million instructions
per second. It generally consists of two or more processors.

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Mini computer can serve up to 4000 connected users simultaneously. It is normally

accessed by users via personal computer or terminal. A device with a monitor and
keyboard is called terminal. It is also known as dumb terminal. It has no processing
power and cannot work as stand-alone computer. Examples of mini computers are:
• VAX-8800
• AS 400.

Uses of Mini Computers

Mini computers are often used by small and medium-sized companies to provide
centralized store of information.
3. Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers were introduced in 1975. A mainframe computer is a very
large computer in size. It is more powerful than mini computer. It consists of multiple
processors. It is designed to perform multiple tasks for multiple users at the same
time. Mainframe computers can serve up to 50,000 users at the same time.

The users access a mainframe computer through terminal or personal computer. A

typical mainframe computer can execute 16 million instructions per second.
Examples of mainframe computers are
• NEC 610
• DEC 10
Uses of Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers are used in large organizations. For example, airlines use
these computers for ticket reservation system. NADRA - The Computerized National
Idenity Card Issuer in Pakistan - uses mainframe computers to maintain the
information of population.
4. Super Computers
Super computers were introduced in 1980s. Super computer is the fastest computer.
Super computer is the biggest in size and the most expensive in price than any other
computers.

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It is the most sophisticated, complex and advanced computer. It has a very large
storage capacity. It can process trillions of instructions in one second. Super
Computer is the fastest and most powerful computer of a time. Supercomputers are
very
expensive. Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks. Super
computers are used for specialized applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations. Supercomputers were designed primarily by computer
scientist - Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC).
Uses of Super Compters include:
1. Weather forecasting,
2. animated graphics like in Hollywood movies,
3. fluid dynamic calculations,
4. nuclear energy research,
5. space science
6. Weapon and missile design
7. and petroleum exploration etc.
Today, supercomputers are produced by traditional companies such as Cray, IBM
and Hewlett- Packard, who had purchased many of the 1980s companies to gain
their experience. Since October 2010, the Tianhe-1A supercomputer has been the
fastest in the world; it is located in China.
The main difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a
supercomputer channels all its power into executing a single program as fast as
possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs
concurrently. The modern super computer consists of thousands of microprocessors.
Super computer uses high-speed facilities such as satellite for online processing.
Examples of super computers are CRAY-XP, ETA-10, and Deep Blue and above all
Todays number one super computer is Tianhe-1A supercomputer of China. Aircraft
companies use super computer to simulate aircraft and check its performance.
Many Hollywood movies use it for animation purposes.

What are the basic operations of a computer

There are five basic operations of a computer as follows:
1. Inputting
It is the process of entering data and instructions into computer system. Input is
performed by input devices like keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera and
microphone etc.

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2. Storing
It is the process of saving data and instructions to make them available as and when
required in future. Data and programs are stored on permanent storage devices,
especially on hard disk. Other permanent storage media include CD - Compact Disk,
DVD - Digital Video Disk and Zip Disk etc.
3. Processing
It is the process of performing arithmetic and logical operations on data to convert
them into useful information. Processing is performed by CPU- Central Processing
Unit. CPU is also called Processor. It is the brain of computer.
4. Outputting
It is the process of producing useful information after processing data, for example,
printed reports for user. Output is presented by output devices like monitor, printer
and speakers.
5. Controlling
It is the process of directing and controlling the manner and sequence in which all
above operations are performed. Control Unit will control operations and
components of a computer. Control Unit is a part of the processor.

Explain The Concept of A Computer System

A system is a set of inter related components that work together to fulfill a purpose.
For example a Road Transportation System will consist of the parts - roads, vehicles-
trucks, buses, vans, cars etc, passengers, the staff for ticketing and maintenance of
vehicles and roads etc. And the transportation system will fulfill the purpose of
carrying of passengers and luggage from place to place. Computer system consists
of the following four parts:

1. Hardware
2. Software
3. Data
4. User

1. Hardware
The mechanical devices that makeup the computer are called HARDWARE, for
example, Keyboard, hard disk, monitor, processor and mother board etc. Hardware

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are physical devices. They can be touched. Hardware device are interconnected and
perform input, processing and output operations.

2. Software
Software is the set of instructions given to computer to perform a task. Software tells
the computer what to do. System Software like operating systems are used to
manage components and operations of computer. Application Software like MS Word
and MS Excel are used to solve specific problems of the user, for example creating
documents or preparing Student Result Sheet etc. Thousands of different software
are available for use on PC.
3. Data
Data is the collection of raw facts. Data processing is the primary job of a computer.
Computer processes data in many ways to convert them into useful information.
Processed data becomes information. For example, during census, data of all
citizens is collected. Census data is used to get report/information about total
population of a country and literacy rate etc.
4. Users
People that operate the computer are called computer operators or computer users.
Users use computer to solve different problems. For example, in a college a
computer operator in Examination Section will feed marks obtained by students in a
software like MS Excel. He/ She will perform certain functions and formulae to
calculate percentage and grade of each student and prepare a result sheet. This
result sheet will show the marks obtained, percentage, grade and Fail/ Pass status of
every student.

What are uses of computer at Home

Uses of Computer
Today, computer is used in almost every field of life. The use of computer has made
different tasks very easy for us. Computer has made a very vital impact on our
society. People are using computers for performing different tasks quickly and easily.
In fact, computer has made our life more comfortable.

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Uses of Computer at Home

Computer can be used at home in the following ways:
1. Home Budget
Computer can be used to manage the home budget. You can easily calculate your
expenses and income with the help of a software like Microsoft Excel. In MS Excel
you can prepare a simple worksheet to calculate your daily expenses and income.

2. Computer Games
An important use of computer at home is playing games. Different types of games
are available. And if you have internet connection, then you can play games online,
too. You can download PC games free from many websites. Computer games are
especially played by school going children.
3. Entertainment
You can watch movies, hear songs and find information on Internet. Video and audio
songs, movies, TV shows or dramas are some of the entertainment media that can
be accessed by internet enabled computer.
4. Information
You can find any type of information from Internet. You can download books to
improve your knowledge. You can use search engine, specially the giant Google
Search Engine, to find information you want. Internet is a huge database of
knowledge on every topic.
5. E-Mail
You can send and receive messages and information by E-Mail. You can
6. Chatting / Instant Messaging
You can chat with your friends on Internet by instant messaging. You can also talk
with them.
7. Searching For Jobs
You can search jobs sitting at home and browsing internet on your computer. There
are many job searching websites. Most of these websites provide daily Email in your
inbox with the jobs postings of your interest.
8. Online Shopping
With the help of your computer and internet, you can buy any thing online and pay by
credit cards.
9. Online Banking
E-Banking or online banking is the great facility for maintaining your financial
transactions online. Moreover, you can pay your utility bills from your account while
sitting at home.

Uses Of Computer in Business Organizations

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Now-a-days, computers are the essential part of any business organization.

Computers are used in business companies for performing different tasks like
Record Maintaining, Stock management, Pay Roll Systems, Business
Correspondence and Business Communication etc, Computer can be used in
business in the following ways:

 Marketing
Any business organization can use computers for marketing their products.

 Stock Exchange
Many stock exchanges are using computers for conducting bids. Stock brokers are
using computers to perform all business functions in stock exchange.

 Banks
These days, banks are incomplete without computers. Banks are using computers to
record Daily Customer Transactions. Every bank is using a customized software like
Accounts Maintenance System. Accounts Maintenance System manages all
customer financial dealing records through bank. The use of computers in banks has
provided many benefits. It saves a lot of time and provides convenience for the
customer.

 Email
E-Mail stands for Electronic Mail. By E-Mail, you can send and receive messages.
You can also attach files of different types with email message. No doubt, E-Mail is a
faster and cheaper way of communication.

 Payroll system
Computerized pay roll system is used in different organizations to maintain pay
accounts of employees, easily and quickly.

 Stock system
Computerized stock system is used to record number of items in stock of any
organization efficiently.

 Fax
Computers can be used to send and receive faxes. Different Fax Software are
available in market for this purpose.

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 Documentation
Word processor software like MS Word is used to prepare different types of
documents like letters, applications and other documents.

 Graphics
Graphics software like Adobe Photoshop or Corel Draw are used for image editing
and preparing posters and cards etc.

 Presentation
Power point can be used to prepare good looking computerized presentations for
business.

 Spreadsheet

Spreadsheet software like Excel can be used to prepare computerized worksheets

and carts.

 Accounts department

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Accounts department can use Accounting software like LedgerSMB, BizCorei and
Microsoft Excel to prepare different accounting documents like balance sheet, Trial
balance, Ledger and bank reconciliation etc.

Uses Of Computer In Education Field

Computer can be used in education in the following ways:

 Computers In Teaching and Learning Process ( Computer Aided Learning -

CAL )
Computers are being used actively in educational institutes to improve the learning
process. Teachers can use audio video aids through computer to prepare lesson
plans. They can use Microsoft Power Point to prepare electronic presentations about
their lectures. These electronic presentations will be displayed on multimedia
projectors in class rooms. This will be interesting and easy to learn for students.
Multimedia presentations are easy to deliver for teachers too. Computers will be
helpful for:

1. Instructing the students using PowerPoint slides, Word documents or

Web pages and using hyperlinks for better concept clarity.
2. Helps in improving pronunciation of students by using microphones,
headphones, speakers, specially
prepared software and special dedicated websites.

3. Encouraging the students to use internet, surf web pages and gather relevant
detailed information
through search engines.

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 CBT (Computer-Based Training)

CBT stands for Computer Based Training. In CBT, we prepare different educational
programs with the help of professional teachers and audio visual aids. These
educational programs are generally in the shape of lectures on a specific subject.
These programs are provided on CDs.

 Online Education
Many web sites provide online education. You can read or download educational
material and books. For example, Virtual University of Pakistan is an Online
Educational Institution. Students use internet to access VU website. The students log
in to their accounts and e-mail boxes. They interact with different teachers online.
They receive and submit their assignments and work through internet to their
teachers.

 Research
Computers are also used for research work. Internet is a huge source of information
on any topic. Different researchers can share their research work using Internet.

 Institute Administration

Computers are being used to perform many tasks in educational institutions, easily
and quickly:
o Keeping Records of students
o Storing Records of employees of school / college
o Managing Accounts of the institution

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o Fees collection and maintenance of fees record.

o Circulation of instruction/notices and getting it in printed form
o Preparation of school/ college magazine, etc.

Uses Of Computer in Medical Field

Today Computers are an essential part of an hospital. Doctors and administration
staff uses computers to manage patient history and medicine stocks etc. Computers
play a key role in the medical field. Their uses include storing patient related data,
housing knowledge bases, providing the logic and circuitry for medical equipment,
scanning and imaging the body, and facilitating speedy communications. Computers
can be used in medical field in the following ways:

 Hospital Administration
We can computerize the accounting, payroll and stock system of the hospital. We
can keep the record of different medicines.

 Recording Medical History Of Patients

Computer can be used to store the medical history of the patients. Medical history is
very important for patients as well as doctors. Doctors may better prescribe the
medicines on the basis of the medicines used in past for a particular patient and the
results obtained. Database Management System software is used to store Patient
records efficiently. are stored on computer databases in the medical field. The
medical history of a patient includes physical symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, and
even family medical history. Details of the medications prescribed are stored
together with details of any that can not be prescribed, such as an allergy to
penicillin. Appointments are scheduled using a computer database. Billing
information is also stored. Hospitals and surgeries depend on computers for
administrative and financial functions.

 Monitoring Systems
Many computerized devices are used to monitor the blood pressure, heartbeat and
brain of the patients. Computers guide in some surgical operations, too. For example
in laparoscopic surgery, the surgeon inserts the medical tools and a small camera,
and conducts the operation with the help of computers and monitors. Computers
also monitor heart rates, pulse rates and brain readings. Therefore, we conclude that
computers make this possible to deal with such complicated operations. It would be

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virtually impossible for a human to do this.

 Diagnosis of Diseases
Computers are being used to diagnose diseases with the help of software. There are
some Medical Software to diagnose diseases and prescribe medicine on the basis of
symptoms.

 Life Support system

Life support systems are used to help disabled persons, for example hearing aid
device for deaf people. Latest life support devices use computer technology to help
the disable people, to overcome their disabilities.

 Faster and Cheaper Communications

Doctors and other staff can use internet to communicate to doctors in other parts of
the world, for sharing information on medical topics or even about a particular patient
case. They can exchange pictures, reports and other documents, too.

 Clinical Image Processing

Computers are being used in Medical Radiology / Diagnostic Imaging. Computers
play an role in all types of clinical image processing like CT scan and ultrasound.
Ultrasound uses sound waves that bounce off body parts, producing echoes. A
computer translates the echoes into images, showing broken bones, muscle
problems, or changes in organs, accurately.

Uses Of Computer In Industry

Computers are used in industry in different types of systems. Computer-controlled
robots are used to perform many complicated jobs in industry. Robots are computer
controlled programmable machines. They can perform mechanical jobs, too, like pick
and place different parts, welding or painting cars etc.

 Automated Production Systems

Today, computer-controlled robots are used to assemble cars. No doubt, these
systems work faster than human beings. Another popular and efficient use for
computer controlled robots is in the field of spray painting. The consistency and
repeatability of a robot's motion have enabled near perfect quality painting while at
the same time wasting no paint and leaving no place without paint.

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Perhaps the most popular applications of robots are in industrial welding. The
repeatability, uniformity quality, and speed of robotic welding is unmatched.
Computer controlled Robots can be found in the manufacturing industry, the military,
space exploration, transportation, and medical applications.

 Design Systems
Computer programs are used to design the model of a product on the computer. This
process is called Computer Aided Design or CAD. Due to CAD, we can test the
designed product with the help of computer. When the design is completed
successfully, the actual product is manufactured.

Uses Of Computer In Science

Today, computers are being used in every field of life. Here we discuss Uses of
Computers in Science:

Data Collection
Scientists use computers to collect data and make hypotheses on the basis of
collected data.

Analysis and Testing Of Data

Scientists use computers to analyze collected data and test their hypotheses.

Exchanging Information
Scientists use computers to exchange information with their colleagues. Different
Researches all over the world can share their research with one another. This will be
helpful for research because this will increase the rate of completion of research
projects.

Simulation of Different Events

Scientists may use computers for simulation of complex events. For example, they
can use computer simulation to predict about the affects of earthquake on buildings
in a particular area. They may use computer simulation to know the effects of rapid
population increase on weather conditions. In fact, computer simulation of such
complex events will save time as well as cost. Computer simulation can also provide
a feasible solution to many problems.

Use Of Computer in Medical Science

Computers may also be used to simulate the functions of parts of human body. For
example, computers may simulate cell division, internal structure of molecules, a
virus or bacteria attack etc.

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Uses of Computer in Space Science

Computers are playing an important role to explore the outer space. The computers
are mostly used to collect space data, perform experiments and prepare results.
Computers are used to operate certain machines and robots to collect information
from space and send it back on earth.

Part-2

Computer Hardware

What are Different Types of Hardware

What is Hardware?
The physical parts of a computer are called hardware. Hardware can be
touched or seen by us. For example, hard disk, mouse, keyboard, CD, CD-
ROM Drive, Floppy Disk, Speakers, Modem and Printers - all are computer
hardware.Different types of hardware components are as follows:

1. Input devices
Input devices are used to enter data and instructions into computer.
Examples of input devices are:
Keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera etc.

Microphone

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Mouse

Keyboard

2. The Central Processing unit

Central processing unit is the brain of the computer. It is also called CPU
or Processor. Intel is the leading manufacturer of microprocessors. For
example, Intel Pentium IV 3.2 MHz is an example of a cpu.

CPU or Microprocessor or simply Processor

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3. Output devices
Output devices are used to show the results of processing to the user. For
example monitor, printer, plotter, speaker and data projector are out put
devices.

Speakers

LCD Monitor

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Printer

4. Memory chips
Memory is a component of a computer to store data and instructions. RAM
is an example of memory chip. It stands for Random Access Memory.
Every program to be executed is loaded in RAM from hard disk. CPU
executes the programs loaded in RAM.RAM is a temporary memory, all
data and programs are lost from RAM, when computer is turned off. ROM
stands for Read Only Memory. ROM is permanent memory chip; we
cannot change or delete its contents. It is a non-volatile memory.

ROM shape 1

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RAM

ROM shape 2

5. Storage devices
Storage Devices are used to store large amounts of data permanently. For
example: hard disk, CD, DVD etc. are storage devices. Moreover, Zip Disk
and Floppy disk is also considered as storage devices.

Hard Disk

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DVD ROM

Floppy Disk

ZIP Disk

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CD ROM

6. Communication devices
Communication devices are used to send and receive data from one
computer to another. For example Modem, Network Interface Card, Hub,
switches, routers, gateways and even networking cables are included in
communication devices

Wireless PCI NIC Card

External Modem

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LinkSys Router

What are Different Types of Input Devices

INPUT DEVICES

Input devices are used to enter data and instructions into computer memory from
external world. Examples include: Keyboard, Mouse, Track ball, Track Pad, Joy stick,
Touch Screen, Light pen, Touch Screen, Scanner, Digital Camera, Microphone,
Graphics tablet. They perform three main functions

1. Receive data from user

2. Convert data into binary form [the language of 0 and 1 also called the machine
language. Machine language is the only language, a computer can understand
directly.]
3. Provide converted data to computer memory for processing

1. Key board

Keyboard is the most familiar input device. It is most widely used input device to
enter data and instructions into the computer. Keyboard has a set of keys like a

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typewriter. It has alphabetic keys for A,B,C…Z or a,b,c,…z. It has numeric keys like
0,1,2,3,…9. It has function keys F1,F2,…F12 used to perform specific tasks.
It has other keys used for editing like Delete, Backspace, Home, End, etc.

2. Mouse

Mouse is an input device used to control motion of pointer on screen. A mouse has
two or three buttons called Left, Right and Middle button. Buttons are used to
perform different functions. It has a rubber or metal ball inside its body. Mouse is
rolled over a flat surface called mouse pad. The movement of ball is detected by
internal circuits of mouse. These circuits convert this movement into digital signals,
which are sent to computer. Mouse is used in graphical applications. It is also used
for playing video games on computer.

3. Track Ball

Track Ball is an input device like a mouse. It is used in Lap top computers to control
motion of pointer on screen. It is a pointing device like upside down mouse. It has a
ball on its upper side. This ball is moved by fingers or thumb and the pointer moves
accordingly on screen.

4. Track Pad

Track pad is a pointing input device. It is used in Lap top computers to control motion
of pointer on screen. Track pad is a stationary input device. It has a flat surface of

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1.5 to 2 square inch. Finger is moved on this surface to move pointer on screen.

5. Joy stick

Joystick is an input device used to play games on computer. It is used to control

motion of an object quickly in game with the help of a hand held stick. This stick can
be moved forward, backward or side ways. This stick is mounted on a ball. When
stick is moved then ball is moved and signals are sent to the computer.

6. Light Pen

Light pen is an input device consisting of a special pen that is connected to a

computer's monitor. The user points at the screen with the pen and selects items or
chooses commands either by pressing a clip on the side of the light pen or by
pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen (the equivalent of performing

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a mouse click).

7. Microphone

Microphone is an input device used to enter sounds into the computer. We can
record sounds in computer with the help of microphone and sound card.

8. Scanner

Scanner is an input device. It is used to save pictures or text on paper into computer
memory. It converts picture or text on paper in to binary form and saves it in
computer memory. With the help of scanner we may save our time to type a lot of
text. For example, if we have a book and wish to enter the whole text of book in to
computer. It will be a long, tedious and time consuming job. But if we use a scanner,
we can do this with in less time. We can scan each page of book. Editing of the
scanned text is also possible. So our job will become very easy with the help of a
scanner.

9. Graphics tablet / digitizer

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A graphics tablet consists of a special pen called stylus and a flat pad. The image is
created on the monitor screen as the user draws it on the pad with the help of stylus
(special pen). Graphics tablet is also called a digitizer.

10. Touch Screen

In ATM and in latest smart phones, touch screen is used to receive input from the
user. The user enters data by the touch of his finger on different menu options or
icons present on touch screen.

11. Digital Camera

A digital camera is one of the latest input devices. We can take pictures with he help
of digital camera. These pictures are saved on digital camera's internal memory.
There is no need of a film role as used in traditional cameras. Later on we can easily
input these pictures with the help of a data cable into computer's memory. Latest
digital cameras can take still snapshots and can record video as well.

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Explain Different Types Of Output Devices

Output devices

Out put devices are used to display results of processing to the user. They perform
the following functions:

1. Receive results from memory

2. Convert data into human readable form
3. Display results to the user

Examples include: Monitor, printer, plotter, speaker, and multimedia

projector.

1. Monitor

LCD Monitor

CTR Monitor

Monitor is the most commonly used output device used to display results of
processing. It has a TV like shape. Pictures on monitor are formed with picture

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elements called PIXEL. Monitors may be Monochrome that will display results in
Black & White. Color Monitors are also available. They display results in multi colors.
Monitor produces soft copy output.

2. Printers

Printers are used to produce hard copy out put. They print processing results on
paper. Printers are divided into two main categories:
· Impact Printers
· Non Impact printers

Impact Printers.

These printers print with striking of hammers or pins on ribbon. For example Dot
Matrix printer and daisy wheel printers are impact printers.

Non-Impact Printers.

These printers do not use striking mechanism for printing. They use
electrostatic and laser technology. Quality and speed of these printers is
better than Impact printers. For example Laser printer and Inkjet printers
are non-impact printers.

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3. Speaker

Speakers for Desktop

computer

Speaker produces sound output. We can listen recorded voices, sounds or music
with the help of speaker. Speaker produces sound output with the help of sound
card.

4. Plotter

Plotters are used to draw different designs of buildings or internal structure

of machines. Mostly Engineers and Architects use plotters.

5. Multimedia Projector.

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Multimedia Projector

Multimedia projector is used to produce computer output on a big screen. These are
used in meeting rooms or in classrooms of educational institutes.

Explain Parts of CPU and its Working

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT / CPU / Microprocessor / Processor

Central processing unit is the brain of computer. It is also called CPU or

processor. Processor is used to process data according to given
instructions. It performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. It
controls all activities of different parts of a computer. As brain in human
body controls all other parts of body and takes decisions, CPU controls all
other parts of the computer and their working. A CPU has three basic
parts: Arithmetic Logic unit, Control unit and Registers.

Figure: Microprocessor or Processor or CPU or Central Processing Unit

1. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

ALU performs data processing according to given instructions. All computations are
done in this unit. ALU is the real place in computer where actual execution of
instructions takes place. ALU may be further categorized into two sections according
to their function:
ARITHMETIC SECTION of ALU performs arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division on data.
LOGIC SECTION of ALU performs logical operations like comparison between two
values. For example, 10>5 will give TRUE answer. And 5<1 will give FALSE answer.
Control unit sends data and instruction to perform calculation on the data to the ALU.
ALU then performs this calculation.

2. CONTROL UNIT

Control unit controls all over operations of different parts of computer. For example it
takes data and instructions from input unit and stores it into memory. It sends data to

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ALU for processing. It takes results from ALU and sends it to output device. It can
also store results in memory. Control unit performs all these functions by giving
commands to relevant part of the computer.
Control unit performs following four functions for executing instructions of a computer
program.

1. Fetching: obtaining instruction from memory

2. Decoding: understanding this instruction
3. Data Fetching: If needed, obtaining data from memory
4. Executing: Control unit sends the instruction and data to ALU for
taking suitable action on the instruction

3. REGISTERS

A register is a very small and temporary memory area in ALU. It holds instruction and
data as long as it is being processed by CPU. When instruction and data is fetched
from memory then it is stored in a register. ALU contains a number of registers for
example AX, BX, CX, DX etc. A Register may be of 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits or more.

What are Dual Devices or Both Input/ Output Devices

The devices that can be used to perform both functions -input and output- are called
Dual Devices. These devices are also called Dual Purpose Devices or Both
Input/Output Devices. With the help of a dual purpose device, we can enter data into
computer as well as we can output data from the computer to outside world. For
example, Dual devices include: Touch Screen Monitor, Modem, Network Interface
Card, Sound card, Hard disk drive, Floppy disk Drive, Magnetic Tape Drive CD-
Writer and DVD-Writer etc. These are also called Input/output devices, because they
perform both functions.

 Touch Screen Monitor

Touch Screen Monitor is an input/output device. It uses a special touch sensitive

screen. The User can enter data by touching icons or menus on the screen. As soon

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as the user selects a command from menu, output is displayed on screen.

Commonly touch screen monitors use sensors to detect touch of finger.

 Modem

Internal modem

External modem

Modem stands for Modulator / Demodulator. Modem is a communication device. It

performs two functions: Modulation (converting digital signal into digital signal) and
Demodulation(converting analog signal to digital signal). It makes possible receiving
data from internet into our computer (input) and sending data from our computer to
another computer on internet(output). Modem sends and receives data from one
computer to another through telephone lines. It links your personal computer to the
Internet through your ISP (Internet Service Provider). A telephone line supports only
analog signals, whereas computer accepts only digital signals. So when a computer
wants to send data to another computer, digital data is converted into analog data
before placing on telephone line. The process of converting digital signal into analog
signal is called Modulation. Similarly, on the receiving computer, modem converts
analog data (from telephone line) into digital data, before it is entered into receiving
computer. The process of converting analog signal into digital signal is called
Demodulation.

 NIC - Network Interface Card

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NIC or LAN card

NIC stands for Network Interface Card. It is used to link network computers for
transmitting data. With the help of NIC our computer can receive data, instructions
and information from another computer (input). NIC will also be helpful to send data
from our computer to another computer on the network (output). NIC is also called a
LAN card, local area network card or LAN adapter.

 Sound Card

Sound card or audio card

A sound card is a computer component that facilitates the input and output of audio
signals to and from a computer. A speaker produces audio output with the help of
sound card. In addition we use microphone to input our voice into computer with the
help of sound card.

 Hard disk Drive

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Hard disk drive is an input/output device. It has read/write heads to read data from
hard disk(input) and to write data to hard disk(output).

 Floppy disk Drive

Floppy disk drive is an input/output device. It has read/write heads to read data from
floppy disk(input) and to write data to floppy disk(output).

 Magnetic Tape Drive

Magnetic Tape drive is an input/output device. It has read/write heads to read data
from magnetic tape(input) and to write data to magnetic tape(output).

 CD-Writer / CD-Recorder

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CD-Writer is an input/output device. It is used to store data on CD. It is used to read

data from CD(input) and to write data to CD(output).

 DVD-Writer / DVD-Recorder

DVD-Writer is an input/output device. It is used to store data on DVD. It is used to

read data from DVD(input) and to write data to DVD(output).

What is RAM, Explain Different Types of RAM

RAM

Ram stands for random Access Memory. Data in RAM can be accessed directly.
That is, we can access data directly from any location of RAM in the same time. This
Random Access quality makes RAM a very fast memory. RAM is volatile. Data and
programs in RAM are erased when computer is turned off. Therefore RAM is a
temporary memory. It is used to store those data and programs, which are currently
being executed by CPU. Ram is also called Primary Memory or Main Memory.

Where RAM memory chip is installed?

RAM chip is installed into one of the memory slots on motherboard, as shown in the
figure:

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Importance of RAM.

1. A Program must be laoded in RAM for execution.

The programs and data currently being executed are in computer's main memory,
that is, in RAM. The programs and data needed by these programs is loaded into
RAM and run from this memory for FAST ACCESS. Because hard disk is very slow
device, every program we run, is loaded into RAM from hard disk first, and then it is
executed by processor. CPU is very fast device, it can take instructions and data to
execute from RAM much faster than from a hard disk.

2. RAM is an Important Factor in increasing Speed of Computer

One of the most important factors affecting the speed and power of a computer is the
AMOUNT OF RAM it has. Normally, the more RAM a computer has, the more speed
and power of working it has.In fact, if a computer with a very fast processor has
inadequate amount of RAM, it may still run slowly, especially when running multiple
programs.

Types of Ram

There are two main types of Ram.

 Dynamic Ram (DRAM)

Dynamic Ram is widely used in personal computers. It is a cheaper kind of RAM.
DRAM loses electric charge with the passage of time, so DRAM needs to be
refreshed frequently. Otherwise, it may lose data. Dram is recharged many times in a
second. Therefore, it is slower than SRAM. Since CPU cannot access the data from
DRAM while it is in the process of refreshing or recharging.

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 Static Ram (SRAM)

Static Ram does not need to be refreshed again and again. So processor can
access data from static RAM faster than DRAM. There is no time wastage in
refreshing the memory again and again. Static RAM is more expensive and faster
than DRAM. Static Ram is used to build a very fast memory called CACHE
(pronounces 'cash' ) memory.

What is ROM Explain Different Types of ROM

ROM

ROM stands for Read Only Memory, because its contents can be read and
used only and we cannot change or delete its contents. It is a non volatile
memory. Its retains its contents even after switching off the computer.
Therefore, ROM does not require electricity to retain its contents. ROM is a
permanent memory. The instructions in ROM are written at the time of
manufacturing by the manufacturer.

Importance of ROM

1. One important reason a computer needs ROM is that instructions stored

in ROM (called ROM BIOS - Basic Input/Output System)execute on start-
up of computer and guide the computer what to do. They make the
computer ready for work.
2. ROM contains a set of start-up instructions to check that memory is
functioning well and check for other hardware devices.
3. These instructions also check for an operating system and load its
necessary part into RAM, so that a user interface for example "Windows
Desktop" is displayed on computer screen. Now computer is ready to work
with. A user now can easily perform work on computer.

Where ROM Chip is installed?

ROM chip is fixed on motherboard as shown in the figure: AMIBIOS

-American Megatrends ROM chip.

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Picture of ROM fixed on mainboard

Another picture of Rom

Types of ROM

Following are the types of ROM

 PROM
PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. Instructions can be stored in
PROM only once. Then it becomes ROM and we cannot change instructions in it.
Initially PROM is a blank chip. Once instructions are written on it, then it become
ROM. Now we cannot change or delete the instructions. If there is any error in
writing instructions then PROM chip becomes unusable.

 EPROM
EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Program
instructions written on EPROM can be erased and changed with the help of ultra
violet rays. So if once we write instruction on this chip with errors, we can erase

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wrong instructions and rewrite new instructions.

 EEPROM
EPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
Program instructions written on EEPROM can be erased with the help of electricity
and rewritten.

Discuss Differences Between RAM and ROM

We have already discussed the topics:
1. RAM and Types of RAM
2. ROM and Types of ROM
Here we discuss differences between RAM and ROM

Sr
RAM ROM
#
RAM stands for Random Access ROM stands for Read Only
1
Memory Memory.
2 RAM is a temporary memory. ROM is a permanent memory.
3 RAM is a volatile memory. ROM is a non volatile memory.
When computer is turned off, all data When computer is turned off, all
4 and programs are data and programs are
erased from RAM. retained in ROM.
RAM is a Read / Write memory. Data ROM is a read only memory. Data
5 can be read and written from ROM only can be read
to RAM. and not written.
Data and programs in RAM can be The contents of ROM cannot be
6
changed. changed.
Data or programs in RAM can be Contents of ROM cannot be
7
deleted. deleted.
The instructions and data are written
The instructions in ROM are
(loaded) in RAM
8 written at the time of
at execution time, when computer is
manufacturing.
working.
ROM contains the instructions that
RAM is used to load data and programs help the computer to
9
currently running. start-up and make it ready for
work.
10 RAM is much faster than ROM. ROM is slower than RAM.
11 RAM has two main types: Static RAM ROM has three types: PROM,

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and Dynamic RAM EPROM and EEPROM

Physically RAM chip is larger than ROM Physically ROM chip is smaller
12
chip. than RAM chip.
Picture of RAM is:
Picture of ROM is:

13

ROM

RAM

Explain different types of storage devices

Storage Devices

Storage devices are used to store data and instructions permanently. Storage
devices are also called secondary storage devices / backing storage devices /
external storage devices or auxiliary storage devices. Examples of storage devices
include Hard Disk, CD and DVD etc.

Why Secondary Storage Devices are Used?

Secondary storage devices are used because:

1. Primary memory(RAM) is volatile and temporary. When computer is

switched off, all data in ram is erased.
2. Storage devices can store large amounts of data and instructions
permanently whereas Primary memory has less capacity of storing data.

Types Of Storage Devices

There are three main types of storage devices:

1. Magnetic Tape 2. Magnetic Disk 3. Optical Disk

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1. Magnetic Tape

Magnetic tape is the oldest storage device. It is made of plastic coated with magnetic
material. Data is stored on magnetic tape in the form of magnetic spots. Tape drive is
used to read and write data on tape. Magnetic disk is sequential access device. It is
slower device than magnetic disk or optical disk. Magnetic tapes are used in reels of
different lengths, for example 200, 600, 1200 feet etc.

2. Magnetic Disk
A magnetic disk is a thin circular metal or plastic disk coated with magnetic material.
Data is stored in the form of magnetic spots. Magnetic disk is random access device.
It is faster than magnetic tape. There are three main types of magnetic disk:
a. Hard Disk b. Floppy Disk c. Zip Disk

a. Hard Disk

The hard disk is also called fixed disk. It consists of one or more metal plates. The
plates are fixed in the drive. Metal plates are coated with magnetic material to store
data. A motor rotates disks. There is also an access arm and read / write heads to
read and write data on disks.
Following are major characteristics of hard disk:
- The storage capacity of hard disk is much greater than floppy disk.
- Now a days hard disks of size 40 GB, 80 GB or more are available.
- Hard disk is covered in a hard jacket and there are less chances of disk damage
due to dust and mishandling.
- Now days Operating system and application programs are installed on hard disk.
- Before using a magnetic disk we use operating system to format the disk.
Operating system divides the disk into circles called tracks. Each track is divided into
pie-shaped areas called sectors. Data is stored in sectors. Each sector can store 512
bytes.

b. Floppy Disk

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Floppy disk is a small plastic plate coated with magnetic material. Data is stored in
magnetic spots. Main advantage of floppy disk is that it is used to transfer data from
one computer to another. Floppy disk drive is used to read and write data on floppy
disk.
Floppy disk is available in two sizes:
· 3 ½ INCH Floppy Disk
It is also called micro floppy disk. Its diameter is 3½ inch. It is covered in a hard
plastic cover. Read/Write window is covered with a metal shutter. When disk is
inserted into disk drive then shutter is automatically opened. It can be write protected
by a notch. Storage capacity of micro floppy is 1.44 MB.
· 5¼ Inch floppy disk.
It is a 5¼ inch diameter plastic plate coated with magnetic material. Its storage
capacity is 1.2 MB. It is not used in modern computers.

c. Zip Disk

Zip disk is similar to 3 ½ inch floppy disk. But it can store 100 MB or more data. Zip
disk drive is used to read and write data on a zip disk.

3. Optical Disk
LASER technology is used to read and write data on Optical disk. LASER stands for
Light Amplification through Emission of Radiation. Laser beam writes on the surface
of optical disk by creating very small holes. The presence of hole represents a One
and absence of the hole represents a Zero. There are following main types of optical
disk.
1.CD-ROM, 2. CD-R or WORM, 3. CD-RW

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4.DVD-ROM, 5. DVD-R, 6. DVD-RW

1. CD-ROM

CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk-Read Only Memory. The data stored on Cd-Rom
can only be read. It cannot be deleted or changed. It is a portable storage device.
Data can be easily transferred by CD Rom from one computer to another. Commonly
it can store 650 MB / 700 MB/ 750 MB data. It is used to store large amounts of data
like Software or audio/video data.We purchase Software, movies, dramas, lectures,
books, wallpapers and other data on Cd-Rom.

2. CD-R (CD Recordable) Or WORM (Write Once Read Many)

CD-R stands for Compact Disk -Recordable. Initially, it is a blank disk. User can
store data on it only once. This is why it is also called WORM(Write Once Read
Many) disk too. Because we can write data on it only once and later we can read
many times. The devices to store data on CD-R are called CD Writers or CD
Burners. We can write data on CD-R only once, but can read data many times.
Because of this write once read many quality, CD-R is often known as WORM(write
once read many).

3. CD-RW ( CD Rewritable )

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CD-RW stands for Compact Disk Rewritable. This is a special type of CD. User can
write data on it, if there is an error in writing data, he may erase the contents and
rewrite again. CD-Writers are used to store data on CD-RW.

4. DVD - Digital Video Disk (DVD-ROM)

DVD stands for Digital Video Disk. A laser beam with a short wave length is used to
create very very small holes on the surface of disk. So there are much more tiny
holes on the surface of DVD as compared to that of CD. Therefore, storage capacity
of DVD is much larger than CD. It can store up to 17 GB or more data. DVD-ROM is
pre recorded and it can contain data like movies, videos and software etc. User
cannot change or delete data from DVD-ROM. It is read only.

5. DVD-R (DVD-Recordable)

DVD-R stands for Digital Video Disk Recordable. Initially it is a blank disk. User can
store data on disk only once. Then it becomes read only. It is normally used to store
high definition video movies. DVD-Writers are used to store data on DVD-R.

6. DVD-RW ( DVD Rewritable)

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DVD-RW stands for Digital Video Disk Rewritable. User can write data on disk many
times by erasing the old data.

What are Pointing Input Devices

A Pointing input device is an input device which is used to control the movement of
the pointer to select items on a display screen. Examples of pointing devices

include: Mouse, Track ball, Joystick, Pointing Stick, Graphic Tablet, Touch pad or
Track pad, Touch Screen and Light pen etc.

1. Mouse

Mouse is an input device used to control motion of pointer on screen. A mouse has
two or three buttons called Left, Right and Middle button. Buttons are used to
perform different functions.

2. Track Ball

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Track Ball is an input device like a mouse. It is used in Lap top computers to control
motion of pointer on screen. It is a pointing device like upside down mouse. It has a
ball on its upper side. This ball is moved by fingers or thumb and the pointer moves
accordingly on screen.

3. Joystick

Joystick is an input device used to play games on computer.

4. Pointing Stick

A pointing stick is a pressure sensitive small nub ( similar to pencil eraser ) used like
a joystick. It is usually found on laptops fixed between the 'G', 'H', and 'B' keys. It
operates by sensing the pushing force applied by the user. The pointer on the screen
moves, when user pushes pointing stick with finger. Normally, it is
used with laptop computers.

5. Graphic Tablet

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A graphics tablet consists of a special pen called stylus and a flat pad. The image is
created on the monitor screen as the user draws it on the pad with the help of stylus
(special pen).

6. Touch Pad or Track Pad

Touch pad or Track pad is a pointing input device. It is used in Lap top computers to
control motion of pointer on screen. Track pad is a stationary input device. It has a
flat surface of 1.5 to 2 square inch. Finger is moved on this surface to move pointer
on screen.

7. Touch Screen

In ATM and in latest smart phones, touch screen is used to receive input from the
user. The user enters data by the touch of his finger on different menu options or
icons present on touch screen.

8. Light Pen

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Light pen is an input device consisting of a special pen that is connected to a

computer's monitor. The user points at the screen with the pen and selects items or
chooses commands.

Different Types of Mouse Input Device

A mouse is a small, lightweight pointing input device. Mouse is moved on a flat
surface to control the movement of the pointer on a screen. A mouse usually has two
or three buttons. These buttons are used to perform different tasks.
Different types of mouse are as follows:

 Mechanical Mouse

Mechanical mouse contains a rubber or metal ball inside it. The movement of the
cursor depends on the movement of the ball.

This mouse is normally used on mouse pad. Mouse pad is a- small flat pad made of
rubber or foam to provide easy movement for the mouse. It protects the mouse from

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dust and dirt.

 Optical Mouse

Optical mouse contains no ball inside it. It uses a device that emits light to detect the
mouse movement. Optical sensor or laser is used in these types of mouse. It is more
expensive than mechanical mouse.

 Wireless Mouse

Wireless or cordless mouse is a type of mouse that does not require a wire to work.
It transmits data using wireless technology like radio waves or infrared light waves.
The receiver is connected to the computer through a serial or USB port.

Types Of Scanners Input Device

Scanner / Optical Scanner
A scanner is an input device for computer. It can scan any printed document with text
as well as images. It will :

 Read any printed paper or picture,

 Convert text or images into digital form
 Saves this converted digital file into computer storage for later use
Uses Of Optical Scanners
You can scan your documents or pictures to:

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1. Store into computer memory.

2. To save lot of effort and time because if you type the whole text on
printed page, it will take effort as well as time).
3. Show image or text on computer screen or on a multimedia projector's
screen.
4. In addition, you can send this scanned document or image to your
friends all over the world with the help of Internet & Email.
5. You can publish the scanned documents or images on your website or
blog.
6. You can apply online and send the scanned images of your academic
documents in any part of the world within minutes.
7. If your scanner supports OCR - Optical Character Recognition, you
can scan a page with printed text and save it in an editable computer file. You
can change or add more contents in this scanned file.
Types Of Optical Scanners
There are different types of scanners:

1. Flat Bed Scanner

A flatbed scanner is the most common type of optical scanners used to scan printed
text and images and save into computer storage as a digital file. It works on the
principle of a photo copier machine. We pickup the cover of the scanner and place
the printed page on the glass surface of the scanner. Now we will instruct scanner
through computer software to start scanning. The scanner will scan with the help of
light and save the digital file into computer storage. If you have an OCR scanner, you
can save your text into editable form. This will save a lot of hard work and time to
enter text by keyboard too. It is widely used in offices, schools, colleges, universities
and homes for common scanning needs. If a book is very rare or difficult to find, we
can scan its all pages one by one. Later on we can take prints of these scanned

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pages through a color printer.

2. Sheet Fed Scanner

A sheet fed scanner works like a fax machine mechanism. In a sheet fed scanner,
pages are entered into scanner like a fax machine.

Advantages of Sheet Fed Scanner

1. A feet shed scanner is relatively smaller in size.
2. It is more portable.
3. It takes less space.
Disadvantages Of Sheet Fed Scanner
1. It requires separate pages to scan. But, it cannot scan a book because
of its binding.
2. It can scan normal papers with normal thickness only.
3. Hand Held Scanner

Hand Held scanner is a small, light weight scanner and portable scanner. It is used
to scan small amount of data like short articles from news papers. It is held in hand
and is moved over the text page or image slowly and smoothly from start to end. Its
scan quality may be lower than flat bed or sheet fed scanner but it can used to
capture small amounts of text or small images, quickly.

SkyPix Hand held Scanner

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This is a portable, cordless hand held scanner that is used to scan and save
important documents, letters, or pictures. It records scanned documents in its
memory card. you can transfer these scanned documents on yor computer for later
use. You can scan and save important news from the news papers or interesting
articles from magazines.

4. Drum Scanners

Drum scanners are used by the Publishers to scan images with details. Drum
scanners use photomultiplier tube technology. In drum scanners, the document to be
scanned is mounted on a glass cylinder. At the center of the cylinder is a sensor that
splits light bounced from the document into three beams. Each beam is sent through
a color filter into a photomultiplier tube where the light is changed into an electrical
signal. And in this way a complete image with immense details can be obtained.
Drum scanners are widely used in publishing industry.

Part-3

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Computer Software

Explain Computer Software With Examples

Software
Software is a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do. Software is the set of
instructions given to computer to perform a task or to control operations of computer.
Software cannot be touched. The hardware cannot perform any task without
software. Software is installed on hard disk. When we use any software it is loaded
into RAM from hard disk.
Examples of software are:

1. MS Word
2. MS EXCEL
3. MS POWER POINT,
4. WinZip
5. Norton Anti Virus
6. MSN Messenger
7. and MS Windows etc.

Microsoft WORD:

MS Word

This software is used to prepare letters, applications, office documents and

all types of documents and books etc.
Microsoft Excel:

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MS Excel

It is used calculations and preparing electronic worksheets for example creating

Employees Pay Sheet or Students Result Sheet.

MS POWER POINT:

It is used to prepare presentations to be presented on multimedia projectors.

WinZip:

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This software is used to store a file as compactly as possible, in the minimum file
size possible. WinZip makes easy to take files from one computer to another and
stores them in less storage space. When we need to use the zipped file, we have to
unzip it or extract it to the original state and size.
Norton Anti Virus:

This software is used to detect and remove virus attacks on your computer.

MSN Messenger:

It is used for online chatting with friends all over the world.
MS Windows:

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Microsoft Windows is the most popular Operating system in the world. First of all,
you have to install an operating system on computer, before it will be ready for work.
After installing the operating system like Microsoft Windows, now you can install
application software like MS Excel, MS Word or games etc. In short, without an
operating system you cannot use a computer.

Explain Different Types of Software

Types of Software

The main types of software are system software and application

software.
1. System Software
System software is a set of programs to implement certain functions in a
computer system. It controls the overall operations and components of a
computer system.
It is the base on which application programs are executed. It is an interface
between user and computer. Operating systems like Windows, Linux and
Unix are the main example of system software. Similarly device drivers
software are also examples of system software.
Examples of system software are as follows:

• Operating Systems
Operating system is software to control overall operations and components
of a computer system. e.g., Windows, UNIX, Linux and Dos etc.
• Utility Programs

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Utility program is used to solve a particular problem of software or

hardware, for example, Antivirus program, disk scanner and File Viewer
etc.
• Device Drivers
Device driver is software that permits a computer system to communicate
with a device. e.g., device driver software for a modem comes with it on
CD. We have to install device driver before using a device.
• Language Processors
Language processor is software that converts a source program into object
program. For example C- complier converts a program written in C
language into object program (machine code).
2. Application Software
Application software is a program needed to perform various applications
on the computer by the user. It helps a computer user to solve specific
problems like to prepare letters and other documents, to create pictures
and advertisements, to perform large calculations quickly etc.
The application software runs on top of the operating system software.
Examples of application software are as follows:
i. Word Processing
Word processing software is used to produce letters, applications and
other documents. Microsoft Word is the most popular application software
used for word processing.
ii. Spreadsheets
Spreadsheet program is used to create electronic worksheets. These
worksheets are used to perform calculations on large amounts of data
quickly and automatically. Microsoft Excel is a popular spreadsheet
program.
iii. Databases
Database software is used to record data of an organization on computer
in compact and efficient form. MS Access, MS SQL Server and Oracle are
examples of database software.
iv. Graphics
Graphics software is used to produce advertisements, posters and pictures
etc. for example CorelDraw and Photoshop are popular graphics software.
v. Communication
Communications software is used to communicate with different people
using Internet, e.g., MSN Messenger, yahoo messenger and Internet
Explorer.

System Software and Application Software:Differences

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Q. Differentiate between system software and application

software
System Software:
System software is a set of programs to control all components of computer and to
manage overall operations of computer system. System software is used as a base
to install and run all application software. Examples of system software include:

1. Operating Systems, like Microsoft Windows, DOS, Unix and Linux

2. Device Drivers like Device driver software of a Printer (found on CD
normally provided with the printer)
3. Utility Programs like AVAST anti virus, Disk Scanners and File Viewers
etc.

Application Software:
Users can use Application Software to perform different applications on computer.
Application Software generally performs a specific task for a computer user.
Examples of Application software include:

1. Wordprocessors like Microsoft Word

2. Spreadsheet Software like MS Excel
3. Database software like Microsoft Access etc.
Difference between System & Application Software
System Software Application Software

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1. It is a set of programs to control 1. It is used to solve particular

computer components and problems of user.
operations.

2. It is general-purpose software. 2. It is specific purpose software.

3. It executes all the time in 3. It executes as and when

computer. Because it controls required. For example, if we need
overall operations and to write a letter, we will open
components of computer. Microsoft Word - an application
software. And after we have
written and printed the letter, we
will close Microsoft Word.

4. The number of system software 4. The number of application

is less than application software. software is much more than
system software.

5. System software is essential for 5. Application software is not

a computer to work. Without essential for a computer to work.
System software (like operating For example, if we need to play
systems), a computer is useless. some games then we buy a game
We cannot use computer CD or download games from
hardware without system internet, and install in our
software. That is why we install an computer.
operating system first of all, after
buying a new computer.

6. Examples are: Windows, Dos, 6. Examples are: MS Word, MS

Unix, Linux, Norton Antivirus etc. Excel, MS Power point etc.

Customized and Packaged Software

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Q. Explain Customized software and Packaged software.

a) Customized Software

Customized software is a type of application software that is designed for a particular

customer or organization. When packaged software does not fulfill needs of an
organization then a programmer / software developer / software engineer is hired.
The programmer will develop needed custom software for that organization
according to the organizations specific needs and requirements.
Student Information software developed for Govt. Post Graduate College of
Commerce, Rahim Yar Khan is an example of customized software. It will be used
to store all related data about students, admissions and examinations etc.

b) Packaged Software

Packaged software is a type of application software that is developed for sale to the
general public. It is also known as off-the-shelf software or Pre-Written software. It
facilitates the people to perform day-to-day activities. Examples of packaged
software are word processing software and spread sheet software.
For example, Microsoft Office is a packaged software. Microsoft Office ia set of
different application software like Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access
and Microsoft Power Point.

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Part-4

Data, Data Processing, Information

Define Data and Information With Examples

DATA

Data is the collection of raw facts and figures. It is without any proper meaning.
Data may be collection of words, numbers, graphics or sounds.
Examples of Data
1) Student Data on Admission Forms
When students get admission in a college. They fill admission form. This form
contains raw facts (data of student) like name, father’s name, address of student
etc.

2) Data of Citizens
During census, data of all citizens is collected.

3) Survey Data
Different companies collect data by survey to know the opinion of people about their
product.

4) Students Examination data

In examination data about obtained marks of different subjects for all students is
collected.

INFORMATION
Processed data is called information. When raw facts and figures are processed
and arranged in some order then they become information. Information has proper
meanings. Information is useful in decision-making. Actually we process data to
convert it into information.
Examples of Information:
1) Student Address Labels
Stored data of students can be used to print address labels of students.

2) Census Report (Total population, Literacy Rate, Male / Female ratio etc.)
Census data is used to get report/information about total population of a country and
literacy rate etc.

3) Survey Reports and Results

Survey data is summarized into reports/information to present to management of the
company.

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4) Result Cards of Individual Students, Result sheets of a

particular Class
In examination system collected data (obtained marks in each
subject) is processed to get total obtained marks of a student. Total
obtained marks are Information. It is also used to prepare result card
of a student.
5) Merit List
After collecting admission forms from candidates, merit is calculated
on the basis of obtained marks of each candidate. Normally,
percentage of marks obtained is calculated for each candidate. Now
all the candidates names are arranged in descending order by
percentage. This makes a merit list. Merit list is used to decide
whether a candidate will get admission in the college or not.

Differences Between Data and Information

Here we are going to discuss the differences between two typical terms of
information technology: Data and Information. Data is a collection of raw
facts and figures about an entity. Data may consist of numbers, characters,
audio, video or pictures etc. When these data is processed according to
requirements, then it is transformed into INFORMATION.

For example, consider Admission system of a Computer College. The

candidates will submit admissions forms filled by them. Now all the facts
and figures and picture of candidate on form is called data. These data
may consist of name, father's name, date of birth, marks obtained, total
marks, address, contact number and a latest photo graph of the candidate.
Now the concerned person in the college office will process these data to
prepare a merit list. He may calculate percentage of obtained marks of
each candidate and arrange the records in descending order by
percentage. This merit list is an example of Information. Information is
useful in decision making. The merit list will declare the names of students
who will have a right to get admission in the college.

DATA INFORMATION

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1 Data is collection of Information is

raw facts and figures. processed data.

2 Data is unarranged and Information is arranged

unorganized.. and organized..

Data Information
3 is un-meaningful. is meaningful.

Data is input. Information is out put.

Data is used less Information is used

frequently. frequently.

6 Data represents facts Information represents

before processing. results (obtained after
processing).

7 Data is not helpful in Information is helpful

decision-making. in decision-making.

8 Data is raw material Information is the

for information. final product of data.

9 Data are unprocessed Information contains

records processed records

10 Data is in large Information is in small

amounts amounts

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11 If data is lost, it is If information is lost,

very difficult (or even it is easily derived from
impossible in some stored data, again.
situations) to re collect.

12 Data is collected by Now we will process

observations, recordings, these temperatures data
interview or survey etc. to find useful information.
For example, if we For example if we
record the temperature of arrange temperatures in
each hour recorded in a ascending order, then we
particular day is called will find the information
temperature data. like:

Minimum Temperature of
the day= 15 C and
Maximum
Temperature of the day =
25 C.

13 Data is the asset of an Normally, information

organization and is not is available for sale to
available for sale to general public.
public.

Data depends upon the Information depends

14 sources for collecting upon data.
data, the collection
methods
adopted and the people
who will collect data.

Explain Data Processing Cycle

After collecting data, it is processed to convert into information. The data is
processed again and again until accurate result is achieved. This is called data
processing cycle.

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Data processing cycle involves following three basic activities:

1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
1. INPUT
It is the process in which collected data is given to computer after converting into
binary form. Input step can be further divided into following steps:

i) Planning
Here objectives of data processing are defined. For example, in examination system,
objective is to process student examination data to get result cards.

ii) Data Collecting

Here data is collected. Data is the raw material for data processing. This must be
accurate for getting accurate results.

iii) Input
Here data is entered into computer.

iv) Verification
Here collected data is verified to determine whether it is valid for processing. For
example marks must be in numeric form.

v) Coding
Data is stored in computer in binary form. Here data is converted (or coded) into
computer readable (binary) form.

2. PROCESSING
Now data is ready for processing. We process collected data to convert into
information. Some important activities in processing are as following:

i) Data Classification
Here data is classified into different groups or sub-groups. So that it can be handled
easily and separately. For example if we collect data about students of a college we
will divide them into D.Com and B.Com class groups.

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ii) Data Sorting

Here data is arranged in some order. So that it can be accessed quickly. For
example we can sort student data by Roll number or name.

iii) Data Calculation/Processing

Here arithmetic and logical operations are performed on data to get the required
result. For example total marks of each student are calculated.

3. OUTPUT
After completing the processing, output is received. Output step involves following
steps:

i) Testing
The results are tested to find if they are according to requirements. And any errors
are removed. If results are not satisfactory then we repeat above-mentioned steps
again and again until the accurate results are found.

ii) Summarizing
Huge results are summarized to make them short and precise.

iii) Storing results

The results are stored properly on secondary storage devices for future use.

iv) Output the result

Here output is produced as softcopy on screen or as hard copy as printout.
Information is sent to different places as needed.

v) Feed Back
In this step we take comments from users about output results. If results are not
satisfactory then we repeat above-mentioned steps again and again until the
accurate results are found.

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Types of Data Processing

DATA PROCESSING
Data processing is the sequence of operations performed on data to convert it into
useful information. These operations may be arithmetic, statistical or logical
operations. We can
arrange or classify data. We can send and receive data from one point to another.
TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING (OR) LEVELS OF DATA PROCESSING)
There are three types of data processing.
1) Manual data processing
2) Mechanical data processing
3) Electronic data processing

1) Manual data processing

In manual data processing data is processed manually. No machine or tool is used.

All the calculations on data are performed manually. This is a slow method and
errors may occur. This is an old method. It was used before the invention of
calculators. But data is still processed manually in many small shops.
Example: A book seller ( a small book shop ) records his daily transactions manually.
He prepares bills by pen,paper and carbon paper ( no doubt, brain is the main data
processor in this case ). At the end of day he will use carbon copies made on a
particular date to know how many books he sold and how much income he got.

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2) Mechanical Data Processing

In mechanical data processing data is processed with the help of devices or

machines. These machines that help the people in data processing may be
calculators and type writers etc. Obviously, this method is faster easier and more
accurate than manual data processing.

Example: Book seller can use a calculator to speed up his data processing system.
There will be a less chance of errors in calculations. Bill calculations will be much
more faster with a calculator and easier too.

3) Electronic data processing

It is the latest and fastest method of data processing. Data is processed with the help
of computer. First of all, data and set of instructions are given to the computer.
Computer gives output results after processing the data according to instructions.
This method of data processing is very fast and accurate. Electronic data processing
is used in banks and business firms, Government offices, colleges, schools,
universities, businesses and other institutes. Electronic data processing is being
used in almost every field of life. Example:Suppose there are 800 students in a
college. There is a manual library sytem in this college. If we want to know which
students have not returned books since one year? We will have to search registers
for 800 students’ record. But computer can do this job with in seconds.

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In short, we can say that:Electronic data processing:

i) is more fast
ii) is less time consuming
iii) can process large amounts of data easily
iv) can present information in more attractive way
v) will give 100 % error free results, if input and instructions are accurate.

Electronic Data Processing In Business

NEED OF ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
Today, no business can exist without information. There is no more business without
information. To improve the business there is a need to improve data processing and
information system. Now it’s the age of competition that involves information
technology for faster and accurate data processing. These days computer is playing
a main role in every field of life. It is also playing a central role in business. In
business, a large amount of data has to be processed daily. It is impossible to
process such a large amount of data without a computer. We know that a computer
can process data accurately and quickly. The need of data processing in business is
clear. Following are the reasons:

1) RECORD KEEPING
An organization cannot exist without records. Record keeping is a difficult and
complex problem. Electronic data processing has simplified it. Receiving, storing,
processing and retrieving records is now a matter of seconds.

2) ACCESSING AND SEARCHING RECORDS

We can access desired record rapidly. In manual processing it will take many days to
search for specific records. With the help of computer records can be searched with

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in seconds or minutes.

3) DATABASE SYSTEMS
Electronic data processing is used to maintain a database for a business
organization. Database is reliable resource of data and information.

4) COMMUNICATION

Users can send emails, faxes and access internet.

5) COST
In electronic data processing, the cost of processing is 10 times less than that of
manual or mechanical data processing. A few can do the whole data processing with
the help of computer.

6) SPEED

In a large business organization, thousands of records are processed daily. This

cannot be done manually. Computer can do this work at a great speed.

7) ACCURACY
Speed with accuracy is the prime goal of data processing. Computer can large
amount of data with 100 % accuracy. Errors and mistakes are associated with
human beings.

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8) NO REPETITION

In manual data processing there are repetition of same records in many files. But in
electronic data processing there is no repetition of records.

9) PAYROLL, ACCOUNTING, STOCK SYSTEMS

In every business organization there is record keeping for pay of employees, stocks
and accounting system. These systems can be maintained efficiently with electronic
data processing.

10) REPORTS
The business data is analyzed by computer. Computer generates reports that are
used by management for decision-making.

Part-5
Internet

Explain Internet and History of Internet

INTERNET

Internet is the network of networks around the world. It is made up of thousands of

smaller networks. It is a global communication system. We can send and receive
information from a city or country to another through Internet.

Main components of Internet are computers, communication media and modem etc.
Modem is used to send and receive information though telephone lines.

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Internet provides following main facilities:

· E- mail
· Chat
· Searching jobs
· Advertising for business
· E-commerce
· Searching information

To use Internet we must have

· suitable computer
· telephone line
· modem
· web browser (for example, internet explorer)
· Internet connection or scratch card of an ISP

HISTORY OF INTERNET
1) ARPANET
The seeds of internet were planted in 1969 by Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) of US department of Defense. ARPA began to connect computers at different
universities and defense contractors. This network was named ARPANET. The goal
of ARPANET was to create a large network using telephone lines that could survive
a nuclear attack or earthquake. Secondly, It also linked researchers at remote places
to share the research work.
ARPANET continued to develop through the 70s. Before the 80s there were fewer
than 100 sites on the e Internet.

2) NSFNET
In 80s US defense department stopped funding the ARPANET. In the mid-80s the
National Science Foundation (NSF) joined the project. NSF developed the network
to connect supercomputer centers in the US.
ARPANET was unable to handle rapidly increasing load of users. So NSF developed
a new and higher capacity network called NSFNET.

3) INTERNET
At this point many colleges and universities were encouraged to connect to the
network. The number of sites began to increase rapidly. There were more than
100,000 sites in 1989. Similar networks were established in other countries in the
world. The ARPANET, NSFNET and other networks were interconnected. The
process of connecting different networks together is called INTERNETWORKING.
So this world wide network of networks was named as INTERNET.

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4) Internet Backbones
NSFNET provided internet connections for academic research. But NSFNET did not
permit users to do private business on internet. Therefore, many telecommunication
companies created their own network backbones. Network back bones consist of
high-speed data lines to carry huge volume of traffic. Local networks connect to
these backbones.
In 1990 ARPANET was shut down. In 1995, government funding for NSFNET was
discontinued. So commercial internet back bone services replaced them.

5) Business on Internet
In the early 90s businesses were allowed on the internet.

6) Internet Service providers

Since 1996, most of the internet traffic is carried by independent Internet Service
Providers. Now at a very low cost, computers of offices, homes, institutes, hotels and
net cafes etc can be connected to internet.

Services Of Internet
SERVICES PROVIDED BY INTERNET
Important services provided by internet are as the following:

1. THE WORLD WIDE WEB

This is also called web or www or 3w. The collection of all web pages in all web sites
on Internet is called www. These web pages provide us information in the form of
text, pictures, audio and video formats etc.

2. E-MAIL
E-mail stands for electronic mail. It is the most popular, cheap, easy and fastest
mailing service. We can send and receive messages on internet with in seconds or
minutes.

3. EMAIL DISCUSSION GROUPS

These are used to discuss different topics with other people by email.

4. NEWSGROUPS
Newsgroups are discussion groups on internet. They are used for free exchange of
information. A user sends a message to the news group site. Other users read this
message from this site and reply. Newsgroups are provided by special computers

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called news servers.

5. ECOMMERCE
It stands for Electronic Commerce. E-commerce means to carry out business
dealings by internet. Examples of Ecommerce include:
Online Banking, Online shopping and online education etc.

6. FTP
FTP stands for file transfer protocol. It is used to transfer files on internet easily and
quickly. Audio, video, graphics and data files can be uploaded and downloaded using
FTP.

7. TELNET
This program is used to access a remote computer on internet. You can access data
and files from connected computer by Telnet. Telnet may also provide you a user
interface on screen. You will give commands to remote computer by this user
interface.

8. CHAT
It is the most popular services by which two or more users can live chat with each
other. We can chat by text or audio or video. Voice chat is just like talking on
telephone. Messenger software like Yahoo messenger or MSN messenger is used
for chatting.

9. GOPHER
A gopher on the Internet is a system for users to search for files via menus or
directory structures. It uses plain English names and is text based only.

SERVICES PROVIDED BY INTERNET

Important services provided by internet are as the following:

1. THE WORLD WIDE WEB

This is also called web or www or 3w. The collection of all web pages in all web sites
on Internet is called www. These web pages provide us information in the form of
text, pictures, audio and video formats etc.

2. E-MAIL
E-mail stands for electronic mail. It is the most popular, cheap, easy and fastest
mailing service. We can send and receive messages on internet with in seconds or

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minutes.

3. EMAIL DISCUSSION GROUPS

These are used to discuss different topics with other people by email.

4. NEWSGROUPS
Newsgroups are discussion groups on internet. They are used for free exchange of
information. A user sends a message to the news group site. Other users read this
message from this site and reply. Newsgroups are provided by special computers
called news servers.

5. ECOMMERCE
It stands for Electronic Commerce. E-commerce means to carry out business
dealings by internet. Examples of Ecommerce include:
Online Banking, Online shopping and online education etc.

6. FTP
FTP stands for file transfer protocol. It is used to transfer files on internet easily and
quickly. Audio, video, graphics and data files can be uploaded and downloaded using
FTP.

7. TELNET
This program is used to access a remote computer on internet. You can access data
and files from connected computer by Telnet. Telnet may also provide you a user
interface on screen. You will give commands to remote computer by this user
interface.

8. CHAT
It is the most popular services by which two or more users can live chat with each
other. We can chat by text or audio or video. Voice chat is just like talking on
telephone. Messenger software like Yahoo messenger or MSN messenger is used
for chatting.

9. GOPHER
A gopher on the Internet is a system for users to search for files via menus or
directory structures. It uses plain English names and is text based only.

Advantages / Disadvantages Of Internet

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ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET

Following are the main advantages of internet:

1. THE WORLD WIDE WEB

This is also called web or www or 3w. The collection of all web pages in all web sites
on internet is called www. These web pages provide us information.

2. E-MAIL
E-mail stands for electronic mail. It is the most popular, cheap, easy and fastest
mailing service. We can send and receive messages on internet with in seconds or
minutes.

3. NEWSGROUPS
Newsgroups are discussion groups on internet. They are used for free exchange of
information.

4. MAILING LISTS
Mailing lists provide information to the users on the selected topics through email.
Mailing lists are maintained by different companies.

5. ONLINE BANKING
Several banks are online now. So we can manage our bank accounts on internet.
Due to online banking, money is transferred from one city or country to another
within seconds or minutes.

6. E-COMMERCE
E-commerce means the electronic commerce. It means that doing business on
internet. Now we can sell and purchase goods from any where in the world through
internet.

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7. JOB SEARCH
You can search jobs on internet. There are many job seeking sites on internet.

8. SEARCH ENGINE
Internet contains a very large amount of information. Search engine is used to easily
and quickly find the required information. Many sites provide facility of search engine
like Google, Yahoo, Find, Lycos and AltaVista.

9. CHAT
It is the most popular services by which two users can live chat with each other. It is
just like talking on telephone. We can chat by text or audio or video. Messenger
software like Yahoo messenger or MSN messenger is used for chatting.

10. INTERNET PHONE

We can call on phone to some one on internet. This is cheaper than calling by
ordinary phone.

11. FAX
Fax messages can be sent to persons that use fax machines.

12. FUN AND ENTERTAINMENT

You can find films, cartoons, audio and video songs on internet.

13. EDUCATION
There many web sites that provide educational facilities. So education can be
achieved online.

14. NEWS PAPERS

Now many newspapers have their websites. We can read news from internet now.

15. DOWNLOAD FREE SOFTWARE

We can download (save in our computer) free software from internet.

16. UPLOAD INFORMATION

We can upload information (send from our computer) on internet. So that this
information will be available for internet users.

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17. HOTEL RESERVATION

You can get reserved a room for you in a hotel. Several hotels are online now.

18. ONLINE SHOPPING

You can do all types of shopping on internet.

19. DOWNLOAD GAMES

You can download computer games from internet.

20. Traveling Guides

You can find information about any country of the world on internet. You can find
maps of any country and big cities.

DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
1. HACKING
Hackers access the important information and programs and may destroy it. Hackers
try to get password of internet users and then access important information.

2. COMPUTER VIRUS
Computer virus is a program developed for some destructive purpose. Computer
virus can destroy your data or software. Virus enters into your computer by internet,
floppy disc, CD or USB flash memory drive. Antivirus software like Norton Antivirus
and Mcafee Antivirus are used to find and remove virus.

3. WASTAGE OF TIME
There are so many interesting facilities on internet. So people use internet for
several hours. In this way valuable time is wasted.

4. EDUCATIONAL LOSS OF STUDENTS

Students spend much time in internet café. So they waste their time and do not
attend their studies properly.

5. ONLINE ROBBERY
Important documents are stolen on internet. Passwords of credit cards are stolen on
internet. This can do financial loss.

6. IMMORAL WEB SITES

There are many immoral sites on internet. This is destroying high values of the
societies that don't allow such sexual material or illegal sexual relations.

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Define Web Server, Web Browser, WWW, ISP

Q. Write notes on the following:

WWW, ISP, WEB PAGE, WEB SITE, WEB SERVER, WEB
BROWSER

WWW
WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is also called web. It is the collection of all
connected web documents stored on different web servers. These documents
contain information in the form of text, pictures, audio and video clips. WWW has
many advantages:
· finding a job
· searching information
· advertisement for business
· weather forecast
· entertainment
· education

Difference between Internet and World wide web:

The main difference between internet and World Wide web is that World Wide Web
is only a service provided by internet. It provides access to web documents. While
internet provides many other services also like FTP, TELNET and chatting etc.

ISP (Internet Service Provider) OR IAP (Internet Access

Provider
ISP stands for internet service provider. It is a company that provides internet
connections to users. For example WOL net, PAK net, CYBER net etc. are ISPs. To
connect to internet, users have to get internet connection from an ISP. These days,
internet scratch cards are also available. ISP will provide you a user name,
password. It will also provide a telephone number to connect to internet.
There are many ISPs these days in every big city of the country. A good ISP has the
following features:
· Low rate
· Fast browsing

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· Fast downloading and uploading

· Good customer support

WEB PAGE
A document created by HTML and found on web is a web page. A web page
contains information in the form of text, pictures, audio and video clips. These web
pages are stored on special computers called WEB SERVERS.

WEB SITE
A collection of related and interlinked web pages is called a web site. A web site may
have many pages. Each web page will provide different information. For example, a
web site for a College can have a Home page, Faculty page, Courses page, Games
page and contact page. Home page is the main page of any web site. We can see all
other pages by links provided in home page. Each web site has a unique address.
For example web address of Baha-ud-din Zakaria University is www.bzu.edu.pk.

WEB SERVER
Web documents are stored on special and powerful computers called WEB
SERVERS. Web servers are permanently connected to internet. When we type
address of a web site in a browser (internet explorer), then web server fulfills this
request. They provide requested information in the form of web page.

WEB BROWSER
A browser is software that is used to view web pages on internet. Many web
browsers are available. But Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome and Internet explorer
are the most popular. We type address of any web site in address bar of browser
and press ENTER key. Then first page called HOME PAGE of web site is displayed
in browser window.

Part-6

Important Objective Type Questions

Important objective type questions 1-50

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1. FTP stand for file transfer protocol.

2. Lady ADA is the mother of computer.
3. VINT CERF is the father of Internet.
4. Nibble consists of 4 bits.
5. Google and Yahoo are the two search engines.
6. TCP/IP stands for Transmission control protocol/Internet protocol.
7. One sector on Hard Disk holds 512 bytes.
8. Dos, window and UNIX are three operating systems.
9. Demodulation converts Analog signal into Digital signal.
10. ARPANET stands for advanced research project agency network.
11. URL stands for uniform resource locator.
12. Charles Babbage is the father of computer.
13. Lady ADA is the first computer programmer.
14. Nibble contains 04 numbers of bits.
15. Name Two Mail service mail Yahoo.com.
16. VOIP stands for Voice over internet protocol.
17. One sector holds 512 numbers of bytes.
18. Name two different Operating systems DOS and Windows.
19. The process of demodulation converts digital signal into analog signal.
20. URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
21. Bit stands for Binary digits.
22. The smallest unit with which any disk can work is called Byte.
23. HTML stands for hypertext markup language.
24. Flow Chart is pictorial representation of an algorithm.
25. Rules that govern the data over Internet are called Internet protocol.
26. Pixel stands for picture element.

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27. MAN stands for matropoliton area network.

28. In Ms Word, short key for changing the case of letter is shift +F3.
29. In Ms Excel, the shortcut key to insert current time is CTRL + : and for
current date is CTRL + ;
30. Byte is the basic storage unit in a general-purpose computer.
31. Flow chart can be regarded as graphically representation of algorithm.
32. LASER stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation.
33. LCD as in LCD monitor stands for liquid crystal display. and LED
stands for Light emitting Diode
34. Information can be regarded as processed data.
35. Collection of 8 bits is called a byte whereas collection of 4 bits is
called Nibble.
36. A word, in computer terminology contains 16 bits.
37. CRT as in CRT monitor stands for cathode ray tube.
38. VAN as a network stands for value added network.
39. ANSI stands for American National standards Institute.
40. Radix for Octal Number System is 8.
41. HUB is an abbreviation for _Hellenic United Backbone.
42. FAT stands for file allocation table.
43. Flow chart may be considered as the graphical counterpart of an
algorithm.
44. Algorithm is a step-by-step procedure to solve a particular problem.
45. (80)10 = (1010000)2 [ divide 80 by 2 repeatedly until quotient is zero,
write down remainders from bottom to top.]
46. ASCII is an abbreviation for American standard Code for Information
Interchange.
47. BCD stands for Binary coded decimal.
48. SDLC stands for system development life cycle.
49. In Ms Office Suite, the shortcut key for CLOSE ALL is Alt + F4.
50. PCI is an abbreviation for peripheral component Interconnect.

Important Objective Type Questions 51-100

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51. (70)10 = (1000110). [ divide 70 by 2 repeatedly until quotient is zero,

write down remainders from bottom to top.]
52. NTFS is abbreviation for new technology file system .
53. USB stands for Universal serial Bus.
54. AGP stands for Accelerated graphical port.
55. Roman number system is an example of non-positional number
system.
56. PPP stands for point-to-point protocol.
57. SCSI is pronounced as Small computer system interface.
58. MS Excel is an example of Applications software.
59. Windows is an example of system software.
60. WAN as a network stands for wide area network.
61. DNS stands for Domain name server.
62. CPS stands for Character per second.
63. BIOS stands for Basic input-output system.
64. LCD stands for Liquid crystal display .
65. POST stands for _Power ON Self Test
66. How many rows are in MS Excel _65536.
67. Modem stands for Modulator and demodulator.
68. CPM stands for Character per minute
69. ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator.
70. EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic calculator.
71. UNIVAC Stands for Universal Automatic Computer.
72. IBM stands for International Business Machines.
73. A Hybrid computer is a combination of both analog and digital
computer.
74. Speedo meter is an example of analog computer.
75. Micro computer or personal computer was introduced in 1970.
76. PDA stands for Personal Digital Assistant.
77. Super computer is used for weather prediction.

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78. Abacus was first computing device developed 5000 years ago.
79. Mouse and keyboard are input devices.
80. Monitor and Printer are two output devices.
81. PROM stands for Programmable Read only Memory
82. EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
83. EEPROM stands for Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory.
84. SRAM stands for Static Random Access Memory.
85. DRAM stands for Dynamic Random Access Memory.
86. Names of two search engines are Google and Yahoo.
87. CMOS stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor .
88. BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System.
89. RPM stands for Rotations Per Minute.
90. The number of bytes inside a sector is fixed, it is always 512 bytes.
91. CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk Read Only memory.
92. CD-R stands for Compact Disk Recordable.
93. CD-RW stands for Compact disk Rewritable.
94. WORM stands for Write Once Read Many.
95. DVD stands for Digital Video Disk.
96. DVD-ROM stands for Digital video disk Read only memory.
97. DVD-R stands for Digital video disk recordable.
98. DVD-RW stands for Digital Video disk Rewritable.
99. USB stands for Universal Serial Bus.
100. CF stands for Compact flash card.

Important Objective Type Questions 101-155

101. MMC stands for multimedia card.

102. SD stands for secure digital card.
103. System Bus is used to connect main components of a computer such
as cpu and main memory.
104. A Port is an interface or a point of attachments.

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105. POS stands for Point Of Sale terminal.

106. ATM stands for Automated Teller Machine.
107. PIN stands for Personal identification number.
108. Kbps stands for kilobits per second.
109. Mbps stands for megabits per second.
110. A port that transmits one bit at a time is called Serial Port.
111. A type of port that transmits many bits at a time is called Parallel Port.
112. LPT stands for Line Printer.
113. Examples of system software are Operating System, Utility Programs
and Device Drivers.
114. Examples of operating systems are DOS, Windows, Unix and Linux.
115. Examples of Utility programs are File Manager, Image Viewer, Disk
Scanner and File Compressor.
116. Software used to detect and remove viruses is called Antivirus.
117. Examples of antivirus programs are Mcaffee, Avast, Symantec,
Norton, AVG and Avira antivirus.
118. Name of two free antivirus programs are Avast and Avira.
119. Instructions of Machine language are written in binary form.
120. Assembly language is a low level language.
121. Names of high level languages are C, C++, Java, BASIC and COBOL.
122. SQL stands for structured query language.
123. A Compiler translates the instructions of high level language into
machine language as a whole.
124. A program written in high level language is called source code.
125. A program in machine language is called object program or object
code.
126. Every computer that is a part of a network is called a terminal or node.
127. A server computer works a s a central computer in a network.
128. The main types of computer network are: LAN, MAN and WAN.
129. HUB is also called concentrator.
130. HUB is also called multistation access unit or MAU.
131. NIC stands for Network Interface Card.
132. Network interface card is also called a LAN CARD or LAN adapter.
133. Names of three network topologies are Star, Tree and BUS.
134. In a mesh topology, every device is connected directly to all other
devices in network.
135. In Simplex mode, data can flow only in one direction.

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136. In Half-duplex Mode data can flow in both direction but not at the same
time.
137. In full duplex mode data can flow in both directions at the same time.
138. Modem is a device that converts digital signals into analog and analog
signals into digital.
139. Modulation is the process of converting digital signal into analog
signal.
140. Demodulation is the process of converting analog signal into digital
signal.
141. Data is the collection of raw facts and figures.
142. Processed data is called information.
143. GUI stands for graphical user interface.
144. Loading and executing multiple programs at the same time is
called Multitasking.
145. Supporting the use of multiple processors is called Multiprocessing.
146. ARPANET stands for Advance Research Project Agency.
147. PROTOCOL is the collection of rules.
148. DARPA stands for Defense Advance Research Project Agency.
149. DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line.
150. ISDN stands for Integrated Services digital network.
151. IRC stands for Internet Relay Chat.
152. IM stands for instant messaging.
153. Domain name is the unique name given to a website.
154. If different parts of same image are linked with different web pages, it
is called image map.
155. A web server is a computer that is used to store information
for users on the internet.

Part-7
Important Short Questions for Computer Test or
Interview for a Computer Job.
Introduction To Computer VIVA
Q1. Define computer, explain characteristics of a computer.
Computer is an electronic machine that takes data and instructions, processes
data according to the given instructions, gives results and stores them.
Characteristics of Computer :

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1. Speed 2. Storage 3. Processing 4. Accuracy 5. Recalling

6. Communication 7. Versatile 7. No Feelings 9. No Intelligence
Q2. Explain uses of computer in different fields of life. OR Explain Impacts of
Computer Technology on Society.
1. Uses of Computer at Home
2. Uses of Computer in Education
3. Uses of Computer in Industry
4. Uses of Computer in Business
5. Uses of Computer in Medical Field
Q3. Write down a note on types of computer.
Types of Computer
Computers can be divided into the following types on the basis of their
working:
1. Analog Computers
Analog computer is used to measure continuous values. It measures a
physical property like voltage, pressure, speed and temperature Analog
computer is mainly used in the field of engineering and medicine.
Examples Analog clock , Speedometer., Thermometer
2. Digital Computers
A digital computer works with digital data. Digital computer uses binary
number system. Binary number system consists of only two digits 0 and 1.
Today most of the computers used in offices and homes are Digital
computers. Examples: Personal Computer-(PC),Digital Score board ,Digital
watch
3. Hybrid Computers
A hybrid computer is a combination of both analog and digital computer.
Examples:
 Hybrid computer devices may calculate patient's heart function,
temperature and blood pressure etc. This calculation may be converted into
numbers and shown in digital form.
 Hybrid computers are also used in spaceships and missile system.
Q4. Differentiate between Analog and Digital Computers
The difference between analog and digital computers is as follows:
Analog Computers Digital Computers
1 Works on continuous values. 1 Works on discrete values.
2 Low memory. 2 Big memory.
3 Slow speed. 3 Fast speed.
Q5. Write a note on “Classification of Computers”
Classification of Computers
Computers are classified on the basis of size, speed and price as under:
1. Micro Computers

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Micro computer is also called personal computer. It was introduced in 1970. It

is used by one person at a time. Examples of personal computers are PC and
Apple Macintosh.
2. Mini Computers
Mini computers were introduced in the 1960s. Mini computer is larger and
more powerful computer than personal computer. Mini computer can serve up
to 4000 connected users simultaneously. Examples of mini computers are:
• VAX-8800 • AS 400.
3. Mainframe Computers
Mainframe computers were introduced in 1975. A mainframe computer is a
very large computer in size. It is more powerful than mini computer. Examples
of mainframe computers are
• NEC 610 • DEC 10
4. Super Computers
Super computers were introduced in 1980s. Super computer is the fastest
computer. Super computer is the biggest in size and the most expensive in
price than any other computers. Examples of super computers are CRAY-XP,
ETA-10, and Deep Blue.
Q9.Explain the basic components/parts of a computer OR Explain the basic
computer organization
There are the following main basic parts of the computer:
1. Input Unit (To enter data and instructions)
2. Output Unit (To display processing results)
3. Central Processing Unit( CPU / Processor) (to process data and
control operations and components of computer)
4. Memory Unit (to store data for processing)
5. Storage Unit (to store large amounts of data permanently)

Computer Hardware Test Interview VIVA

Q1. Define Hardware. What are different types of hardware?

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The physical parts of a computer are called hardware. Hardware can be touched
or seen by us. Different types of hardware components are as follows:
 Input devices (keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera etc.)
 The Central Processing unit (CPU/Processor)
 Output devices (monitor, printer, plotter, speaker, data projector etc.)
 Memory chips (RAM, ROM etc.)
 Storage devices (hard disk, Floppy disk, CD, DVD etc.)
Q2. Define Input devices.
INPUT DEVICES:Input devices are used to enter data and instructions into
computer memory from external world. Examples include: Keyboard, Mouse,
Track ball, Track Pad, Joy stick, Touch Screen, Light pen, Touch Screen, Scanner,
Digital Camera, Microphone,
Q3. Define Output device.
Output devices:Out put devices are used to display results of processing to the
user. They perform the following functions: Examples include: Monitor, printer,
plotter, speaker
Printers
Printers are used to produce hard copy out put. They print processing results on
paper. Printers are divided into two main categories:
 Impact Printers
 Non Impact printers
Impact Printers.
These printers print with striking of hammers or pins on ribbon. For example Dot
Matrix printer and daisy wheel printers are impact printers.
Non-Impact Printers.
These printers do not use striking mechanism for printing. They use electrostatic
and laser technology. Quality and speed of these printers is better than Impact
printers. For example Laser printer and Inkjet printers are non-impact printers.
Q4. Explain parts and working of Central processing unit CPU.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
Central processing unit is the brain of computer. It is also called CPU or
processor. Processor is used to process data according to given instructions.
1. ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU):ALU performs data processing
according to given instructions. All computations are done in this unit.
ARITHMETIC SECTION of ALU performs arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division on data. LOGIC SECTION of ALU performs
logical operations like comparison between two values.
2. CONTROL UNIT:Control unit controls all over operations of different parts
of computer. For example it takes data and instructions from input unit and stores
it into memory. It sends data to ALU for processing.
3. REGISTERS:A register is a small and temporary memory area in CPU. It
holds instruction and data as long as it is being processed. CPU contains a

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number of registers for example AX, BX, CX, DX etc. A Register may be of 8 bits,
16 bits, 32 bits or more.
Q5. Explain RAM and its types.
Ram stands for random Access Memory. Data in RAM can be accessed directly..
RAM is volatile. Data and programs in RAM are erased when computer is turned
off. Therefore RAM is a temporary memory. Ram is also called Primary Memory or
Main Memory.
Types of Ram: There are two main types of Ram.
Dynamic Ram (DRAM):Dynamic ram needs to be refreshed frequently. Dram is
recharged many times in a second. Therefore, it is slower than SRAM.
Static Ram (SRAM):Static Ram does not need to be refreshed. It is more expensive
and faster than DRAM.
Q6. Explain ROM and its types.
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It is a memory chip fixed on Motherboard.
Instructions on RAM can only be read and cannot be changed. The instructions in
ROM are written at the time of manufacturing.
PROM:PROM stands for Programmable Read Only Memory. Instructions can be
stored in PROM only once. Then it becomes ROM and we cannot change
instructions in it.
EPROM:EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Program
instructions written on EPROM can be erased and changed.
EEPROM:EPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory. Program instructions written on EEPROM can be erased with the help of
electricity and rewritten.
Q7. Write down notes on the following:
1. Flash Memory 2. USB Flash Drive 3. Cache memory 4. CMOS
1. Flash Memory
Flash memory is a form of EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-
Only Memory). It is a form of rewritable memory chip that holds its contents
without the need of a power supply. The memory is commonly used in memory
cards, USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras and mobile phones.
2. USB Flash Drive memory
A USB flash drive is a flash memory integrated with a USB 1.1 or 2.0 interface. It is
used as a small, lightweight, removable and rewritable data storage device.
3. Cache Memory:A Cache (pronounced “cash”) memory is a small and very
fast memory. It is used to speed up the transfer of data and instructions.
4. CMOS memory:CMOS stands for Complementary metal-oxide
semiconductor. It stores configuration information of computer. It is a battery-
backed memory chip. It stores the information about disk drives, keyboard,
mouse, monitor, current date and time, and other start up information.
Q8. Define storage devices. Explain different types of storage devices.
Storage devices are used to store data and instructions permanently. Storage
devices are also called secondary storage devices / backing storage devices /

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external storage devices or auxiliary storage devices. Secondary storage devices

are used because:
Primary/main/internal memory/RAM is volatile and temporary. When computer is
switched off, all data in ram is erased.
Storage devices can store large amounts of data and instructions permanently
There are three main types of storage devices:
1. Magnetic Tape 2. Magnetic Disk 3. Optical Disk
1. Magnetic Tape
Magnetic tape is the oldest storage device. It is made of plastic coated with
magnetic material. Data is stored on magnetic tape in the form of magnetic spots.
2. Magnetic Disk
A magnetic disk is a thin circular metal or plastic disk coated with magnetic
material. Data is stored in the form of magnetic spots. Magnetic disk is random
access device. It is faster than magnetic tape. There are three main types of
magnetic disk:
a. Hard Disk b. Floppy Disk c. Zip Disk
a. Hard Disk
The hard disk is also called fixed disk. It consists of one or more metal plates. The
plates are fixed in the drive.
Following are major characteristics of hard disk:
 The storage capacity of hard disk is much greater than floppy disk.
b. Floppy Disk
Floppy disk is also called diskette. It is a small plastic plate coated with magnetic
material. Data is stored in magnetic spots. Main advantage of floppy disk is that it
is used to transfer data from one computer to another. Floppy disk is available in
two sizes:
 3 ½ INCH Floppy Disk:Storage capacity of micro floppy is 1.44 MB.
 5¼ Inch floppy disk.:It is a 5¼ inch diameter plastic plate coated with
magnetic material. Its storage capacity is 1.2 MB.
c. Zip Disk
Zip disk is similar to 3 ½ inch floppy disk. But it can store 100 MB data. Zip disk
drive is used to read and write data on a zip
disk.
3. Optical Disk
LASER technology is used to read and write data on Optical disk. LASER stands
for Light Amplification through Emission of Radiation. Laser beam writes on the
surface of optical disk by creating very small holes. The presence of hole
represents a One and absence of the hole represents a Zero. There are following
main types of optical disk.
 CD-ROM, DVD, Rewrite-able optical disk
CD-ROM:CD-ROM stands for Compact Disk-Read Only Memory. The data stored
on Cd-Rom can only be read. It cannot be deleted or changed.
 DVD - Digital Video Disk

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DVD stands for digital Video Disk. It is similar to CD-ROM. It can store up to 17 GB
data.
 Rewrite-able Optical Disks
Rewrite-able optical disk is used to read and write data on the disk. We can not
only read data but also change data on disk. Rewriteable optical disks include CD-
RW that is CD Rewritable and DVD-RW that is DVD Rewriteable.
Q9. What are commonly used units of measuring storage?
Units of measurement of storage
Bit:Bit is a short for Binary Digit. 0 and 1 are the only binary digits. A bit can hold a
0 or 1.
Byte:A combination of 8 bits is called a Byte.
1 Byte = 8 bits , 1 KB = 1024 Bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB , 1 TB =
1024 GB
Q10.What are Dual Devices? OR What are dual-purpose devices?
The devices that can perform both functions of input and output are called dual
devices. For example Hard disk drive, Floppy disk Drive, Magnetic Tape Drive, CD-
Writer, Touch screen Monitor etc. These are also called Input/output devices,
because they perform both functions.
Computer Software VIVA
Q1. Define software. Explain different types of software.

Software is a set of instructions that tell a computer what to do. Examples of

software are: MS Word, MS EXCEL, MS POWER POINT, WinZip, Norton Anti
Virus, MSN Messenger, MS Windows, DOS, Unix

Q2. Explain different types of software.

The main types of software are system software and application software.
1. System Software
System software is a set of programs to implement certain functions in a
computer system. It controls the operations and components of a computer
system.

Examples of system software are as follows:

• Operating Systems:Operating system is a software to control overall

operations and components of a computer system. e.g.,Windows, Unix, Linux
and Dos etc.

• Utility Programs:Utility program is used to solve a particular problem of

software or hardware, for example, Antivirus program, disk scanner and File
Viewer etc.

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• Device Drivers:device drier is a software that permits a computer system to

communicate with a device. e.g., device driver software for a modem.

2. Application Software

Application software is a program needed to perform various applications on

the computer by the user. It helps a computer user to solve specific problems.
Examples of application software are as follows:
i. Word Processing
Word processing software is used to produce letters, applications and other
documents, for example MS Word.
ii. Spreadsheets
Spreadsheet program is used for calculations for example MS Excel.
iii. Databases
Database software is used to record data of an organization on computer. MS
Access and Oracle are examples of database software.
iv. Graphics
Graphics software is used to produce advertisements, posters etc. for example
CorelDraw and Photoshop.
v. Communication
Communications software is used to communicate with different people using
Internet, e.g., MSN Messenger, yahoo messenger and Internet Explorer.
Q3. Differentiate between system software and application software
Difference between System & Application Software
System Software Application Software

1. It is a set of programs to control 1. It is set of programs used to solve

computer operations and components particular problems of user.

2. It is general-purpose software. 2. It is specific purpose software.

4. Examples are: Windows, Dos, Unix, 4. Examples are: MS Word, MS Excel,

Linux, Norton Antivirus etc. MS Power point etc.

Q4. What is an Operating System?

Operating System
An operating system is a set of programs that manages all computer
components and operations. Without Operating System, a computer cannot do

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anything. Operating system acts as an interface between a user and computer

hardware. Some popular operating systems are DOS, windows, Unix
Q5. Explain Functions of operating system
Functions of Operating System
1. Process Management 2. Main Memory Management 3. Secondary
Storage Management
4. I/O System management 6. File Management 7. Protection System 8.
Networking
Q6. What is a User Interface? Explain different types of user interface
User Interface is the set of items on screen to interact with the computer. A
user interacts and uses computer with the help of these items. For example,
Windows Desktop is an example of user interface. Similarly Dos Prompt is also
an example of user interface.
There are two main types of user interface:
1) Graphical User Interface
Graphical user interface or GUI provides different graphical items like
windows, menus, tool bars and icons etc. All versions of Windows, Macintosh,
OS/2 and some versions of Unix and Linux provide GUI.
Advantages of GUI: a) Easy to learn b) Easy to use c) Use of
mouse d) Less typing
2) Command line user interface (CLI)
A command-line interface provides a place where user types commands for
execution. CLI interface is difficult to learn and use. We have to memorize
commands. Dos and some versions of Unix and Linux provide command-line
interface.
Q7. Define Program and Programming Language
A set of instructions that tell a computer what to do is called program.
A set of words, symbols and codes used to write programs is called
programming language.
Q8. Explain different Types of Programming Languages.
There are two main types of computer programming languages.
 low-level languages
 high-level languages.
Low Level Languages
These languages are near to computer hardware and far from human
languages. Computer can understand these languages easily. Following are
two low-level languages:
• Machine Language • Assembly Language
Machine Language
A computer language in which instructions are written in binary form(0 and 1)
is called machine language.
Assembly Language
a) Assembly language is a low-level language. In assembly language, symbols
are used instead of binary code. These symbols are easy to remember.

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High Level Languages

A type of language that is close to human languages is called high level
language. High-level languages are easy to understand. Instructions of these
languages are written in English-like words e.g. Print, Display, Write etc.
Advantages:
a) Easy to learn and understand b) Easy to modify c) Easy to remove
errors
Q9. Define Language processor or Translator. Explain different types of Language
processors.
Language Processors / Translator
Computer understands only machine language. A program written in
high-level or assembly language cannot be run on a computer directly. It is
converted into machine language. Language processor or translator is
software that converts source programs into machine language(object
program). Different types of language processors are: • Compilers •
Interpreters • Assemblers
Compiler: A compiler is a program that converts the source program into
machine language as a whole. A program written in high-level language is
called source program. A program in machine language is called Object
program.
Interpreter:An interpreter is a program that converts one statement of a
program into machine code at one time.
Assembler:An assembler is a translating program that translates the
instructions of a program written in assembly language into machine
language.
Q10. Differentiate between: Software & Hardware, Source & Object Program, Low-
level & High-level Language, DOS and Windows,
Difference between Software & Hardware
Software Hardware

1. Software is a set of instructions 1. The physical parts of the computer

that tell a computer what to do are called hardware

2. Computer is useless without 2 Software cannot run without

software. hardware.

3. We cannot touch the software. 3 We can touch the hardware.

4. Hardware is useless without 4 Software is useless without

software. hardware.

Difference between Source & Object Program

Source Code Object Code

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1. Source code is written in high- 1. Object code is in machine

level or assembly language. language

2. Source code is easy to 2 Object code is difficult to

understand. understand

Difference between Low-level & High-level Language

High-level Language Low-level Language

1. High-level languages are easy to 1. Low-level languages are difficult to

learn learn.

2. High-level languages are near to 2, Low-level languages are far from

human languages. human languages.

Difference between DOS and Windows

Windows DOS

1. It is graphical operating system. 1. command-line operating

system.

2. It is easy to learn. 2. difficult to learn.

3. It supports multi- tasking. 3. supports single-tasking.

Computer Internet Test Interview Viva Voce

Q.1 What is internet?

Internet is the network of networks around the world. It is made up of
thousands of smaller networksInternet provides following main facilities: · E-
mail · Chat ·Searching jobs · Advertising for business
·E-commerce ·Searching information

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Q.2 Define :WWW, ISP, WEB PAGE, WEB SITE,

WEB SERVER, WEB BROWSER
WWW stands for World Wide Web. It is also called web. It is the collection of all
connected web documents stored on different web servers. WWW has many
advantages:
· finding a job · searching information · e-commerce · education
· advertisement for business · weather forecast · entertainment
ISP stands for internet service provider. It is a company that provides internet
connections to users. For example WOL net, PAK net, CYBER net etc. are
ISPs.
WEB PAGE: A document created by HTML and found on web is a web page.
A web page contains information in the form of text, pictures, audio and video
clips.
WEB SITE: A collection of related and interlinked web pages is called a web
site. A web site may have many pages. Each web site has a unique address
called URL. For example URL of Baha-ud-din Zakaria University is
www.bzu.edu.pk.
WEB SERVER:Web documents are stored on special and powerful computers
called WEB SERVERS. They provide requested information in the form of web
page.
WEB BROWSER
A browser is software that is used to view web pages on internet. Many
web browsers are available. But Internet explorer and Netscape navigator are
the most popular. Q.3 Write notes on the following:
INTERNET PROTOCOL, URL, DOMAIN NAME, E-MAIL, E-MAIL
ADDRESS
INTERNET PROTOCOL
Internet protocol is the set of rules and procedures used for communication
on internet. Commonly used protocols are as following:
· TCP/IP It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol. It is used to exchange information between web servers and
browsers.
· FTP stands for file transfer protocol. It is used to transfer files on internet
easily and quickly.
· HTTP It stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. It is used to
exchange web pages between web servers and browsers
URL
It stands for uniform resource locator. It is the web address of a web
page or a file on internet. For example:
http://www.bzu.edu.pk
DOMAIN NAME

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Domain name is a unique name given to a website. This name is linked to a

web server where the website is stored. Internet users access your website
using your domain name.
A domain name has two or more parts separated by dots, for example:
www.savings.gov.pk
Domain names consist of a top-level domain [TLD](such as .com, .org, and
.net) .
E-MAIL: E-mail stands for electronic mail. Email is an electronic
message sent or received through internet. We send our textual messages by
email from country to country.
E-MAIL ADDRESS
E-mail address is a string that identifies a user so that the user can
receive Internet e-mail. E-mail address is unique for every user. General format
of an email address is as following:
User ID@Email service provider , for example,
[email protected],[email protected] ,[email protected]
om,
Q.4 Write notes on the following:
FTP, BANDWIDTH, IP ADDRESS, HTML
FTP
FTP stands for file transfer protocol. It is used to transfer files on
internet easily and quickly
BANDWIDTH
The data transfer capacity, or speed of transmission, of a digital
communications system is called BANDWIDTH.
IP ADDRESS
It is a short for Internet Protocol address. This address is a unique string of
numbers that identifies a computer connected to Internet
HTML
It stands for HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE. It is the language to create
and format web pages.
Q.5 What is a search engine, how you can search information on internet?
SEARCH ENGINE
Internet contains very large amount of information. So it becomes
difficult to search some information on internet. To find required information
easily and quickly, Search Engine is provided by many websites. Following is
a list of popular search engines:
1. GOOGLE
Google is the most popular search engine. Its address is www.google.com.
2. YAHOO
It is also a popular search engine. Its address is www.yahoo.com.
3. ALTAVISTA

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Its web address is www.altavista.com.

Q.6 What are ISP EMAIL ACCOUNT (POP3) AND FREE WEB SERVER
EMAIL ACCOUNT? OR Explain different types of email accounts.
There two main types of email accounts:
1) ISP email account or POP3 email account
ISP or POP3 email account is provided by an ISP. It is generally requires email
software like MS outlook express.
2) Web-based Email Account
On the other hand, there are also many organizations on internet that
provide free web based email accounts. These are also called free web server
email accounts, for
example www.yahoo.com, www.hotmail.com, www.gmail.com
Q.7 What is the difference between ISP MAIL ACCOUNT AND FREE WEB
SERVER EMAIL ACCOUNT?
Sr.No. Web based(free) Pop3 (ISP)
1 It is provided by companies like yahoo It is provided by different ISPs
and Hotmail like Paknet, Wolnet etc
2 It is totally free It is not freely available by ISP
Q.8 What are the services provided by internet?
SERVICES PROVIDED BY INTERNET 1. THE WORLD WIDE WEB 2. E-
MAIL 3. EMAIL DISCUSSION GROUPS 4. NEWSGROUPS 5.
ECOMMERCE 6. FTP 7. chat
Q.9 What are the advantages and disadvantages of internet?
ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
Following are the main advantages of internet:
1. THE WORLD WIDE WEB
This is also called web or www or 3w. The collection of all web pages in all
web sites on internet is called www. These web pages provide us information.
2. E-MAIL:E-mail stands for electronic mail. It is the most popular, cheap, easy
and fastest mailing service. We can send and receive messages on internet
with in seconds.
3. NEWSGROUPS:Newsgroups are discussion groups on internet. They are used
for free exchange of information.
4. MAILING LISTS:Mailing lists provide information to the users on the selected
topics through email. Mailing lists are maintained by different companies.
5. ONLINE BANKING
Several banks are online now. So we can manage our bank accounts on internet.
Due to online banking, money is transferred from one city or country to another
within seconds or minutes.
DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET
1. HACKING

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Hackers access the important information and programs and may destroy it.
Hackers try to get password of internet users and then access important
information.
2. COMPUTER VIRUS
Computer virus is a program developed for some destructive purpose.
Computer virus can destroy your data or software. Virus enters into your
computer by internet, floppy disc, CD or USB flash memory drive. Antivirus
software like Norton Antivirus and Mcafee Antivirus are used to find and
remove virus.
3. WASTAGE OF TIME
There are so many interesting facilities on internet. So people use internet for
several hours. In this way valuable time is wasted.
Q.10 What is a web browser?
Web browser is software that is used to access information available on
internet. It is used to view web pages. The most popular web browsers are
Microsoft internet explorer and Firefox
Q.11 Write down notes on the following: 1) Downloading 2) Uploading
Downloading is to receive data from a remote system, such as a website, FTP
server, or other similar systems. We can download data in the form of files
from internet.Uploading means to send data from our computer to a remote
system such as web site on internet.

Computer Networks - Test Interview Viva Voce

Q1. Define Network with example. Give importance of
computer network.

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COMPUTER NETWORK
A computer network is a set of two or more computers connected together to share
information and other resources. The computers in a network can share:
1. Data, information and Files
2. Resources (printers, Cd-Rom Drives, DVD- Rom Drives, CD-
Writers, hard disk, modems)
3. Programs / software
EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER NETWORK
1.
Computer network can be used in an organization's office. Different
employees and managers in the office and organization can share common
information.
2.
Internet, is also an example of a computer network. Internet is a network of
millions of computers connected through phone lines. People can share
information, files and talk with one another through internet.
3.
Internet cafe also uses computer network for internet sharing on all
computers.
4.
A Computer laboratory in a school or college may use local area network
for sharing data and other reources like printers, Cd-Rom drives or hard
disks etc.
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS
Following are some important advantages of computer networks:
1.
Information Sharing
Data and information can be shared by many users.
Hardware Sharing
2. Hardware Resources like printer, scanner, CD-ROM drive and hard
disk can also be shared.
3. Money Saving
We can save a lot of money by using the same software and hardware in a
network.
4. Easy and Fast Communication
We can send and receive emails and share files with other people in the
company or in any part of the world through network or internet.

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Q2. Explain different types of computer networks:

(LAN,WAN,MAN).
Main types of computer networks are: 1. LAN - Local-Area Network 2. WAN -
Wide-Area Network 3. MAN - Metropolitan-Area Network
LAN (Local Area Network)
LAN stands for Local Area Network. It covers a small area. Most LANs are used
to connect computers in a single building or group of buildings. Examples:
Following are two examples of LAN: • LAN is used in a computer lab to connect
computers. The students can share software, files and data in the lab. • In Internet
cafe, many computers can be connected through LAN. These computers can share
single connection of Internet.
2)WAN (Wide Area Network)
WAN stands for wide area network. It covers a large area. WAN connects
computers in different cities, countries and continents. Computers in WAN are
often connected through telephone lines. The largest WAN is the Internet.
Examples of WAN • In air ticketing system like PIA, many offices can be joined
together using WAN. A person can get a ticket from any office in the country. • A
bank with many branches in different cities can connect its branches through
WAN. The customer can use his account from any branch.

3)MAN (Metropolitan-Area Network)

A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that covers an area of the size of
a city. Example: Mobile phones systems often use MAN.
Q3. Differentiate between LAN and WAN.
The differences between LAN and WAN is as follows:

LAN WAN

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1. LAN is used to connect WAN is used to connect computers

computers at one place. anywhere in the world.
2. LAN covers limited area. WAN can cover more area.

3. Data transfer speed is very fast in Data transfer speed is slow in WAN.
LAN.

Fundamentals of Data Processing - For Test, Interview

and Viva

Q.1 Define Data and Information. Differentiate between

Data and Information.
DATA
Data is the collection of raw facts and figures. It is without any proper meaning.
Data may be collection of words, numbers, graphics or sounds.

Examples of Data
1) When students get admission in a college. They fill admission form. This form
contains raw facts (data of student) like name, father’s name, address of student
etc.
2) During census, data of all citizens is collected.

INFORMATION
Processed data is called information. When raw facts and figures are arranged in
some order then they become information. Information has proper meanings.
Information is useful in decision-making. Actually we process data to convert it into
information.

Exapmle of Information:
1) Stored data of students can be used to print address labels of students.
2) Census data is used to get report/information about total population of a country
and literacy rate etc.

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Q.2 Describe types of Data.

There are followimg types of Data.
1) NUMERIC DATA:Numeric data consists of 0 to 9 digits, + and – sign and decimal
point etc.
For example, 10, 78, 90.50, -56 etc
2) ALPHABETIC DATA
It consists of all alphabetic letters A to Z, a to z and blank space etc. For example,
Pakistan, Ahmad, Abdul Rahim, GCC , RYK, Ahmad etc.
3) ALPHANUMERIC DATA
It consists of alphabet letters, digits and special characters like #, $, % etc.
For example, House Number 10-A, 14-August-1947, F-16 etc.
4) GRAPHIC DATA
Graphic data or image data consists of charts, graphs and images etc. For example
a collection of maps of countries, a collection of family pictures etc.
5) AUDIO DATA
Audio data consists of sounds and voices. For example audio naat, radio program,
radio news
VIDEO DATA:Video data consists of moving pictures. For example movie, TV dram,
TV news etc.
6) MIXED DATA:Mixed data consists of combined data of two or more types. For
example, TV drama consists of audio as well as video data.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DATA AND INFORMATION

DATA INFORMATION
1 Data is collection of raw facts and Information is processed data.
figures.
2 Data is not arranged. Information is arranged.
3 Data is unorganized. Information is organized.
4 Data is not so meaningful. Information is Meaningful.
5 Data is input. Information is out put.

Q.3 Define data processing and explain types of data

processing.
DATA PROCESSING
Data processing is the sequence of operations performed on data to convert it into
useful information. These operations may be arithmetic, statistical or logical
operations. We can arrange or classify data.

TYPES OF DATA PROCESSING (OR) LEVELS OF DATA

PROCESSING)

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There are three types of data processing.

1) Manual data processing

In manual data processing data is processed manually. No machine or tool is used.
All the calculations on data are performed manually. This is a slow method and
errors may occur..

2)Mechanical Data Processing

In mechanical data processing data is processed with calculators or other
mechanical devices. This method is faster and more accurate than manual data
processing.

3) Electronic data processing

It is the latest method of data processing. Data is processed with computer

Q.4 Describe how data is transformed into information. OR

Explain Data Processing Cycle.
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
After collecting data, it is processed to convert into information. The data is
processed again and again until accurate result is achieved. This is called data
processing cycle. Data processing cycle involves following three basic activities: 1)
Input 2)Processing 3) Output

Q.5 What is the need of Data processing in business?

NEED OF DATA PROCESSING IN BUSINESS
There is no more business without information. To improve the business there is a
need to improve data processing and information system. The need of data
processing in business is clear. Following are the reasons:
RECORD KEEPING , ACCESSING RECORDS , COMMUNICATION, COST,
SPEED, ACCURACY, REPORTS

Part-8

Computer Networking & Networks

Explain Advantages Of Networks

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Define Network with examples. Give importance of

Computer Network.
COMPUTER NETWORK
We can define a Computer Network as a set of two or more connected computers to
share information and other resources (data, files, printers, hard disk, modem, CD-
Rom Drive, CD-Writer, DVD-Rom Drive, DVD-Writer etc.). The computers in a
network can share:
Data, Information, Files
Software
Hardware (printers, disk, modems)etc.

EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

 Computer network can be used in an office. Different people in the office can
share common information and printer.
 Net Cafes use Computer Network for internet sharing. Net Cafe Owners can
save money by sharing one DSL Routers / Modem and a single Internet Connection.
 Computer Network is used in Computer Laboratories of Schools, Colleges
and other educational institutes.
 Internet, is also an example of a computer network. Internet is a network of
millions of computers connected through phone lines. People can share information,
files and talk with one another through internet.

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ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

Following are some important advantages of computer networks:

1. Data and Information Sharing

Different employees of an organization can share common information with the help
of computer network.

2. Software Sharing
Different software can be shared with the help of computer networks.

3. Hardware Sharing
Different hardware can be shared with the help of computer networks. For example,
if there are five computer users in an office, we can save cost by using only one
printer with the help of computer networking. In a computer network, only one
computer will manage all printing needs of the computer users in a small office. In
addition, we can share other hard ware devices like hard disks, CD-Rom Drives /
Writers, modems, routers and scanners etc.

4. Money Saving
We can save a lot of money by using computer networking, because of sharing the
same software and hardware in a network.

5. Internet Sharing
We can buy only one DSL internet connection and share it with in whole organization
with the help of computer networking.

6. Easy Communication Within Organization

We can send and receive messages and files through network. In this way, a file can
be moved to one place to another within an organization without the need of a
physical worker to take and carry the files to a destination. With the help of a
command in a computer we can transfer file within seconds from one room to
another.

7. Easy Communication Outside Organization

We can send and receive emails and share files with other people outside
organization using internet.

Types Of Computer Networks

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Explain different types of computer networks:

(LAN,WAN,MAN)
Main types of computer networks are:
1. LAN - Local-Area Network
2. WAN - Wide-Area Network
3. MAN - Metropolitan-Area Network

1)LAN (Local Area Network)

LAN stands for Local Area Network. It covers a small area.
Most LANs are used to connect computers in a single building
or group of near buildings. Hundreds or thousands of computers
may be connected through LAN. LANs are used in office
buildings, college or university campus etc. Local Area
Networks can transfer data at a very high speed. Data
transmission speeds of LAN are 1 to 100 megabits per second.
Examples:
Following are two examples of LAN:

 LAN is used in a computer lab to connect computers. The

students can share software, files and data in the lab.
 In Internet cafe, many computers can be connected through
LAN. These computers can share single connection of Internet.
 Local Area Network can be used in an office to share
common data and a network printer and any other software or
hardware.
 A local area network in a digital library can provide
access to centralized collection of digital books for many
readers using different computers in library building.
2)WAN (Wide Area Network)
WAN stands for wide area network. It covers a large area.
WAN connects computers in different cities, countries and
continents. So, Wide Area Networks are used to transfer data
over very long distances across cities, countries or even in
whole world. WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of
networks together, so that users and computers in one location
can communicate with users and computers in other locations.
Computers in WAN are often connected through leased lines
telephone lines. They can also be connected through
satellites. Transmission rate of WAN is 56 kbps to 45 Mbps.
WAN is expensive than LAN. WAN is not as fast as LAN. There is
a possibility of error in data transmission due to very long
distance they cover. The largest WAN is the Internet. With
the help of internet, we can send our data in any part of the
world.
Examples of WAN

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 In air line ticketing system, many offices of an air line

company can be joined together using WAN. A person can get a
ticket from any office in the country.
 A bank with many branches in different cities can connect
its branches through WAN. The customer can use his account
from any branch.
3)MAN (Metropolitan-Area Network)
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that covers an
area of the size of a city. So, a MAN is larger than a local
area network but it is smaller than a WAN. A MAN is optimized
for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from
several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can use
communications channels of moderate-to-high data transfer
rates. It may use fiber Optic cable for fast speeds.
A MAN typically includes one or more LANs but cover a small
area than WAN. A MAN often acts as a high-speed network.
Example:
 Mobile phones systems often use MAN.
 Many local ISPs manage MAN with the help of cable modems
within a city.
 Local cable TV networks also uses MAN technologies.

Differences between LAN and WAN

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The differences between LAN and WAN is as follows:

LAN (Local Area Network)
1. LAN is used to connect computers at one
place, in one room or a building.

2. LAN covers small and limited area.

3. Data transfer speed is very fast in LAN

because of small distance.

4. Local Area network speed is normally form 1

to l00 Mbps.
5. LAN is less costly.

6. LAN is usually connected through wires.

7. Normally,
the connection in a LAN is
permanent using wires.

8. LAN is used for sharing data, information,

files and hardware like printers, hard disk,
modem etc.

9. LAN has less possibility of data

transmission error.

10. LAN is used to transfer data over small

distances.

11 LAN is easy to install and configure.

12 LAN is easy to troubleshoot.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

1 WAN is used to connect computers anywhere in
the world.

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2 WAN can cover larger area. It can cover

cities, countries and even continents.

3 Data transfer speed is slower in WAN.

4 Transmission speeds are normally

56 kbps to 45 Mbps.

5 The hardware needed for a WAN is more

expensive.

6 WAN is usually connected through telephone

lines, fiber optic cable or through wireless
media.

7 The connection in WAN may not be

permanent.

8 WAN is used to share only data and

information like Email and file transfer

9 WAN has more possibility of data

transmission error because of long distance.

10 WAN is used to transfer data over long

distances.

11 WAN is difficult to install and configure

due to connecting computers at multiple and
distant sites.

12 WANs are difficult to troubleshoot.

Bus Topology Advantages Disadvantages

Bus Topology
Bus topology is the simplest network topology. In bus topology, all computers in
network are connected to a common communication wire. This wire is called BUS.
Terminators are used at both ends of wire.

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Advantages of Bus Network Topology

1. It is very simple topology.

2. It is easy to use.
3. It needs small amount of wire for connecting computers.
4. It is less expensive due to small wire needed.
5. If one computer fails, it does not disturb the other computers in network. Other
computers will continue to share information and other resources with other
connected computers.

Disadvantages of Bus Network Topology

1. Only small number of computers can be connected in a bus network.

2. Network speed slows down as the number of computer increases in bus topology.
3. Finding a fault is difficult in bus topology.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Star Topology

Star Topology
Star Topology is the most popular and widely used network topology in local area
networks. In star topology, all computers are connected with a central device known
as HUB or Switch. Now-a-days Hubs are often replaced by Fast Network Switches.
The sender computer sends data to the hub. The hub sends it to the destination
computer. So, all data communication is managed through HUB or Switch.
Note: The major difference between a Networking Hub and Networking Switch is that
HUB sends data to all computers, and the destination computer will accept it while
other computers will not. On the other hand, Switch sends data only to the
destination computer. Therefore, switch can reduce network traffic and hence
provides fast transmission speed.

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Advantages of Star Network Topology

1. Easy Installation and maintenance
It is easy to maintain network. That is why it is so popular.

2. Adding or removing computers

Adding or removing computers can be done without disturbing the network. We
connect the new computer with the HUB by means of a networking cable. One end
of the cable (RJ 45 connector) is inserted in computer’s Network Interface Card and
the other end (RJ 45 connector) is plugged into the HUB, and that’s it.

3. Fault Diagnosis
In a star network topology, finding faults is easy. If a computer is no more connected
with your network, you can check its cable and connectors or network settings in its
Operating system.

4. Network Reliability
Single computer failure will not disturb whole network, since all other computers are
connected with separate links ( wires ) to HUB. Definitely, they will work fine.

5. Better performance
Star topology can prevents the passing of data through an excessive number of
nodes. By using a Switch, at most, 3 devices and 2 links are involved in any
communication between any two devices.
6. Device Isolation
Each device is separately connected to HUB or Switch and is isolated. This is why

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each device works independently.

Disadvantages of Star Network Topology

1. In star network topology, data communication depends on HUB. If
central hub fails, then whole network fails.
2. Since each computer will be connected with HUB by means of a
separate wire, star network topology needs more cable to connect
computers.
3. It is more expensive due to more wires.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Ring Network

Topology
Ring Topology
In Ring topology, each computer is connected to the next computer such that last
computer is connected to the first. Every computer is connected to next computer in
the ring. Each computer retransmits what it receives from the previous computer.
Suppose, computer A needs to send data to computer D. Now the computer A sends
data to computer B. As computer B is not the destination computer, so it will
retransmit data to computer C. Finally, Computer C will transfer data to computer D,
the destination computer. When a node sends a message, the message is
processed by each computer in the ring. If a computer is not the destination node, it
will pass the message to the next node, until the message arrives at its destination.

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Advantages of Ring Network Topology

1. It is relatively less expensive than a star topology network.
2. In a Ring topology, every computer has an equal access to the network.
3. Performs better than a bus topology under heavy network load

Disadvantages of Ring Network Topology

1. Failure of one computer in the ring can affect the whole network.
2. It is difficult to find faults in a ring network topology.
3. Adding or removing computers will also affect the whole network
since every computer is connected with previous and next computer.
4. Sending a message from one computer to another takes time
according to the number of nodes between the two computers.
Communication delay is directly proportional to number of nodes in the
network.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Tree Topology

Tree Topology
Actually, a Tree topology is the combination of two topologies: bus and star topology.
A tree topology combines the characteristics of bus and star topologies. It consists of
groups of computer connected as star topology. These groups are then connected to
a central communication medium (bus cable).

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Advantages of Tree Network Topology

1. Many software and hardware vendors support tree topology.
2. It provides point-to-point wiring for individual groups.

Disadvantages of Tree Network Topology

1. If the main backbone line breaks, the entire tree network goes down.
2. It is more difficult to configure and maintain.
3. If any hub fails, related segment will be removed from the network.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, every device on the network is physically connected to every
other device on the network. Therefore, data can be sent on several possible paths
from source computer to destination computer. Mesh topology is more reliable with
better performance. It is mostly used in wide area networks where reliability is
important.

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Advantages of Mesh Network Topology

1. Since, there are many links to transfer data, Mesh topology gets rid of the traffic
problem. Data may be transferred through different links.
2. If one link becomes unusable, it does not disturb the whole system. Other links
can be used for communication.
3. Since each node has physical connection with other nodes, therefore, one node
can transfer data to many nodes at the same time.

Disadvantages of Mesh Network Topology

1. It is very expensive due to implementation of multiple links for each node.
2. It is difficult to install and reconfigure.
3. Adding or removing a computer is difficult.

Part-9

Free Web Page Designing Course

(Easy HTML Tutorials / Notes)

Introduction To HTML
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. Hypertext refers to the text with Links.
These links may point to sections of the same web page or any other web page

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within or outside the website.

HTML Definition
HTML is a language used to create and format web pages. HTML is used to define
the structure and format of a web page. HTML will place and format the contents like
text, pictures, audio or video data in your web pages. Moreover,you can use Links to
connect the related web pages in the form of a website.

Who Invented HTML?

HTML was developed by Tim Berners Lee in 1989.

TAGS and Elements

HTML uses commands called TAGS to create and format different elements
and contents of a web page. HTML tags are enclosed within angle brackets <>. For
example <b> tag is used to format some text as bold text.
Normally, tags work in pairs as shown in the example below.

<b> This is bold text. </b>

The output of the above HTML command or tag will be as show next in blue:
This is bold text.

The <b> tag is called Opening Tag or start tag, whereas </b>
tag is called Closing Tag or end tag. most of the tags use both opening
and closing tags. A few tags like <br> tag (used for line break)
and <hr> tag (used for horizontal rule, that is, a horizontal line)
is used as single tags. They do not need closing tags. Such tags are also called
Empty Tags.
Every HTML Tag is related to some HTML element. For example, <TABLE>

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tag is used to create a table HTML element. Each HTML documents consists of
HTML elements.

Attributes
An attribute is an additional information to implement a tag. It gives some
extra information to enhance the format of the element related to that tag. For
example, <TABLE> tag is used to create a table in a web page. If we use a
<TABLE> tag without a BORDER attribute, table element will have no
border. If we use BORDER="1" in opening <TABLE> tag,
table will be created with a border. BORDER is the attribute to
specify border width for a table and 1 is the value assigned to BORDER
attribute, as shown below:

<TABLE BORDER="1">

</TABLE>
Note: Attribute is used in Opening Tag always like BORDER="1".
Note: No attribute in Closing Tag.

How To Create a Web Page In HTML

If you want to create a web page using HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language, you
will need the following two software:

1. Text Editor: It is used to write HTML tags according to the

requirements of the web page. Windows Notepad is a suitable candidate for
this purpose. You have to save the HTML document with html or htm
extension. For example, type the name of your web page document as
"first.html".

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2. Web Browser: Web Browser is a software used to view web pages.

Examples of a web browser are Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox and Google
Chrome. Microsoft Windows users can view and test their web pages, in
Internet Explorer.

I will discuss the Basic Structure of an HTML Document, in my next post.

Basic Structure of HTML Document

Basic Structure of HTML Document
The basic structure of an HTML document is given below:
<HTML>
<HEAD>

</HEAD>

<BODY>

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</BODY>
</HTML>
The above format shows that an HTML document starts
with <HTML> tag and ends with </HTML> tag. It is also clear
that an HTML document consists of two main sections:

1.
Head Section
Head section is used to specify a title of the web
page, normally. There are some other uses of Head section too, like linking
external style sheets and Java script code, etc. Head section starts with the <HEAD>
tag and ends with the </HEAD> tag. <TITLE> tag is used to
display a title of the web page on title bar of the web browser.

2. Body Section
Body section contains all the text and tags. It is used to specify the actual
content of the web page. Body section starts with <BODY> tag and
ends with </BODY> tag.

Create Your First Web Page in HTML

Now we will create a simple web page to display some text like "Welcome to Web
Page Development!" and with a title "My First Web Page".

1. Type HTML Code in Note Pad

Open Note pad and type the following HTML code.
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>My First Web Page</TITLE>
</HEAD>

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<BODY>
Welcome To Web Page Development!
</BODY>
</HTML>

2. Save HTML Document with HTML extension

Save this file as "FIRST.HTML". Click on File menu, click on Save, Type
"FIRST.HTML" in file name box, select Desktop as a location to save, click on Save

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Button.

3. View Your Web Page in Web Browser

You will see that the file will be saved with a blue "e" Internet Explorer icon. Double
click on the file and view the resulting web page in internet explorer window. You can
see the pictures given to learn web page creation easily:

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